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1.
大量近地层观测试验表明,利用涡动相关法观测的湍流通量小于近地层可利用能量,即近地层能量是不闭合的,这种不闭合度一般为20%甚至更高.而陆面过程模式是基于地气间能量平衡建立,并且模式中的湍流边界层参数化方案通常根据实际观测的湍流通量来确定,因此能量不闭合必将对陆面过程模式造成一定的影响.本文利用2007年春季SACOL站的近地层观测资料,依据能量守恒将能量不闭合中的残余能量通过波文比分配到观测的湍流通量中,即修正涡动相关法观测的湍流通量使得近地层能量达到平衡;之后分别利用观测和修正的湍流通量,建立了能量不闭合和闭合情形下的湍流参数化方案,借助陆面过程模式SHAW,通过数值模拟和对比分析方法考察近地层能量闭合度对陆面过程模式的影响.研究结果表明近地层能量闭合对陆面过程模式有显著的影响:在陆面过程数值模拟中,当应用近地层能量不闭合的湍流通量形成的湍流参数化方案时,陆面过程模式会明显高估地表长波辐射及土壤温度;但当应用修正湍流通量使得近地层能量达到闭合形成的湍流参数化方案后,在不改变任何地表土壤物理生化属性的情况下,陆面过程模式能较好地模拟地表长波辐射和土壤温度. 相似文献
2.
沙漠地区植被稀疏、干旱少雨,其陆面物理过程具有与全球其它地区显著不同的特点.本文利用巴丹吉林沙漠观测资料,分析和计算了地表反照率、比辐射率、粗糙度和土壤热容量、热传导系数等关键陆面过程参数,建立了适合于沙漠地区的陆面过程模式DLSM (Desert Land Surface Model),并与NOAH陆面过程模式的模拟结果和观测资料进行了比较.结果表明:巴丹吉林沙漠地表反照率为0.273,比辐射率为0.950,地表粗糙度为1.55×10-3 m,土壤热容量和热扩散系数分别为1.08×106 J·m-3·K-1和3.34×10-7 m2·s.辐射传输、感热输送和土壤热传导过程是影响沙漠地区地表能量平衡的主要物理过程.通过对这三种过程的准确模拟检验,DLSM能够较准确地模拟巴丹吉林沙漠地气能量交换特征;短波辐射、长波辐射和感热通量的模拟结果与观测值间的标准差分别为7.98,6.14,33.9 W·m-2,与NOAH陆面过程模式的7.98,7.72,46.6 W·m-2的结果接近.地表反照率是沙漠地区最重要的陆面过程参数,地表反照率增大5%,向上短波辐射通量随之增加5%,感热通量则减小2.8%.本文研究结果对丰富陆面过程参数化方案,改进全球陆面过程模式、气候模式具有参考意义. 相似文献
3.
利用青藏铁路北麓河试验2002年6月的大气资料作为陆面模式的强迫场, 研究陆面过程模式(NCAR/LSM)在高原地区的模拟能力. 模拟结果表明, 在观测资料的强迫下, NCAR/LSM能够较好地模拟出地表特征量的变化趋势. 在LSM模式中青藏高原地区的地表植被类型描述与实况存在较大差异, 根据实际地表特征, 我们定义北麓河地区草原植被覆盖度为0.6, 叶冠高度为0.15, 位移高度为0.10. 通过对比试验发现, 修正模式参数后, 模拟的地面气温和地表温度日变化更接近于观测值, 对温度峰值模拟有较好改善. 地面通量模拟也有一定改善. 所以, 修正LSM模式中高原地区的地表及植被描述参数, 可以有效地提高陆面过程模式在青藏高原地区的模拟性能. 相似文献
4.
《中国科学:地球科学》2015,(10)
陆面过程模式中有关土壤水热传输、植被冠层和空气动力学等过程的关键参数的不确定性严重制约着地表-大气相互作用模拟能力的提高.本文利用架设在我国吉林通榆和甘肃榆中典型半干旱区陆-气相互作用野外试验站的观测资料,结合大气边界层理论,利用多种方法系统估算了上述试验站地表空气动力学粗糙度(z0m)以及热传输附加阻尼(?B?1)的量值.结果表明,z0m在半干旱区具有明显的季节变化和年际变化特征,且在植被低矮的下垫面与现行通用的陆面模式中的默认值相差较大;而?B?1的日变化和季节变化特征明显.将修正后的z0m和?B?1参数化方案引入陆面过程模式,发现能够明显改善模式对于半干旱区地表感热通量的模拟能力.这些结果说明有必要进一步结合半干旱区的野外观测试验对陆面模式在该地区的缺省参数设置进行更广泛的评估,而基于外场观测试验和大气边界层理论估算的关键地表参数对于改进陆气相互作用的模拟体现出较大的应用潜力. 相似文献
5.
我国黄土高原地区地处夏季风边缘,分布在气候和生态过渡带,气候环境的空间差异很大,对陆面能量的空间分布格局影响非常显著.然而,由于受该地区陆面过程观测站点较少的局限,对整个黄土高原区域陆面能量的空间分布规律及其影响机制的认识十分有限.在对CLM模式模拟的陆面能量平衡分量资料进行试验验证的基础上,利用CLM模式模拟的近30年黄土高原地区陆面能量平衡分量资料,分析了该地区近30年平均陆面能量平衡分量的空间变化特征以及与最干燥年和最湿润年的差异,研究了陆面能量平衡分量空间分布与经、纬度和海拔高度等地理因素及降水和气温等气候因子之间的关系.发现,黄土高原地区陆面能量平衡分量空间差异非常显著,地表净辐射和感热通量由南至北增加,潜热通量和土壤热通量从东南向西北减少;空间最干格点和最湿格点之间的地表感热、潜热和土壤热通量几乎相差1倍左右,地表能量分配由最干格点的感热通量主导转变为最湿格点的感热和潜热平分秋色;年际干湿波动对地表能量平衡分量的影响也相当显著,对感热和潜热通量的改变幅度最大接近30%.而且,经纬度和海拔高度等地理因素及温度和降水等气候要素均与陆面能量平衡分量空间分布有一定的相关性,但地表净辐射与海拔高度和纬度的关系更密切,感热通量与降水和纬度的关系更密切,而潜热和土壤热通量只与降水的关系比较密切. 相似文献
6.
《中国科学:地球科学》2016,(11)
土壤水汽吸附是陆面非降水性水分的重要来源之一,尤其在干旱和半干旱地区其贡献有时甚至能达到与降水同样量级,对旱作农业和生态环境具有重要影响.但由于对土壤水汽吸附观测比较困难,国际上对该问题研究至今仍不多.本文利用L-G大型称重式蒸渗计观测与微气象和常规气象观测相结合,建立了土壤水汽吸附的定量观测估算方法.在此基础上,分析了典型半干旱区定西的近地层大气风、温和湿等气象要素及土壤湿度、温度和地表可利用能量等土壤环境要素对土壤水汽吸附的影响特征,研究了土壤水汽吸附量、吸附频率和吸附强度的日变化和年变化及其随天气条件的变化特征,对比分析了土壤水汽吸附量对陆面水分收支的贡献.研究发现,半干旱区的土壤水汽吸附受多种小气候要素和土壤环境因素共同影响,一般在近地层相对湿度在6~5 0%、风速在3~4 m s-1、湿度日变幅较大及出现逆湿和弱不稳定,且土壤含水量较低和地表温度不太高的情况下,土壤水汽吸附现象更容易发生,土壤湿度与水汽吸附之间具有负反馈机制.而且,水汽吸附频率和吸附量具有很明显的日和年变化特征,水汽吸附量变化明显受吸附频率控制.水汽吸附主要发生在下午;年峰值出现在1 2月份,谷值出现在6月份,其变化特征具有明显的区域特点.旱季水汽吸附量明显超过了降水对水分收支贡献. 相似文献
7.
《中国科学:地球科学》2016,(9)
地表覆盖是陆面及气候模式中的重要基础变量,其数据质量对气候模式性能有显著影响.本文基于一套中国自主研制的全球30m地表覆盖数据(GlobeLand30),利用北京气候中心气候系统模式(Beijing Climate CenterClimateSystemModel,BCC_CSM)中的陆面过程和大气环流分量模式,开展GlobeLand30数据对气候模式性能影响的研究.首先通过GlobeLand30和其他卫星遥感等辅助数据融合细化植被功能型(Plant FunctionType,PFT)类型数据满足BCC_CSM模式需求,然后利用基于面积比例的升尺度方法得到适合于全球模式的不同覆盖类型及其面积百分比数据.GlobeLand30与模式原有覆盖数据都能合理描述全球地表覆盖基本分布特征,但也存在一定差异,其中植被PFT类型的差别最明显.通过数值模拟试验全面评估GlobeLand30数据对模式结果的影响,结果表明在BCC_CSM的陆面模式和大气模式中采用GlobeLand30数据可以合理再现陆面与大气的基本气候特征;更新植被PFT数据的气候效应大于更新冰川和水体类型,综合更新所有覆盖类型数据对模拟结果的影响最大.引入GlobeLand30数据可降低BCC_CSM大气模式对北半球中高纬地区降水的正偏差和南美亚马逊等地区模拟降水的负偏差,以及南半球部分地区大气温度模拟的负偏差,因此GlobeLand30数据适用于BCC_CSM分量模式并对改善模式性能有正贡献. 相似文献
8.
本文利用中尺度模式Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF) 3.1版本及National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)分析资料,就2003年6月下旬我国江淮及南方地区的强降水事件, 以24 h短期天气模拟的方式,研究了模式中四个不同陆面方案对降水模拟的影响.结果表明,此次暴雨事件模拟对不同陆面方案是比较敏感的,模拟区域内雨量级别越高,不同方案的TS评分差异就越大,较大范围雨量可存在30%的差异,四种方案的暴雨中心值可存在100%～150%的较大差别;不同陆面方案还导致了模拟平均感热通量及潜热通量的系统性差异,这些差异的分布具有地域特点;陆面方案通过两种机理对模拟降水产生重要影响,即主要影响地表蒸发量,以及主要影响低层环流及水汽辐合,从而分别影响模拟的较大范围降水(如,平均约7%、最大约30%的较大范围雨量差异)及包含模拟降水中心的较小范围暴雨(如,方案间暴雨中心雨量可存在100%～150%的较大差别).可见,不同陆面过程可从不同空间尺度、不同程度上影响暴雨天气,改进陆面方案可以提高WRF模式对暴雨的模拟能力. 相似文献
9.
土壤湿度在陆气相互作用过程中扮演着重要的角色,是气候、水文、农业、林业等研究中重要的地球物理参数之一.土壤湿度影响地面蒸散,径流、地表反射率、地表发射率以及地表感热和潜热通量,从而对气候有重要影响,它对大气的影响在全球尺度上仅次于海面温度,在陆地尺度其影响甚至超过海面温度.本文介绍了基于EnKF及陆面过程模型的中国区域陆面土壤湿度同化系统（CLSMDAS,China Land Soil Moisture Data Assimilation System）,以及该系统应用于中国区域陆面土壤湿度同化试验的结果.CLSMDAS包括以下几个部分：1）陆面模式采用美国国家大气研究中心NCAR的陆面过程模型Community Land Model Version3.0（简写为CLM3.0）;2）大气驱动场数据中的降水和地面入射太阳辐射数据来自FY2静止气象卫星每小时产品;3）陆面数据同化方法采用EnKF（Ensemble Kalman Filter）同化方法;4）观测数据包括AMSR-E卫星反演土壤湿度产品以及地面土壤湿度观测资料.利用CLSMDAS对2006年6~9月的土壤湿度同化试验结果的分析表明：陆面模式模拟和同化结果都能比较合理地反映出土壤湿度时空分布,同化的土壤湿度分布与2006年8月重庆、四川发生建国以来最严重的夏伏旱有非常好的对应关系,与发生在9月的湖北东部、广西南部等地的干旱区也有非常好的对应关系. 相似文献
10.
《中国科学:地球科学》2015,(11)
动力学粗糙度长度是大气数值模式和微气象计算的重要物理参数,其准确性会影响大气数值模式的性能和微气象计算水平.然而影响动力学粗糙度长度的因素很多,通常给出的动力学粗糙度长度参数往往只考虑单个因素的作用,其适应能力具有明显的局限性,往往给陆面动量通量(摩擦速度)的估算带来很大误差.本文利用近几年对动力学粗糙度长度与各种不同影响因素的参数关系的研究成果,构建了一个包含近地层大气动力特征、大气热力特征、植被自然生长规律、降水年际波动的生态效应和植被类型等多个影响因子的动力学粗糙度长度参数化方案,该参数化方案几乎考虑了平坦低矮植被动力学粗糙度长度的全部影响因素.同时,还利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站多年观测资料对该动力学粗糙度长度参数化方案的应用效果与其他实验方案进行了系统比较分析.发现该参数化方案计算的摩擦速度不仅远比用常数动力学粗糙度长度计算的摩擦速度误差小,而且也明显比仅考虑部分因素变化的其他参数化方案计算的摩擦速度误差小.与以往用固定不变的动力学粗糙度长度计算的摩擦速度相比,其与观测值的相关系数由0.752提高到了0.937,标准差和偏差分别降低了近20%和80%;其与观测值的平均值仅相差0.004 m s?1,相对误差仅1.6%左右,大大减少了近地层动量通量的估算误差.检验表明,本文构建的针对平坦低矮植被的动力学粗糙度长度的多因子普适性参数化方案可以为大气数值模式提供更加科学的参数化方案. 相似文献
11.
For better prediction and understanding of land-atmospheric interaction, in-situ observed meteorological data acquired from the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) were assimilated in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the monthly Green Vegetation Coverage (GVF) data, which was calculated using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the Earth Observing System Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (EOS-MODIS) and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) system. Furthermore, the WRF model produced a High-Resolution Assimilation Dataset of the water-energy cycle in China (HRADC). This dataset has a horizontal resolution of 25 km for near surface meteorological data, such as air temperature, humidity, wind vectors and pressure (19 levels); soil temperature and moisture (four levels); surface temperature; downward/upward short/long radiation; 3-h latent heat flux; sensible heat flux; and ground heat flux. In this study, we 1) briefly introduce the cycling 3D-Var assimilation method and 2) compare results of meteorological elements, such as 2 m temperature and precipitation generated by the HRADC with the gridded observation data from CMA, and surface temperature and specific humidity with Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) output data from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). We find that the simulated results of monthly 2 m temperature from HRADC is improved compared with the control simulation and has effectively reproduced the observed patterns. The simulated special distribution of ground surface temperature and specific humidity from HRADC are much closer to GLDAS outputs. The spatial distribution of root mean square errors (RMSE) and bias of 2 m temperature between observations and HRADC is reduced compared with the bias between observations and the control run. The monthly spatial distribution of surface temperature and specific humidity from HRADC is consistent with the GLDAS outputs over China. This study could improve the land surface parameters by utilizing remote sensing data and could further improve atmospheric elements with a data assimilation system. This work provides an effective attempt at combining multi-source data with different spatial and temporal scales into numerical simulations, and the simulated results could be used in further research on the long-term climatic effects and characteristics of the water-energy cycle over China. 相似文献
12.
XiaoHang Wen XiaoHan Liao WenPing Yuan XiaoDong Yan ZhiGang Wei HuiZhi Liu JinMing Feng ShiHua Lu WenJie Dong 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2014,57(10):2340-2356
The default fractional vegetation cover and terrain height were replaced by the estimated fractional vegetation cover, which was calculated by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI) of Earth Observing System Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(EOS-MODIS) and the Digital Elevation Model of the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission(SRTM) system. The near-surface meteorological elements over northeastern China were assimilated into the three-dimensional variational data assimilation system(3DVar) module in the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model. The structure and daily variations of air temperature, humidity, wind and energy fields over northeastern China were simulated using the WRF model. Four groups of numerical experiments were performed, and the simulation results were analyzed of latent heat flux, sensible heat flux, and their relationships with changes in the surface energy flux due to soil moisture and precipitation over different surfaces. The simulations were compared with observations of the stations Tongyu, Naiman, Jinzhou, and Miyun from June to August, 2009. The results showed that the WRF model achieves high-quality simulations of the diurnal characteristics of the surface layer temperature, wind direction, net radiation, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux over semiarid northeastern China in the summer. The simulated near-surface temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were improved in the data assimilation case(Case 2) compared with control case(Case 1). The simulated sensible heat fluxes and surface heat fluxes were improved by the land surface parameterization case(Case 3) and the combined case(Case 4). The simulated temporal variations in soil moisture over the northeastern arid areas agree well with observations in Case 4, but the simulated precipitation should be improved in the WRF model. This study could improve the land surface parameters by utilizing remote sensing data and could further improve atmospheric elements with a data assimilation system. This work provides an effective attempt at combining multi-source data with different spatial and temporal scales into numerical simulations. The assimilation datasets generated by this work can be applied to research on climate change and environmental monitoring of arid lands, as well as research on the formation and stability of climate over semiarid areas. 相似文献
13.
本文在城市边界层预报模式中耦合了一个单层冠层模式,此模式能够体现城市冠层结构和人为热源对城市热岛的共同作用.通过传统平板模式和城市冠层模式的模拟结果与自动气象站观测资料对比发现,耦合了城市冠层模式的模拟结果与观测资料更为吻合,尤其能够较好地模拟出城市地区夜间地面的气温变化情况.对北京城市区域的模拟结果进行分析,白家庄地区冠层建筑物使得城市地区气温白天下降,夜晚上升,不考虑人为热源作用时,城市冠层使得白家庄站地面气温白天最低下降2.5℃,夜间气温最大升高为4.7℃.针对模拟区域较小的理想算例模拟结果分析表明,城市冠层模式能够很好地模拟城市地区地表能量平衡关系,体现城市冠层对长短波辐射的封截以及热量存储能力,全天平均净辐射通量由传统模式的43.38 W/m2变为84.19 W/m2,热存储通量白天最大值为278.04 W/m2,夜晚最大释放热存储通量为160.35 W/m2.冠层建筑物和人为热源对夜间城市热岛强度的贡献分别为70.65％和29.35％.城市冠层建筑物对夜间城市热岛的形成起决定性作用. 相似文献
14.
应用1999年8月19～24日我国第1次北极考察资料对北极夏季近地层气象要素梯度特征和冰面热量收支问题进行了讨论.北极夏季近地层相对于冰面的相对湿度很大，经常接近于饱和状态，冰温具有明显的日变化，夜间冰面附近冰温梯度较大，白天很小.在冰温垂直分布中20cm冰层温度有时可出现极大值.冰面热量收支计算表明，夜间冰面辐射冷却损失热量主要由冰层向冰面热量输送来补偿.白天冰层的热量主要来源于穿透短波辐射，冰面和以下冰层间的热量交换很低.白天冰面冰雪融化热量是不可忽视的. 相似文献
15.
Stream temperature and riparian microclimate were characterized for a 1·5 km wildfire‐disturbed reach of Fishtrap Creek, located north of Kamloops, British Columbia. A deterministic net radiation model was developed using hemispherical canopy images coupled with on‐site microclimate measurements. Modelled net radiation agreed reasonably with measured net radiation. Air temperature and humidity measured at two locations above the stream, separated by 900 m, were generally similar, whereas wind speed was poorly correlated between the two sites. Modelled net radiation varied considerably along the reach, and measurements at a single location did not provide a reliable estimate of the modelled reach average. During summer, net radiation dominated the surface heat exchanges, particularly because the sensible and latent heat fluxes were normally of opposite sign and thus tended to cancel each other. All surface heat fluxes shifted to negative values in autumn and were of similar magnitude through winter. In March, net radiation became positive, but heat gains were cancelled by sensible and latent heat fluxes, which remained negative. A modelling exercise using three canopy cover scenarios (current, simulated pre‐wildfire and simulated complete vegetation removal) showed that net radiation under the standing dead trees was double that modelled for the pre‐fire canopy cover. However, post‐disturbance standing dead trees reduce daytime net radiation reaching the stream surface by one‐third compared with complete vegetation removal. The results of this study have highlighted the need to account for reach‐scale spatial variability of energy exchange processes, especially net radiation, when modelling stream energy budgets. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
This paper presents measurements of the energy balance (radiation, sensible heat flux, evaporation) from a sub‐arctic hillside in northern Finland for a summer season. Comparisons are also made with a nearby wetland site. The hillslope measurements show an equal partition of the radiant energy into sensible and latent heat flux. The evaporative ratio of just over one half was remarkably constant throughout the season, despite very large day‐to‐day and diurnal variations of temperature, humidity deficit and radiation input. This conservative behaviour of the evaporation was caused by a strong rise in effective surface resistance to evaporation with increasing vapour pressure deficit. This suggests a strong physiological control on the evaporation, with stomata closing at times of high evaporative demand. There was no obvious impact of soil‐water stress on the evaporation. However, a comparison with the evaporation measured at a nearby mire site in 1997 suggests that the mire has a significantly lower surface resistance, even when the impact of a significantly lower humidity deficit in the earlier year is taken into account. The measurements are used to test, off‐line, the performance of MOSES (Meteorological Office Surface Exchange Scheme), a simple, but comprehensive, land surface model. The sensitivity of the energy exchanges to the thermal properties of the top soil layer (a surrogate for the upper soil/vegetation layer) is investigated with the use of the model. It is found that the evaporation is insensitive to these properties; they do, however, influence the partition of energy between the sensible heat flux and the ground heat flux (and hence the soil temperatures). It is suggested that the model needs to represent the thermal properties of the canopy more realistically. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
基于大气边界层动量、感热和水汽通量的基本方程,定量地计算了波动海面的动量、感热和水汽通量。首先,应用Prandtl的混合长概念,推导出贴海面大气层中风速、位温和比湿的涡动交换率及其贴海面层厚度,并且证明了波面上位温或比湿贴海面层厚度与速度贴海面层厚度的比值,和平面上的相应比值完全相等。随后,利用空气动力学理论讨论了贴海面动量、感热和水汽输送的参数化问题。最后,对现有五种理论模式进行了比较说明。 相似文献
18.
湖泊模型为数值天气预报模型提供热量通量、水汽通量和动量通量等下边界条件,但是不同时间尺度上湖泊水热通量变化的控制因子不同,因此有必要对湖泊模型进行多时间尺度上的离线评估.本文利用2012-2016年太湖中尺度通量网避风港站的气象资料和辐射数据驱动CLM4-LISSS模型(Community Land Model version 4-Lake,Ice,Snow and Sediment Simulator),并与涡度相关观测(Eddy Covariance,EC)结果进行对比,以年平均潜热通量模拟结果最佳为目标调整了模式中的消光系数、粗糙度长度方案,研究了该模型从半小时到年尺度上对湖表温度和水热通量的模拟性能.结果表明:模型对湖表温度的模拟在各时间尺度上均比较理想,但是模拟的日较差较小;从半小时到年尺度上潜热通量的变化趋势都能被很好地模拟出来,但在季节尺度上,潜热通量的模拟出现了秋冬季偏高、春夏季偏低的情况,季节变化模拟不准确.湖表温度和潜热通量模拟偏差的原因可能是消光系数的参数化方案.相比之下,感热通量尽管年际变化趋势的模拟值与观测值一致,但是从半小时到年尺度均被高估.特别地,冷锋过境期间,模型能较好地模拟出潜热通量和感热通量的变化趋势,但对于高风速条件下的感热通量模拟效果不佳.本文的研究结果能为湖泊模式的应用与发展提供有用信息. 相似文献
19.
The ability to predict vegetation cover effects on thermal/water regimes can enhance our understanding of canopy controls on evapotranspiration. The Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model is a detailed process model of heat and water movement in a snow–residue–soil system. This paper describes provisions added to the SHAW model for vegetation cover and simulation of heat and water transfer through the soil–plant–air continuum. The model was applied to four full years (May 2003–April 2007) of data collected on sparse grassland at Nalaikh in north‐eastern Mongolia. Simulated soil temperature and radiation components agreed reasonably well with measured values. The absolute differences between simulated and measured soil temperatures were larger at both the surface layer and deeper layer, but relatively smaller in the layer from 0·8 to 2·4 m. Radiation components were mimicked by the SHAW model with model efficiency (ME) reaching 0·93–0·72. Latent and sensible heat fluxes were simulated well with MEs of 0·93 and 0·87, respectively. The vegetation control on evapotranspiration was investigated by sensitivity experiments of model performance with changing leaf area index (LAI) values but constant of other variables. The results suggest that annual evapotranspiration ranged from 16 to ? 22% in response to extremes of doubled and zero LAI. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献