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本文对2015年10月4日发生于广东佛山地区台风"彩虹"登陆后螺旋云带中的一次强龙卷风过程进行高分辨率（148 m，48 m）数值模拟，结果产生了类龙卷涡旋（Tornado-Like Vortex，TLV），最接近观测到的龙卷风，并对龙卷超级单体及产生龙卷的TLV系统的三维动热力精细化结构进行诊断分析.结果表明，此次龙卷产生于超级单体右侧边缘，钩状回波显著，伴有明显的中气旋活动.模拟的龙卷超级单体与之前观测研究和理想化建模的龙卷超级单体结构相类似，超级单体后部云墙之下低层水成物呈现狭窄的触地漏斗状结构，对应低层的TLV系统；TLV具有中心气流下沉和周围气流上升的动力结构，对应上宽下窄的强烈涡管.与之前的研究相比，本次台风螺旋云带中的超级单体中后部入流较弱，出流较强，其前部气流上升存在水合物聚集.相对螺旋度（Storm Relative Helicity，SRH）的分析表明，超级单体的发展伴随正负SRH的增大，龙卷发生在SRH正负高值区的交界处. 相似文献
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2019年7月3日下午辽宁部分地区出现短时强降水和冰雹等强对流天气,其中开原市金钩子镇遭遇了龙卷风,造成当地严重的生命财产损失.本文重点分析有利于这次龙卷和冰雹等强对流过程发生的大气变量扰动环境,包括数值模式预报产品中的扰动天气环境以及雷达回波和卫星云图演变对应的大气扰动风场变化特征.结果发现:开原单个龙卷与苏北多次单个龙卷发生的大气温压场扰动环境相似,发生地位于对流层上部下伸到地面的位势高度扰动槽线和近地面水平方向上冷暖温度扰动气团交界线附近,其冷暖扰动气团之间的强度对比较美国多龙卷爆发时的弱小.利用来自欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)模式产品和美国国家环境预报中心全球预报系统(NCEP/GFS)的实时分析资料进行扰动环流形势分析并与当地实况卫星云图和雷达回波相结合,可以从潜在趋势上定性地推断有利于强对流天气发展的位置. 相似文献
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文章调查了2006至2018年中国热带气旋龙卷(简称TC龙卷)的发生情况.在这13年间,共有64次TC龙卷记录,平均每年发生约5次.约三分之一的登陆热带气旋至少有一个龙卷生成.这些TC龙卷主要发生在热带气旋临近登陆或登陆后36小时内的午后,集中于距离热带气旋中心500 km范围内.大多数TC龙卷位于地形相对平坦的沿海地区,其中江苏和广东是中国TC龙卷发生频次最大的两个省份.此外,文章还揭示了两个值得注意的特征:(1)中国的TC龙卷主要生成于TC中心的东北象限,而非TC移动方向的右前象限;(2)与美国相比,中国大多数TC龙卷生成于强度相对较弱的热带气旋(如热带低压、热带风暴).进一步分析表明,中国的TC龙卷倾向于在具有较大低层风暴相对螺旋度和较大对流有效位能(考虑夹卷效应)的环境中产生.中国2018年的TC龙卷尤其活跃,共有24次TC龙卷记录,占总样本数的37.5%.中国现代气象史上的首次龙卷爆发事件发生于台风摩羯(2018)中,至少有11个龙卷生成.此龙卷爆发事件发生于摩羯与中纬度中层槽的相互作用阶段,且伴随着较强的中高层干空气侵入过程. 相似文献
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5.
长江流域梅雨锋暴雨过程的中尺度结构个例分析 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
利用外场试验资料, 用双多普勒雷达技术和径向速度场分析方法, 研究了2002年7月22~23日发生在长江流域一次暴雨过程的中尺度结构动力特征和演变过程. 结果表明, 在西南-东北取向1000 km长的暴雨雨带中, 存在有许多尺度在20~50 km大小的β或γ中尺度强回波带或回波团, 在长江中游, 混合性强降水雨带在长200 km以上的低空切变线上形成; 在切变线南侧的低空西南急流和北侧的偏东气流共同作用下形成上升气流, 对流云得到发展, 切变线低空风场的扰动、中尺度切变和β中尺度辐合是造成对流发展的原因; 新回波常常在老回波右后侧生成, 并移向西南气流区, 从而得到充足的水汽, 这种回波发展旺盛, 持续时间长. β中尺度对流系统常常伴有尺度更小的中尺度涡旋和中尺度辐合等γ中尺度结构, 这些γ中尺度结构在强对流的发展过程中也起了很重要的作用. 相似文献
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本文主要回顾了气象卫星导风的发展历程并对未来发展方向进行了阐述.引言部分首先回顾发展历程并介绍了导风发展史上的一些里程碑事件，分别对中国、美国、欧洲以及日本的气象卫星导风情况进行了简要介绍.第一节详细总结了多种传统气象卫星导风算法的特点和关键技术，介绍了交叉相关法、形态辨认法以及亚像元法.此外，还描述了五种较为常用的高度指定算法，对传统导风追踪算法以及高度指定算法的原理进行了详细地描述.第二节归纳了最近几年基于计算机视觉和机器学习技术发展起来的多种新体制的气象卫星导风产品，分别介绍了光流法、三维导风以及中尺度导风的优势和研究背景.最后，对比了传统与新型气象卫星各种导风算法的优缺点，展望了未来的发展趋势和应用前景.特别是指出光流法导风有着空间分辨率高、三维导风能得到更多层风场的信息、中尺度导风则能对特殊天气如热带气旋实现高时空分辨率的观测的优势，并提出三维导风与中尺度导风的应用研究将是未来重要发展方向. 相似文献
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中低纬电离层E区不规则体准周期雷达回波现象,在地球不同经度区被观测到并开展了有关研究.本文利用三亚(109.6°E,18.4°N)VHF相干散射雷达2011年2月6日的观测,第一次给出了中国低纬电离层E区准周期回波的发生和变化特征.观测结果表明:准周期回波发生在地方时夜间2100—2200LT的110km高度上,与连续性回波可同时发生;准周期回波斜纹在雷达探测的高度-时间-强度(HTI)图上可延伸5～20km,持续时间为5～15min,回波斜纹高度随时间以20～30m/s下降,斜纹在HTI图上彼此间隔10km和10min左右.此外,雷达回波多普勒谱和雷达干涉分析显示不同高度准周期回波的多普勒速度随高度-时间表现出不同的变化趋势,与回波条纹斜率无明显联系,不同高度准周期回波对应的不规则体在东西方向也表现出截然不同的运动特征.分析结果表明,三亚电离层E区准周期回波的发生可能并不是由散块Es随着中性风周期性的经过雷达探测区域所致,而可能和Es中的扰动结构相关. 相似文献
8.
2007年3月3-5日和2013年11月24-25日，受江淮气旋北上影响，我国北方大部地区遭遇罕见暴风雪天气，2次暴雪过程有很多相似之处.利用常规观测、CloudSat卫星云廓线雷达的探测资料和NECP/NCAR再分析资料，分析了这2次暴雪过程江淮气旋云系结构和微物理特征.结果表明：（1）北上江淮气旋的冷锋云系较窄，以深厚对流云为主，回波核心在2~7 km，其结构在气旋发展的不同阶段变化不大；（2）逗点头云系范围宽广，在气旋的不同发展阶段，结构和强度有显著差异.气旋初始锋面波动和锋面断裂阶段，逗点头云系有两个降水区：北部为由多个单体组成的大范围层状云区，强回波从地表向上伸展，上空有高空对流泡，建立了播撒云-供水云机制，有利于下部冰晶粒子长大；南部有对流云柱发展.逗点头西部的冷输送带云系主要集中在6 km以下，强度弱，冰粒子含量少；（3）气旋暖锋后弯阶段，干侵入加强，冷锋后部的无云区或少云区范围扩大，逗点头云系南北范围收缩、变窄，云系的高度、强度和含水量减弱，冷锋云系也减弱；（4）气旋冷锋云系和逗点头南部的对流云柱以降雨为主，位于高纬度陆地上的逗点头云系以降雪为主，当逗点头云系处于海上有对流不稳定发展，以降雨为主.冷锋云系北部和逗点头云系南部均有由层积云或高积云组成的低云，以毛毛雨为主.冷锋云系和逗点头云系北部100-200 km的范围为随高度和距离逐渐变薄的高层云，无降水对应. 相似文献
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雷达高度计是测量海洋动力参数的重要传感器,为解决雷达高度计在近海测量数据不可用的问题,基于大量波形的分析及已有波形重构算法的比较,本文提出了一种基于波形分类和子波形提取的近海波形重构算法（OceanCS）.采用了验潮站的实测水位以及浮标的实测有效波高数据对算法的结果进行了验证.结果表明,本文提出的算法在近海的回波波形处理方面要优于其他五种算法（海洋算法、OCOG算法、Ice-2算法、Beta5算法和阈值算法）,并且不仅可反演海面高度、还可反演有效波高.通过对高度计的近海回波波形进行重构处理,可以提高近海测高数据的数量和质量. 相似文献
10.
地层宏观电性各向异性会对可控源电磁响应产生重要影响.由于海底地层电性结构常表现为电导率各向异性，若仅对海洋可控源电磁（MCSEM）数据进行常规各向同性反演，有可能无法获得准确的反演解释结果，从而削弱MCSEM技术的可靠性.本文实现了电导率垂直各向异性（VTI）条件下频率域海洋可控源电磁数据三维反演算法.其中，三维正演采用基于二次场控制方程的交错网格有限体积法，并利用直接矩阵分解技术来求解离散所得的大型线性方程组，有利于快速计算多场源的响应.反演采用具有近似二次收敛性的高斯牛顿算法对目标函数进行最优化.最后，对具有VTI电性各向异性特征的盐丘构造模型的MCSEM合成数据分别进行了电导率各向同性和垂直各向异性三维反演，结果表明：各向同性三维反演算法无法对受VTI介质影响的MCSEM数据进行正确的反演解释，而垂直各向异性三维反演能够获得更为可靠的地下电阻率结构和异常体分布，展现出对海底电性各向异性结构更为优良的反演解释能力. 相似文献
11.
FengXia Guo Yang Li ZhaoChu Huang ManFei Wang FanHui Zeng ChunHao Lian YiJun Mu 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2017,60(12):2204-2213
Based on the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model that features charging and discharging parameterization, relationships between tornado, hail and lightning were investigated for a tornado-producing (EF4 intensity) supercell thunderstorm over Yancheng City in Jiangsu Province, China, on 23 June 2016. Based on a sounding at 0800, there was a low lifting condensation level, substantial convective available potential energy (CAPE), and strong vertical wind shear near Yancheng City, which promote supercell development. At 1400, observations revealed that hail production and a dramatic increase of positive cloud-to-ground flash rates occurred simultaneously, maximizing five minutes later. The tornado occurred 30 min after the hail production. The time of minimum positive cloud-to-ground flash rates was 15 min later. The simulation indicated that the tornadic supercell moved eastward and that positive cloud-to-ground flash rates increased dramatically at 1400, the same as observed, but their maximum was 5 min later than observed. The simulated updraft volume peaked at 1425 and the simulated downdraft volume maximized 5 min later, when the mesocyclone formed. Simulated reflectivities showed no hook echo and horizontal winds for different height at mid-low levels had a different cyclonic shear at 1430, favorable to mesocyclone formation. Based on the simulated results, the region of positively charged graupel ascended resulting from the region of high liquid water content was lifted by the strong updraft, forming a mid-level strong positive charge region. A lower negative charge region formed by the inductive charging mechanism of collisions between graupel and droplets at the bottom of the cloud, conducive to positive cloud-to-ground flashes. 相似文献
12.
L. J. Miller 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1975,113(1):765-785
The dual-Doppler radar coplane method of scanning and data reduction has been used to determine the internal airflow and radar reflectivity structure of a convective storm. Cumulus convection growing in a moderately sheared wind environment resulted in a nonsteady, moderate intensity thunderstorm. Precipitation fallout and downward moving air are found downshear of an updraft inclined in the downshear direction. Rapid storm translation, vertical shear of the ambient wind, and slow subcloud ascent of inflow air act to establish this observed draft configuration. The absence of significant cold air outflow and its attendant gust front at the surface is attributed to (i) appreciable inflow of slow moving air into the downdraft at the middle layers and (ii) the fact that the potentially coldest air was located too low to contribute significantly to a deep downdraft circulation. 相似文献
13.
本文自主研制性能稳定的双金属球三维电场探空仪,并结合气象探空仪等构建了雷暴电场-气象综合探空系统,实现了雷暴云内三维电场及温度、湿度的同步测量.2019年夏季对华北平原地区雷暴开展穿云观测,并结合地面大气电场、雷达回波、变分多普勒雷达分析系统(VDRAS)反演的动力场等资料进行综合研究,首次给出该地区雷暴云内的电场和电荷结构分布特征.对2019年8月7日发生的一次中尺度对流系统电场探空发现,在雷暴减弱阶段,其弱回波区内存在5个极性交替的电荷区:4.4~5.6 km之间的上部正电荷区(0℃附近)、3.6~4.4 km之间的中部负电荷区和1.0~3.6 km之间的下部正电荷区,此外在1 km下方有一个负极性电荷区,雷暴云顶附近5.7~6.9 km之间为一个弱负极性屏蔽电荷区.其中,中部负电荷区和下部正电荷区由多个不同强度、不同厚度的电荷层构成.此外,电场探空系统在中部负电荷区高度范围内经历的上升—下沉—再次上升的往返探空数据表明,雷暴云内动力环境复杂,电荷结构分布相似但又有所差异,反映了实际雷暴云内电荷分布的时空不均匀性和复杂性. 相似文献
14.
利用闪电放电辐射源三维时空分布测量,分析了山东低海拔地区一次多单体雷暴过程的电荷结构演变以及与回波强度的关系.结果表明对流云区电荷结构是典型的上正下负电偶极结构,且随着雷暴发展正负电荷层强度增大,高度抬升.负电荷区处在40 dBz以上的强回波区域中,正电荷层处在约40 dBz区域中.层状云区也有类似结构,只是强度弱,高度低.观测到的四层电荷结构是出现在对流区消散阶段,此时,由于云体不同部位的不同消散程度,电荷结构发生断裂,云体前部正负电荷区下沉,云体中部正负电荷区高度变化不大,但负电荷区域变薄,呈现出四层电荷结构.从本例结果说明,雷暴优势起电机制通常能形成电偶极或三极性结构,多极结构可能不是起电形成.本文还分析了一次负地闪传输过程,和宏观电荷结构很好吻合,说明利用三维定位系统观测,可以较好地描述雷暴宏观电荷结构. 相似文献
15.
2008年1月下旬至2月上旬福建省西部北部出现了历史罕见的雨雪冰冻灾害。利用多普勒雷达反射率、回波顶高、径向速度、垂直风廓线等产品对此次雨雪冰冻天气进行特征分析,通过分析发现:①冰晶和雪的回波强度通常比连续性降水回波弱,在反射率图上,回波表现为边缘毛松,丝缕状纹理结构明显,边缘模糊不清,没有确定的边界;②回波顶高和零度层较低,因为垂直方向大气相对较稳定,不利于对流发展,降水粒子没有发展到高空;③在径向速度图上存在牛眼,说明在低空有急流存在。在低层有环形的零速度线,中高层的零速度线为倒"S"形,表明低层有风切变存在,中高层有冷平流;④风廓线图上高层为西南风,中层为西北风,低层为西南风,近地层为东北风。说明从近地层到高层为"冷-暖-冷-暖"的层结结构,有利于冻雨天气形成。 相似文献
16.
Presented in this paper are meso-α and meso-β network analyses of thermodynamics and kinematics related to the formation of
a severe storm complex on 20 May 1979 during SESAME-AVE-V. The storm organizes in the mesonetwork by mid-afternoon ahead of
a nearly east-west-aligned quasistationary pressure trough. By mid-morning a tongue of high mixing ratios develops south of
the trough in northern Texas and southern Oklahoma. In response to strong differential solar heating and the moist tongue,
a pronounced low-level ϑe maximum appears in this region. Convective activity to the south of the trough is inhibited by a low-level stable layer in
the region. Sinking motion aloft enhances the stable layer. At midday the pressure trough accelerates southward and intensifies,
strengthening low-level convergence, which in turn induces a well-defined vertical circulation in the meso-β network. The
vertical motion in the circulation pushes the air to its lifting condensation level, and the convective instability is released.
Detailed analyses of data in the meso-β network indicate that the induced vertical circulation appears 90 min prior to radar
echo development in the cross-section. The circulation at this time indicates a doublet of ascent-descent of equal magnitude.
The peak value of upward motion appears at mid-levels first and then moves upwards and intensifies with time. In the mature
stage the storm complex appears to have a strong influence on the upper-level horizontal-flow field. 相似文献
17.
FengXia Guo GanYi Lu Xin Wu HaoLiang Wang ZuPei Liu Min Bao YaWen Li 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2016,59(7):1401-1413
The purpose of this study was to understand the reasons why frequent positive cloud-to-ground (+CG) flashes occur in severe thunderstorms. A three-dimensional dynamics-electrification coupled model was used to simulate a severe thunderstorm to permit analysis of the conditions that might easily cause +CG flashes. The results showed that strong updrafts play an important role in the occurrence of intracloud flashes. However, frequent +CG flashes require not only strong updrafts but also strong downdrafts in the lower cloud region, conditions that correspond to the later phase of the mature stage and the period of the heaviest solid precipitation of a thunderstorm. During this stage, strong updrafts elevated each charge area in the updraft region to a higher level, which resulted in an inverted tripole charge structure. A wide mid-level region of strong positive charge caused largely by positively charged graupel, presented in the middle of the updraft region because of a non-inductive ice-ice collisional charging mechanism. The charge structure in the downdraft region was consistently more complex and revealed several vertically stacked charge regions, alternating in polarity. Much of the graupel/hail outside the updrafts was lowered to cloud-base by strong downdrafts. In this area, the graupel/hail was charged negatively because of the transportation of negatively charged graupel/hail from higher regions of negative charge in the updrafts, and via the inductive charging mechanism of collisions between graupel/hail and cloud droplets at the bottom of the cloud. Consequently, a large region of negative charge formed near the ground. This meant that +CG flashes were initiated more easily in the lower inverted dipole, i.e., the middle region of positive charge and lower region of negative charge. Frequent +CG flashes began almost synchronously with dramatic increases in the storm updrafts, hail volume, and total flash rate. Therefore, the occurrence of +CG flashes appears a good indicator of storm intensification and it could have some use as a predictor of severe weather in the form of hail. 相似文献
18.
High resolution 3-cm weather radar was used to observe the three dimensional structure of a weak echo region of a severe convective storm in northern Minnesota, U.S.A. Observations show that a seemingly steady-state updraft in the lower portion of the storm broke into an unsteady structure in the upper levels. This is interpreted as indicating that precipitation loading gradually decelerated the upper reaches of the updraft, resulting in periodic breakout of a new updraft core on the inflow side. This periodic behavior of the updraft may be related to hailstreaks and what has been termed the multi-celled storm. 相似文献
19.
Gandikota V. Rao Joshua W. Scheck Roger Edwards Joseph T. Schaefer 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2005,162(8-9):1627-1641
Radar structures of one mesocyclone and one mesocirculation (the term mesocirculation refers to a class of rotating updrafts, which may or may not be as spatially and temporally large as a typical mesocyclone) that developed a total of four tornadoes in association with Tropical Cyclone (TC) Frances 1998 are presented. One tornado developed within an inner rainband near the time of landfall while three of the other tornadoes developed within an outer rainband nearly 24 hours after the landfall. Radar reflectivities of the tornadic circulations averaged upwards of 40 dBZ while Doppler radar wind components directed toward the radar averaged 11 m s−1. It is realized that although TC Frances was a minimal hurricane it spawned several tornadoes (four of which were studied) causing damage exceeding $2 million. These tornadoes were not all located close to the TC center, serving as a caution to forecasters and emergency personnel that the immediate landfalling area is not the only place to watch.While it is difficult to accurately predict the TC tornado location and time of occurrence, the degree of low-level baroclinicity seems to play an important role in tornadogenesis. Another significant finding is that the tornadoes were produced on the inward side of an inner rainband, as well as the inward side of an outer rainband. Consistent with climatology, the forward right quadrant of the TC developed the four tornadoes studied here.The lead author, Professor G. V. Rao died 31 July 2004 at the age of 70. He fell victime to the waves while swimming in Mazatlan, Mexico. This is the last paper he publilshed as lead author. 相似文献