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1.
It is commonly understood that earthquake ground excitations at multiple supports of large dimensional structures are not the same. These ground motion spatial variations may significantly influence the structural responses. Similarly, the interaction between the foundation and the surrounding soil during earthquake shaking also affects the dynamic response of the structure. Most previous studies on ground motion spatial variation effects on structural responses neglected soil–structure interaction (SSI) effect. This paper studies the combined effects of ground motion spatial variation, local site amplification and SSI on bridge responses, and estimates the required separation distances that modular expansion joints must provide to avoid seismic pounding. It is an extension of a previous study (Earthquake Engng Struct. Dyn. 2010; 39 (3):303–323), in which combined ground motion spatial variation and local site amplification effects on bridge responses were investigated. The present paper focuses on the simultaneous effect of SSI and ground motion spatial variation on structural responses. The soil surrounding the pile foundation is modelled by frequency‐dependent springs and dashpots in the horizontal and rotational directions. The peak structural responses are estimated by using the standard random vibration method. The minimum total gap between two adjacent bridge decks or between bridge deck and adjacent abutment to prevent seismic pounding is estimated. Numerical results show that SSI significantly affects the structural responses, and cannot be neglected. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Fragility curves express the probability of structural damage due to earthquakes as a function of ground motion indices, e.g., PGA, PGV. Based on the actual damage data of highway bridges from the 1995 Hyogoken‐Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake, a set of empirical fragility curves was constructed. However, the type of structure, structural performance (static and dynamic) and variation of input ground motion were not considered to construct the empirical fragility curves. In this study, an analytical approach was adopted to construct fragility curves for highway bridge piers of specific bridges. A typical bridge structure was considered and its piers were designed according to the seismic design codes in Japan. Using the strong motion records from Japan and the United States, non‐linear dynamic response analyses were performed, and the damage indices for the bridge piers were obtained. Using the damage indices and ground motion indices, fragility curves for the bridge piers were constructed assuming a lognormal distribution. The analytical fragility curves were compared with the empirical ones. The proposed approach may be used in constructing the fragility curves for highway bridge structures. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The probability that an earthquake occurs when a train is running over a bridge in earthquake‐prone regions is much higher than before, for high‐speed railway lines are rapidly developed to connect major cities worldwide. This paper presents a finite element method‐based framework for dynamic analysis of coupled bridge–train systems under non‐uniform seismic ground motion, in which rail–wheel interactions and possible separations between wheels and rails are taken into consideration. The governing equations of motion of the coupled bridge–train system are established in an absolute coordinate system. Without considering the decomposition of seismic responses into pseudo‐static and inertia‐dynamic components, the equations of motion of the coupled system are formed in terms of displacement seismic ground motions. The mode superposition method is applied to the bridge structure to make the problem manageable while the Newmark‐β method with an iterative computation scheme is used to find the best solution for the problem concerned. Eight high‐speed trains running over a multi‐span steel truss‐arch bridge subject to earthquakes are taken as a case study. The results from the case study demonstrate that the spatial variation of seismic ground motion affects dynamic responses of the bridge–train system. The ignorance of pseudo‐static component when using acceleration seismic ground motions as input may underestimate seismic responses of the bridge–train system. The probability of separation between wheels and rails becomes higher with increasing train speed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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This paper presents a theoretical nonstationary stochastic analysis scheme using pseudo-excitation method (PEM) for seismic analysis of long-span structures under tridirectional spatially varying ground motions, based on which the local site effects on structural seismic response are studied for a high-pier railway bridge. An absolute-response-oriented scheme of PEM in nonstationary stochastic analysis of structure under tridirectional spatial seismic motions, in conjunction with the derived mathematical scheme in modeling tridirectional nonstationary spatially correlated ground motions, is proposed to resolve the drawbacks of conventional indirect approach. To apply the proposed theoretical approach readily in stochastic seismic analysis of complex and significant structures, this scheme is implemented and verified in a general finite element platform, and is then applied to a high-pier railway bridge under spatially varying ground motions considering the local site effect and the effect of ground motion nonstationarity. Conclusions are drawn and can be applied in the actual seismic design and analysis of high-pier railway bridges under tridirectional nonstationary multiple excitations. 相似文献
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Seismic performance and dynamic response of bridge–embankments during strong or moderate ground excitations are investigated through finite element (FE) modelling and detailed dynamic analysis. Previous research studies have established that bridge–embankments exhibit increasingly flexible performance under high‐shear deformation levels and that soil displacements at bridge abutment supports may be significant particularly in the transverse direction. The 2D equation of motion is solved for the embankment, in order to evaluate the dynamic characteristics and to describe explicitly the seismic performance and dynamic response under transverse excitations accounting for soil nonlinearities, soil–structure interaction and imposed boundary conditions (BCs). Using the proposed model, equivalent elastic analysis was performed so as to evaluate the dynamic response of approach embankments while accounting for soil–structure interaction. The analytical procedures were applied in the case of a well‐documented bridge with monolithic supports (Painter Street Overcrossing, PSO) which had been instrumented and embankment participation was identified from its response records after the 1971 San Fernando earthquake. The dynamic characteristics and dynamic response of the PSO embankments were evaluated for alternative BCs accounting for soil–structure interaction. Explicit expressions for the evaluation of the critical embankment length Lc are provided in order to quantify soil contribution to the overall bridge system under strong intensity ground excitations. The dynamic response of the entire bridge system (deck–abutments–embankments) was also evaluated through simplified models that considered soil–structure interaction. Results obtained from this analysis are correlated with those of detailed 3D FE models and field data with good agreement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The conditional spectrum (CS, with mean and variability) is a target response spectrum that links nonlinear dynamic analysis back to probabilistic seismic hazard analysis for ground motion selection. The CS is computed on the basis of a specified conditioning period, whereas structures under consideration may be sensitive to response spectral amplitudes at multiple periods of excitation. Questions remain regarding the appropriate choice of conditioning period when utilizing the CS as the target spectrum. This paper focuses on risk‐based assessments, which estimate the annual rate of exceeding a specified structural response amplitude. Seismic hazard analysis, ground motion selection, and nonlinear dynamic analysis are performed, using the conditional spectra with varying conditioning periods, to assess the performance of a 20‐story reinforced concrete frame structure. It is shown here that risk‐based assessments are relatively insensitive to the choice of conditioning period when the ground motions are carefully selected to ensure hazard consistency. This observed insensitivity to the conditioning period comes from the fact that, when CS‐based ground motion selection is used, the distributions of response spectra of the selected ground motions are consistent with the site ground motion hazard curves at all relevant periods; this consistency with the site hazard curves is independent of the conditioning period. The importance of an exact CS (which incorporates multiple causal earthquakes and ground motion prediction models) to achieve the appropriate spectral variability at periods away from the conditioning period is also highlighted. The findings of this paper are expected theoretically but have not been empirically demonstrated previously. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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工程场地地震安评中加速度反应谱标准化问题的讨论 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
文中计算了不同地震输入模式下的拱桥地震反应,讨论了输入指定地震波进行时域计算结果和按对应的反应谱进行计算所得结果之间的差异,特别分析了分别按地震波的实际反应谱和经过标定的反应谱计算得到的拱桥地震反应之间的不同.数值结果表明:在工程场地地震安全性评价中,采用标准反应谱的方式所提供的场地地震加速度参数,将会抹杀土层场地动力特性对地表地震动的影响.因此,按此地震动参数进行结构反应计算时,有时会低估结构的地震反应,留下结构抗震不安全的隐患. 相似文献
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为了揭示近断层地震作用下上承式钢筋混凝土拱桥的动力响应特点,以西南山区某上承式拱桥为背景,用OpenSEES平台建立了全桥非线性动力分析模型,探讨了近断层地震动的输入方式、脉冲效应和竖向地震动等三个关键因素对桥梁动力响应的影响规律。研究结果表明:地震输入方式对拱圈地震响应的影响较小,但对拱上立柱地震响应的影响很大,尤其是拱顶附近的短立柱,在抗震分析中,建议偏安全地采用三向地震输入方式;脉冲效应对拱桥地震响应的影响非常大,会导致拱圈、拱上立柱和桥面板地震响应大幅增加,桥面板残余平面转角甚至增大6倍以上;竖向地震动对拱圈轴力和面内弯矩、拱上立柱纵向弯矩和剪力的影响很大,拱顶处的面内弯矩放大倍数最大可达2.95,总体来说,采用规范所建议的方法考虑竖向地震是偏保守的。 相似文献
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The seismic analysis of structures is usually carried out considering the ground motion as fully‐correlated in space and determining the structural response by pseudo‐deterministic methods such as the response spectrum technique. Actually, the partial correlation of the seismic acceleration may influence heavily the behaviour of spatially extended structures, such as bridges, viaducts or pipelines. In order to take its partial correlation into account, the seismic ground motion is schematized as a stochastic process dependent on time and on space; the hypotheses of stationarity and homogeneity are used to obtain simple and general results. The influence of the partial correlation of the seismic ground motion on the structural response is investigated by introducing suitable Equivalent Spectra. The acceleration of the support‐points of the structure is represented by the Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD), defining the modes of the earthquake. The method is formulated for any kind of multi‐degree‐of‐freedom system and is applied, as a case study, to an ideal single‐storey multi‐supported frame with an axially rigid beam. In the case of two supports, the POD decouples the pseudo‐static and the dynamic contributions to the structural response. This property is preserved for structural systems with many supports, where only the lower modes of the earthquake, usually the first two POD modes, are responsible for the structural response. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The influence of vertical ground motions on the seismic response of highway bridges is not very well understood. Recent studies suggest that vertical ground motions can substantially increase force and moment demands on bridge columns and girders and cannot be overlooked in seismic design of bridge structures. For an evaluation of vertical ground motion effects on the response of single‐bent two‐span highway bridges, a systematic study combining the critical engineering demand parameters (EDPs) and ground motion intensity measures (IMs) is required. Results of a parametric study examining a range of highway bridge configurations subjected to selected sets of horizontal and vertical ground motions are used to determine the structural parameters that are significantly amplified by the vertical excitations. The amplification in these parameters is modeled using simple equations that are functions of horizontal and vertical spectral accelerations at the corresponding horizontal and vertical fundamental periods of the bridge. This paper describes the derivation of seismic demand models developed for typical highway overcrossings by incorporating critical EDPs and combined effects of horizontal and vertical ground motion IMs depending on the type of the parameter and the period of the structure. These models may be used individually as risk‐based design tools to determine the probability of exceeding the critical levels of EDP for pre‐determined levels of ground shaking or may be included explicitly in probabilistic seismic risk assessments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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A Markov method of analysis is presented for obtaining the seismic response of cable‐stayed bridges to non‐stationary random ground motion. A uniformly modulated non‐stationary model of the random ground motion is assumed which is specified by the evolutionary r.m.s. ground acceleration. Both vertical and horizontal components of the motion are considered to act simultaneously at the bridge supports. The analysis duly takes into account the angle of incidence of the earthquake, the spatial correlation of ground motion and the quasi‐static excitation. A cable‐stayed bridge is analysed under a set of parametric variations in order to study the non‐stationary response of the bridge. The results of the numerical study indicate that (i) frequency domain spectral analysis with peak r.m.s. acceleration as input could provide more r.m.s. response than the peak r.m.s. response obtained by the non‐stationary analysis; (ii) the longitudinal component of the ground motion significantly influences the vertical vibration of the bridge; and (iii) the angle of incidence of the earthquake has considerable influence on the deck response. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Complex Site Effects in Thessaloniki (Greece): I. Soil Structure and Comparison of Observations with 1D Analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper presents a 2D model of the geological structure of Thessaloniki city and results of empirical and theoretical approaches for the evaluation of site response due to complex site effects. The construction of the 2D model is based on the available geophysical and geotechnical data in terms of the most important parameters needed to model site response. The well-known subsoil structure, despite the existence of some local uncertainties, gave the possibility to correlate the geometry and the dynamic properties of the 2D model with the results of site response determined from the analysis of one event in frequency and time domains and 1D numerical modelling. The study of site response shows the effect of the lateral variations on ground motion and suggests that the contribution of locally generated surface waves to the resonant peak may be important. In this case history, the limitations of the 1D approximation to simulate ground motion under complex soil conditions in both frequency and time domains are also shown. This paper lays the ground for a companion article dealing with 2D site effects. 相似文献
14.
地震波散射问题的解析解是研究局部场地、地形、盆地等不规则地层结构对地震动参数放大效应影响的重要理论工具。现有解析解大部分在频域内给出，无法直接用于研究不规则地层结构对地震动峰值、反应谱等参数的放大效应。本文基于平面SH波入射下圆弧状沉积盆地动力响应宽频带稳态解析解，通过Fourier变换，获取瞬态响应解析解。基于此，研究El Centro波入射下，沉积盆地对地震动峰值加速度、峰值速度、峰值位移及不同周期反应谱的放大效应。研究结果表明，盆地宽度和深度、沉积介质波速、入射波角度等对盆地放大效应具有显著影响，地震动反应谱谱比最大值超过2.0，且宽度达10 km的较大型盆地对长周期地震动参数具有显著放大效应，对于位于该类盆地的超高层建筑、大型储液罐、大跨度桥梁等长周期结构，应充分考虑盆地对抗震设防参数的影响。 相似文献
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Interaction of bridge structures with the adjacent embankment fills and pile foundations is generally responsible for response modification of the system to strong ground excitations, to a degree that depends on soil compliance, support conditions, and soil mass mobilized in dynamic response. This paper presents a general modeling and assessment procedure specifically targeted for simulation of the dynamic response of short bridges such as highway overcrossings, where the embankment soil–structure interaction is the most prevalent. From previous studies it has been shown that in this type of interaction, seismic displacement demands are magnified in the critical bridge components such as the central piers. This issue is of particular relevance not only in new design but also in the assessment of the existing infrastructure. Among a wide range of issues relevant to soil–structure interaction, typical highway overcrossings that have flexible abutments supported on earth embankments were investigated extensively in the paper. Simulation procedures are proposed for consideration of bridge‐embankment interaction effects in practical analysis of these structures for estimation of their seismic performance. Results are extrapolated after extensive parametric studies and are used to extract ready‐to‐use, general, and parameterized capacity curves for a wide range of possible material properties and geometric characteristics of the bridge‐embankment assembly. Using two instrumented highway overpasses as benchmark examples, the capacity curves estimated using the proposed practical procedures are correlated successfully with the results of explicit incremental dynamic analysis, verifying the applicability of the simple tools developed herein, in seismic assessment of existing short bridges. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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As the forward directivity and fling effect characteristics of the near-fault ground motions, seismic response of structures in the near field of a rupturing fault can be significantly different from those observed in the far field. The unique characteristics of the near-fault ground motions can cause considerable damage during an earthquake. This paper presents results of a study aimed at evaluating the near-fault and far-fault ground motion effects on nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage of concrete gravity dams including dam-reservoir-foundation interaction. For this purpose, 10 as-recorded earthquake records which display ground motions with an apparent velocity pulse are selected to represent the near-fault ground motion characteristics. The earthquake ground motions recorded at the same site from other events that the epicenter far away from the site are employed as the far-fault ground motions. The Koyna gravity dam, which is selected as a numerical application, is subjected to a set of as-recorded near-fault and far-fault strong ground motion records. The Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model including the strain hardening or softening behavior is employed in nonlinear analysis. Nonlinear dynamic response and seismic damage analyses of the selected concrete dam subjected to both near-fault and far-fault ground motions are performed. Both local and global damage indices are established as the response parameters. The results obtained from the analyses of the dam subjected to each fault effect are compared with each other. It is seen from the analysis results that the near-fault ground motions, which have significant influence on the dynamic response of dam–reservoir–foundation systems, have the potential to cause more severe damage to the dam body than far-fault ground motions. 相似文献
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On the basis of the pseudo-excitation method (PEM), a random vibration methodology is formulated for the seismic analysis of multi-supported structures subjected to spatially varying ground motions. The ground motion spatial variability consists of the wave passage, incoherence and site–response effects. Advantages of this method are that less computation effort is required and that the cross-correlations both between normal modes and between excitations are automatically included. Random seismic responses of a realistic long-span bridge due to the wave passage, incoherence and site–response effects are extensively investigated. It is shown that all these effects have significant influence on the seismic response of the structure. 相似文献
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In order to extend our knowledge of the performance of long-span bridges under earthquake loading the effects of spatial variability of ground motion on the structural response of cable-stayed bridges are studied; the result can be useful to practising bridge engineers. The multiple-support excitation analysis is described, and two three-dimensional models representing the modern and future trends in cable-stayed bridge design are utilized to shed some light on salient features of the seismic response characteristics of these modern bridges. In addition, models of steel- and concrete-design alternates of an existing bridge are considered. Differential ground motion records (obtained from dense instrument arrays) are used as synchronous and non-synchronous support motions; in addition, non-dispersive seismic waves travelling along the bridge are considered. The bridge response to non-uniform ground motion is compared to its response to uniform input. An overview of the unique dynamic characteristics of these cable-supported bridges is also presented. Finally, the study, which was used in the seismic design of several existing cable-stayed bridges in U.S. and Canada, indicates that the response quantities may increase substantially from the non-uniform input ground motion, especially for more rigid bridges and for bridges having different dynamic properties of the local soils at the supporting points, but the degree of increase depends upon the specific problem, in particular upon the aspects of span length, rigidity and structural redundancy. Thus, the response to non-uniform input ground motion should be examined for these bridges. 相似文献
19.
Existing studies for site response analysis in geotechnical earthquake engineering have widely concentrated on the horizontal component of the ground motion. However, strong vertical ground motions have been repeatedly observed, resulting in significant vertical compression damage of engineering structures. Furthermore, for the seismic design of critical structures(e.g. large-scale dams and nuclear power plants), the ground motions in all three directions should be considered. Therefore, there is a need to investigate the site response subjected to the vertical component of the ground motion, especially for the seismic design of critical structures. Consequently, in this study, a numerical program for vertical site response analysis is proposed based on the commonly used analytical transfer function method. The proposed program is then validated against well-documented case studies obtained from the Japanese KiK-net(Kiban Kyoshin network) downhole array monitoring system. Results show that the response spectra at the ground surface are well predicted in the low frequency range(5 Hz), while discrepancies are observed in the high frequency range. However, the high frequency discrepancies do not significantly affect the overall prediction accuracy, as the overall seismic response of geotechnical structures are usually dominated by low frequency vibrations. Furthermore, the limitations in the analysis are also discussed. 相似文献
20.
时-频反应谱是地震动幅值、频谱和持时三要素构成的空间三维谱.基于此,本文提出归一化时-频反应谱定义与计算方法,计算三条典型地震波的归一化时-频反应谱,对比分析表明:不同地震记录的时-频反应谱的幅值在时间和周期两个轴上的分布差别很大,具有不同时-频反应谱的地震波可能对结构地震响应产生不同影响;对12层钢筋混凝土框架结构模型进行弹塑性时程分析,通过结构地震反应、结构损伤曲线与输入地震动的归一化时-频反应谱对比,发现结构最大反应并不一定是造成结构倒塌的直接原因,用结构弹性阶段反应最大值进行抗震设计存在一定局限性,从而证明归一化时-频反应谱可有效用来分析地震动特性和结构破坏机理. 相似文献