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1.
This paper presents an analytical model for the inelastic response analysis of braced steel structures. A model is first presented for the behaviour of steel struts subjected to cyclic axial load, which combines the analytical formulation of plastic hinge behaviour with empirical formulas developed on the basis of experimental data. The brace is modelled as a pin-ended member, with a plastic hinge located at the midspan. Braces, with other end conditions, are handled using the effective length concept. Step-wise regression analysis is employed, to approximate the plastic conditions for the steel UC section. Verification of the brace model is performed on the basis of quasi-static analyses of individual struts and a one-bay one-storey X-braced steel frame. The comparison of analytical and experimental data has confirmed that the proposed brace model is able to accurately simulate the cyclic inelastic behaviour of steel braces and braced systems. A series of dynamic analyses has been performed on two-storey V- and X-braced frames to study the influence of brace slenderness ratio on the inelastic response, and to look at the redistribution of forces in the post-buckling range of behaviour of CBFs. Recommendations have been made as to the estimation of maximum storey drifts for concentrically-braced steel frames in major seismic event. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Christoph Mahrenholtz Pao‐Chun Lin An‐Chien Wu Keh‐Chyuan Tsai Shyh‐Jiann Hwang Ruei‐Yan Lin Muhammad Y. Bhayusukma 《地震工程与结构动力学》2015,44(1):59-78
Damage to buildings observed in recent earthquakes suggests that many old reinforced concrete structures may be vulnerable to the effects of severe earthquakes. One suitable seismic retrofit solution is the installation of steel braces to increase the strength and ductility of a building. Steel bracings have some compelling advantages such as their comparatively low weight, their suitability for prefabrication, and the possibility of openings for utilities, access, and light. The braces are typically connected to steel frames that are fixed to the concrete structure using post‐installed concrete anchors along the perimeter. However, these framed steel braces are not without some disadvantages such as heavier steel usage and greater difficulties during the installation. Therefore, braces without steel frames appear to be an attractive alternative. In this study, braces were connected to gussets furnished with anchor brackets, which were fixed by means of a few post‐installed concrete anchors. The clear structural system and the increased utilization of the anchors allowed the anchorage to be designed precisely and economically. The use of buckling‐restrained braces (BRBs) provides additional benefits in comparison with conventional braces. BRBs improve the energy dissipation efficiency and allow the limitation of the brace force to be taken up by the highly stressed anchorage. Cyclic loading tests were conducted to investigate the seismic performance of BRBs connected with post‐installed anchors used to retrofit reinforced concrete frames. The tests showed that the proposed design method is feasible and increases strength as well as ductility to an adequate seismic performance level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
3.
Hayato Asada Andrew D. Sen Tao Li Jeffrey W. Berman Dawn E. Lehman Charles W. Roeder 《地震工程与结构动力学》2020,49(15):1619-1639
Current seismic design requirements for special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) in chevron configurations require that the beams supporting the braces be designed to resist the demands resulting from the simultaneous yielding of the tension brace and degraded, post-buckling strength of the compression brace. Recent research, including large-scale experiments and detailed finite-element analyses, has demonstrated that limited beam yielding is not detrimental to chevron braced frame behavior and actually increases the story drift at which the braces fracture. These findings have resulted in new expressions for computing beam demands in chevron SCBFs that reduce the demand in the tension brace to be equal to the expected compressive capacity at buckling of the compression brace. In turn, the resultant force on the beam is reduced as is the required size of the beam. Further study was undertaken to investigate the seismic performance of buildings with SCBFs, including chevron SCBFs with and without yielding beams and X-braced frames. Prototype three- and nine-story braced frames were designed using all three framing systems, that is, chevron, chevron with yielding beams, and X SCBFs, resulting in six building frames. The nonlinear dynamic response was studied for ground motions simulating two different seismic hazard levels. The results were used to characterize the seismic performance in terms of the probability of salient damage states including brace fracture, beam vertical deformation, and collapse. The results demonstrate that the seismic performance of chevron SCBFs with limited beam yielding performs as well as or better than the conventionally designed chevron and X SCBFs. 相似文献
4.
A. A. Christidis E. G. Dimitroudi G. D. Hatzigeorgiou D. E. Beskos 《Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering》2013,11(6):2233-2248
The maximum seismic displacements of a structure can be used for the assessment of its post-earthquake performance. In this paper, a simple and efficient procedure is proposed for determining maximum seismic displacements of planar steel frames from their residual deformation. More specifically, the inelastic behaviour of 36 moment resisting steel frames and 36 concentrically X-braced steel frames under one hundred strong ground motions is investigated. Thus, on the basis of extensive parametric studies for these structures and seismic records, empirical equations are constructed for simple and effective prediction of maximum seismic displacements from residual deformation, which can be measured in-situ after strong seismic events. It is found that the usage of residual deformation can be effectively utilized to evaluate the post-earthquake performance level of steel structures. 相似文献
5.
This study explores seismic performance of steel frame buildings with SMA-based self-centering bracing systems using a probabilistic approach. The self-centering bracing system described in this study relies on superelastic response of large-diameter cables. The bracing systems is designed such that the SMA cables are always stressed in tension. A four-story steel frame building characterized until collapse in previous research is selected as a case-study building. The selected steel frame building is designed with SMA bracing systems considering various design parameters for SMA braces. Numerical models of these buildings are developed by taking into account the ultimate state of structural components and SMA braces as well as the effect of gravity frames on lateral load resistance. Nonlinear static analyses are conducted to assess the seismic characteristics of each frame and to examine the effect of SMA brace failure on the seismic load carrying capacity of SMA-braced frames. Incremental dynamic analyses (IDA) are performed to compute seismic response of the designed frames at various seismic intensity levels. The results of IDA are used to develop probabilistic seismic demand models for peak inter-story and residual inter-story drifts. Seismic demand hazard curves of peak and residual inter-story drifts are generated by convolving the ground motion hazard with the probabilistic seismic demand models. Results show that steel frames designed with SMA bracing systems provide considerably lower probability of reaching at a damage state level associated with residual drifts compared to a similarly designed steel moment resisting frame, especially for seismic events with high return periods. This indicates reduced risks for the demolition and collapse due to excessive residual drifts for SMA braced steel frames. 相似文献
6.
Given their excellent self‐centering and energy‐dissipating capabilities, superelastic shape memory alloys (SMAs) become an emerging structural material in the field of earthquake engineering. This paper presents experimental and numerical studies on a scaled self‐centering steel frame with novel SMA braces (SMAB), which utilize superelastic Ni–Ti wires. The braces were fabricated and cyclically characterized before their installation in a two‐story one‐bay steel frame. The equivalent viscous damping ratio and ‘post‐yield’ stiffness ratio of the tested braces are around 5% and 0.15, respectively. In particular, the frame was seismically designed with nearly all pin connections, including the pinned column bases. To assess the seismic performance of the SMA braced frame (SMABF), a series of shake table tests were conducted, in which the SMABF was subjected to ground motions with incremental seismic intensity levels. No repair or replacement of structural members was performed during the entire series of tests. Experimental results showed that the SMAB could withstand several strong earthquakes with very limited capacity degradation. Thanks to the self‐centering capacity and pin‐connection design, the steel frame was subjected to limited damage and zero residual deformation even if the peak interstory drift ratio exceeded 2%. Good agreement was found between the experimental results and numerical simulations. The current study validates the prospect of using SMAB as a standalone seismic‐resisting component in critical building structures when high seismic performance or earthquake resilience is desirable under moderate and strong earthquakes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
7.
Axially loaded members might experience compressive forces above their static buckling capacity because of dynamic buckling under rapid shortening. Although the subject is studied in the context of engineering mechanics, it has not been thoroughly investigated in the field of earthquake engineering. Such dynamic overshoots in the compressive capacity can also be observed for braces of concentrically braced frames (CBFs) during earthquakes. Consequently, a comprehensive investigation is conducted in this study regarding the effects of dynamic buckling of braces on the seismic behavior of steel CBFs. After providing a theoretical background, recent dynamic experiments on braces and CBFs are simulated and discussed to investigate the occurrence of dynamic overshoot during these tests. Eight archetype CBFs are then designed, modeled, and subjected to a large set of ground motions to provide a quantified insight on the frequency and anticipated level of dynamic overshoot in the compressive capacity of braces during earthquakes. Results of a total of 1600 nonlinear time history analyses revealed that dynamic overshoots occur frequently in braces and affect the behavior of CBFs notably. Considerable increases are recorded in forces transmitted to other members of CBFs as a consequence of such dynamic overshoots. Importance of incorporating these dynamic overshoots in the capacity design procedure of columns, beams, and gusset plates is highlighted. Furthermore, results of a parametric study are presented and summarized in the form of a simple formula that can be used as a guide for estimating the level of dynamic overshoot. 相似文献
8.
The demand for modular steel buildings (MSBs) has increased because of the improved quality, fast on-site installation, and lower cost of construction. Steel braced frames are usually utilized to form the lateral load resisting system of MSBs. During earthquakes, the seismic energy is dissipated through yielding of the components of the braced frames, which results in residual drifts. Excessive residual drifts complicate the repair of damaged structures or render them irreparable. Researchers have investigated the use of superelastic shape memory alloys (SMAs) in steel structures to reduce the seismic residual deformations. This study explores the potential of using SMA braces to improve the seismic performance of typical modular steel braced frames. The study utilizes incremental dynamic analysis to judge on the benefits of using such a system. It is observed that utilizing superelastic SMA braces at strategic locations can significantly reduce the inter-storey residual drifts. 相似文献
9.
K形高强钢组合偏心支撑(K-HSS-EBF)是指耗能连梁和支撑采用Q345钢,而框架梁、框架柱采用高强度钢(如Q460)。为研究其在罕遇地震作用下的抗震性能,在试验研究的基础上,采用直接基于位移的抗震设计方法设计了5层、8层和12层算例,分别进行静力推覆分析和动力弹塑性分析,研究高强钢组合偏心支撑钢框架在罕遇地震作用下层间侧移分布和破坏模式。研究结果表明:直接基于位移的抗震设计方法设计的算例在罕遇地震作用下,结构的层间侧移满足我国现行抗震规范的要求,结构呈理想的渐进式梁铰屈服机构,并证明该设计方法的合理性和可靠性。 相似文献
10.
Esra Mete Güneyisi 《地震工程与结构动力学》2012,41(5):853-874
The present paper investigates the seismic reliability of the application of buckling restrained braces (BRBs) for seismic retrofitting of steel moment resisting framed buildings through fragility analysis. Samples of regular three‐storey and eight‐storey steel moment resisting frames were designed with lateral stiffness insufficient to comply with the code drift limitations imposed for steel moment resisting frame systems in earthquake‐prone regions. The frames were then retrofitted with concentrically chevron conventional braces and BRBs. To obtain robust estimators of the seismic reliability, a database including a wide range of natural earthquake ground motion records with markedly different characteristics was used in the fragility analysis. Nonlinear time history analyses were utilized to analyze the structures subjected to these earthquake records. The improvement of seismic reliability achieved through the use of conventional braces and BRBs was evaluated by comparing the fragility curves of the three‐storey and eight‐storey model frames before and after retrofits, considering the probabilities of four distinct damage states. Moreover, the feasibility of mitigating the seismic response of moment resisting steel structures by using conventional braces and BRBs was determined through seismic risk analysis. The results obtained indicate that both conventional braces and especially BRBs improve significantly the seismic behavior of the original building by increasing the median values of the structural fragility curves and reducing the probabilities of exceedance of each damage state. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
耗能梁段作为偏心支撑结构的耗能元件,在大震作用下通过弹塑性变形吸收地震能量,保护主体结构处于弹性受力状态。现行规范基于强度的设计理论,为了保证耗能梁段进入塑性或破坏,梁柱构件需要进行放大内力设计,导致截面过大,而且基于强度的设计方法很难保证结构的整体破坏状态。目前,抗震设计越来越重视基于性能的设计思想,该方法能够评估结构的弹塑性反应。对于高强钢组合偏心支撑,其中耗能梁段和支撑采用Q345钢,框架梁柱采用Q460或者Q690高强度钢材,高强钢不仅带来良好的经济效益,而且能够推广高强钢在抗震设防区的应用。利用基于性能设计方法设计了4种不同形式的高强钢组合偏心支撑钢框架,包括K形、Y形、V形和D形,考虑4层、8层、12层和16层的影响。通过Pushover分析和非线性时程分析评估该结构的抗震性能,研究结果表明:4种形式的高强钢组合偏心支撑钢框架具有类似的抗震性能,在罕遇地震作用下,几乎所有耗能梁段均参与耗能,而且层间侧移与耗能梁段转角沿高度分布较为均匀。其中:D形偏心支撑具有最大的抗侧刚度,但延性较差,而Y形偏心支撑的抗侧刚度最弱,但延性最佳。 相似文献
12.
Buckling restrained braces (BRBs) are very effective in dissipating energy through stable tension–compression hysteretic cycles and have been successfully experimented in the seismic protection of buildings. Their behavior has been studied extensively in the last decades and today the level of performance guaranteed by these devices and the technological constrains that have to be fulfilled to optimize their behavior are well known. Furthermore, several companies in the world have developed their own BRBs and are now producing them. In spite of this, many seismic codes (for instance, the EuroCode 8) do not stipulate provisions for the design and construction of earthquake‐resistant structures equipped with BRBs. This discourages the structural engineering community from using these devices and seriously limits their use in structural applications. In this paper a procedure for the seismic design of steel frames equipped with BRBs is proposed. Furthermore, the paper presents a numerical investigation aimed at validating this design procedure and proposing the value of the behavior factor q that should be used for this structural type. To this end, a set of frames with BRBs is first designed by means of several values of q. Then, the obtained frames are subjected to a set of accelerograms compatible with the elastic response spectrum considered in design. The seismic response of the frames is determined by nonlinear dynamic analysis and represented in terms of the ductility demand of BRBs and the internal force demand of nondissipative members (beams and columns). Finally, the largest value of q that leads to acceptable seismic performance of the analyzed frames is assumed as adequate. The value of q is given in the paper as a continuous function of the assumed ductility capacity of the BRBs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
高强钢组合K型偏心支撑框架耗能梁段和支撑采用Q345钢,其余构件采用Q460钢,不仅能有效减小构件截面、节约钢材、降低造价,而且有助于推广高强钢的应用。为了比较高强钢组合K型偏心支撑框架与Q345钢K型偏心支撑框架的抗震性能,在试验研究的基础上,设计两组共8个不同层数的高强钢组合K型偏心支撑框架与Q345钢K型偏心支撑框架,并分别对其进行非线性静力推覆分析和动力时程分析,对比分析两种结构形式的承载力、刚度、延性以及地震作用下层间变形能力和耗能梁段。结果表明:在满足抗震性能要求的前提下,相同设计条件下高强钢组合K型偏心支撑框架变形略差于Q345钢K型偏心支撑框架,但是其构件截面较小,可以节省钢材,降低工程造价,具有较高的经济效益。 相似文献
14.
《地震工程与结构动力学》2018,47(6):1460-1477
This paper presents the development, experimental testing, and numerical modelling of a new hybrid timber‐steel moment‐resisting connection that is designed to improve the seismic performance of mid‐rise heavy timber moment‐resisting frames (MRF). The connection detail incorporates specially designed replaceable steel links fastened to timber beams and columns using self‐tapping screws. Performance of the connection is verified through experimental testing of four 2/3 scale beam‐column connections. All 4 connection specimens met the acceptance criteria specified in the AISC 341‐10 provisions for steel moment frames and exhibit high strength, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity up to storey drifts exceeding 4%. All of the timber members and self‐tapping screw connections achieved their design objective, remaining entirely elastic throughout all tests and avoiding brittle modes of failure. To assess the global seismic performance of the newly developed connection in a mid‐rise building, a hybrid timber‐steel building using the proposed moment‐resisting connection is designed and modelled in OpenSees. To compare the seismic performance of the hybrid MRF with a conventional steel MRF, a prototype steel‐only building is also designed and modelled in OpenSees. The building models are subject to a suite of ground motions at design basis earthquake and maximum credible earthquake hazard levels using non‐linear time history analysis. Analytical results show that drifts and accelerations of the hybrid building are similar to a conventional steel building while the foundation forces are significantly reduced for the hybrid structure because of its lower seismic weight. The results of the experimental program and numerical analysis demonstrate the seismic performance of the proposed connection and the ability of the hybrid building to achieve comparable seismic performance to a conventional steel MRF. 相似文献
15.
A displacement-based design procedure is proposed for proportioning hysteretic damped braces in order to attain, for the in-plan least seismic capacity direction and a specific level of seismic intensity, a designated performance level of a reinforced concrete (r.c.) irregular framed building to be retrofitted. To this end, a computer code for the nonlinear static analysis of spatial frames is developed to obtain the pushover curve for an assigned in-plan direction of the seismic loads. The town hall of Spilinga (Italy), a two-storey r.c. framed structure with an L-shaped plan built at the beginning of the 1960s, has been considered as case study. Four alternative structural solutions are examined, derived from the first one by the insertion of hysteretic damped braces, considering: the extended N2 and the extended pushover methods combined with a proportional and an inversely proportional in-plan stiffness distributions of hysteretic damped braces. To check the effectiveness and reliability of the design procedure, the nonlinear static response of the unbraced and damped braced frames is compared for different in-plan directions of the seismic loads. Frame members are simulated with a lumped plasticity model, including a flat surface modeling of the axial load-biaxial bending moment elastic domain, while the behavior of a hysteretic damped brace is idealized through the use of a bilinear law. Vulnerability index domains are adopted to estimate the directions of least seismic capacity at the ultimate (i.e. life-safety and collapse prevention) limit states prescribed by Italian and European seismic codes. 相似文献
16.
17.
This paper presents an analytical study aimed at evaluating the feasibility of using buckling-restrained braces as a retrofit scheme for existing multi-bay multi-story steel buildings. For that purpose, the seismic response of four two-dimensional frame models representative of typical steel buildings designed in a region of high seismicity was analyzed prior to and after including buckling-restrained braces as a retrofit strategy. The braces were designed following Force-Based and Displacement-Based approaches. The structural performance of the different versions of the frames was evaluated by subjecting each one to a set of twenty ground motions representative of the design earthquake with 10% exceedance probability in fifty years. It was observed that buckling-restrained braces allow for an efficient reduction in the peak drift demands in the retrofitted frames. However, since the beneficial effect of the braces cannot be fully controlled under a Force-Based design approach, it was concluded that a Displacement-Based design approach is the best option to achieve optimum structural performance. 相似文献
18.
A new structural system for earthquake resistant steel structures is investigated in this paper. This new framing system, called the knee-brace-frame (KBF), is a braced frame with diagonal braces connected to ductile knee members. The diagonal braces provide the lateral stiffness, whereas the knee anchors yield in flexure to dissipate energy during severe seismic excitation. To assess the inelastic characteristics of the KBF, a large scale model of a KBF was tested using the pseudodynamic test procedure. The experimental results are compared with analytical results obtained from a DRAIN-2D model. It is found that, with an appropriate design of knee anchors, the KBF can be made to be ductile to dissipate energy during severe seismic excitation. 相似文献
19.
本文提出了一种新型形状记忆合金（Shape Memory Alloy,SMA）-黏弹性阻尼器（ViscoelasticDamper,VED）自复位支撑,设计了普通预应力筋自复位支撑钢框架与SMA-VED自复位支撑钢框架。采用组合模型以及改进材料模型准确模拟了支撑的力学行为,详细讨论了考虑构件失效的模拟方法,通过试验确定了VED的失效应变范围,最后基于概率统计方法进行了易损性分析以及全周期风险分析。研究发现: SMA-VED自复位支撑可显著提升框架抗震性能;倒塌风险以及残余变形超越概率均显著低于普通预应力筋自复位支撑钢框架,下降比例最高超过50%。预应力筋断裂失效导致框架倒塌风险可提高5倍以上; SMA-VED自复位支撑失效会造成残余变形超越概率有所上升但幅度不大。总体来说,SMA-VED自复位支撑钢框架具备更好的地震鲁棒性。 相似文献
20.
A new remedy is proposed in this study to increase the ductility of cross-braced frames to a level comparable with ductile moment frames. The suggested system consists of one or two concentric steel rings installed in the cross-braced bay vertically. The steel rings are designed such that they fail in bending sooner than failure of the braces in compression. Then the rings act as seismic fuses with multiple bending plastic hinges. Using nonlinear static analysis, it is shown that the proposed system can be designed to behave like cross-braced frames with regard to stiffness and strength, and like special moment frames with regard to ductility. Seismic design factors for the proposed system are recommended based on nonlinear pushover and cyclic analysis studies.
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