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1.
内蒙古高原达里诺尔湖夏季水体稳定同位素变化特征 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
基于内蒙古高原寒-旱区达里诺尔湖（简称"达里湖"）相对集中的夏季大气降水、强烈的蒸发作用等典型区域气候环境特征，结合湖泊水体温度、盐度等理化指标变化，对夏季达里湖湖水、入湖河水、区域大气降水等样品中稳定氢、氧同位素（δD、δ18O）值变化进行了对比分析.结果显示：虽然整体上达里湖夏季水体并没有形成明显的物理性质"跃层"（如温跃层、盐跃层等），水体理化指标的空间分布相对稳定，但是夏季湖水中δD、δ18O值却随着水深增加逐渐偏负：δD值由表层水体（0~1 m）到底层水体（7~9 m）偏负约1.40‰，δ18O值由表层水体到底层水体偏负约0.27‰.达里湖夏季"大气水线"为δD=8.22δ18O+6.82，显示大气降水中δD、δ18O值受季风降水效应影响的同时受到区域蒸发作用影响.特别是7、8月大气降水同位素变化受降水效应的影响比6、9月更明显，而6、9月大气降水同位素变化受蒸发作用的影响比7、8月更明显.这也导致达里湖夏季上层水体受大气降水的稀释作用影响显著；伴随水深的增加，降水效应及蒸发作用的混合影响逐渐减弱，底层水体受区域地下水补给过程等因素的影响则可能更加明显，即达里湖夏季上层水体和底层水体中稳定同位素组成变化的影响因素存在差异. 相似文献
2.
青藏高原南部季风降水中稳定同位素波动与水汽输送过程 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
利用NCEP气象数据建立模型来追踪青藏高原南部降水的水汽输送过程, 并与实测降水中氧稳定同位素数据进行对比分析, 讨论了青藏高原南部降水中δ18O波动与水汽输送过程的关系. 研究发现降水中极低的d18O都与低层洋面蒸发水汽输送有关; 远距离水汽输送时, 水汽输送过程中的降水使得稳定同位素的贫化作用加强, 结果实测降水中δ18O很低; 降水中低的δ18O值往往伴随着厚层水汽输送, 而且高层大气水汽的凝结作用强烈, 这一过程也加剧了稳定同位素的贫化, 使得实测降水中δ18O很低. 而降水中高的δ18O值无论是在季风降雨期的前后还是在季风活动阶段, 水汽输送都与高原面上蒸发的水汽有关, 而缺乏低海拔洋面蒸发的水汽输送, 并且水汽主要来源于北方或西方. 模型计算结果与稳定同位素的分馏机理相一致. 相似文献
3.
基于内蒙古寒旱区达里诺尔湖（简称"达里湖"）无河流外泄、冬季湖面冰封、水体流动缓慢等典型区域水文气象特征，对夏、冬季湖泊底层、表层水（冰）、入湖河水、浅层地下水（井水、泉水）等样品中稳定氢、氧同位素（δD、δ18O）值的变化进行对比分析，结果显示湖区不同水体δD和δ18O平均值均存在湖泊水体（水、冰体） > 大气降水 > 入湖河水 > 浅层地下水的变化特征.在达里湖，夏、冬季底层水δD、δ18O值均比表层水（含湖冰）中δD、δ18O值偏负且季节变化幅度较小.此外，冬季不同采样点底层水δD、δ18O平均值的区域差异性比夏季明显，这反映了湖泊底层水体相对封闭、稳定的储存环境，也说明地下水补给过程存在一定程度的区域差异.而基于不同区域底层水δD、δ18O值及氘盈余指数（d）值和水深变化间相互关系的分析，发现水深变化可能是影响达里湖底层水δD、δ18O值分布区域差异及补给过程的主要因素之一：东北部水体较浅（水深小于8 m）区域采样点水体δD、δ18O平均值多数比达里湖整体平均值偏负且d值偏正，指示浅层地下水输入及二次蒸发作用的影响；西南部水体较深（水深超过8 m）区域采样点水体δD、δ18O平均值多数比达里湖整体平均值偏正且d值偏负，说明水体相对稳定，受二次蒸发作用的影响较弱. 相似文献
4.
以安徽淮南采煤沉陷积水为研究对象,通过样品采集与测试,研究不同沉陷年限及类型积水水文地球化学和氢氧稳定同位素组成特征及影响因素.结果表明：（1）研究区水化学类型主要为Cl-Na、HCO3·Cl-Na型,沉陷积水中常量离子主要来源于蒸发岩溶解和硅酸盐风化,受蒸发作用和人为活动的影响明显,水化学组成随沉陷时间和类型变化不大.（2）淮南大气降水线方程为：δD=8.85δ18O+18.73,沉陷区积水氢氧稳定同位素值在淮南大气降水线右下方依次分布并接近降水线,表明沉陷积水主要来源于大气降水.（3）在降水稀释、水体蒸发及地下水补给的作用下,随着沉陷年限的增加,积水中重同位素越来越贫化,同一年限不同类型的积水同位素值变化较小. 相似文献
5.
湖泊水体的氢氧同位素(δD、δ~(18)O)是研究区域大气降水和水文循环的重要手段之一,目前对其的研究主要以单一湖泊为主.以2016年夏季在中国西部地区采集的33个湖泊水体为研究对象,分析其氢氧同位素的变化特征,并结合当地夏季大气降水、湖水盐度、海拔与纬度等资料,探讨中国西部33个湖泊水体δD、δ~(18)O的空间分布特征及其影响因素.结果表明:33个湖泊水体的δD与δ18O组成主要受控于大气降水,但受蒸发分馏的影响,湖水线的斜率与截距低于大气水线.湖泊水体与夏季大气降水氢氧同位素存在明显的空间分异,这种分异与湖水盐度无关,主要受到区域降水水汽来源不同的影响.青藏高原南北两侧由于水汽来源及蒸发条件的不同,使得青藏高原湖泊水体的氢氧同位素呈现出"北高南低"的特点,新疆西北部受西风影响,湖泊水体的氢氧同位素明显偏负,内蒙古及邻近地区受东南季风的影响,湖水受到蒸发分馏作用使其δD与δ~(18)O偏正.不同区域湖泊水体的氘盈余(d_excess)反映了不同的水汽源地的湿度状况而不能指示湖水的蒸发状况.受降水影响,青藏高原地区湖水氢氧同位素组成与海拔高度呈负相关,与纬度呈正相关. 相似文献
6.
极端降水是影响水环境质量的重要气象因素之一,随着全球气候变暖,极端降水事件的频率和量级呈显著上升的趋势,对湖泊水化学和水环境产生了深刻的影响.白洋淀是华北地区重要的湖泊型湿地和生态功能区,为查明极端降水条件下白洋淀主淀区的水化学和水质特征,本研究利用Piper三线图、Gibbs图和多元统计方法阐明了白洋淀极端降雨后的水化学特征、氢氧稳定同位素特征和水质空间变化,揭示了极端降水条件对白洋淀主淀区水化学和水质的影响.结果表明：（1）在极端降水条件下,白洋淀主淀区湖水呈弱碱性,水化学类型主要为Ca-HCO3·SO4型,极端降水减弱了蒸发结晶作用和人类活动等因素对白洋淀主淀区湖水水化学组成的影响.极端降水是导致白洋淀主淀区pH、电导率和总溶解性固体发生大幅度变化的原因之一.（2）极端降水条件下白洋淀主淀区湖水的δ2H和δ18O值的范围分别为-60.86‰~-35.01‰和-8.84‰~-3.45‰,其值均与水深呈显著负相关.极端降水使得白洋淀主淀区湖水的氢、氧稳定同位素贫化,但对其空间分布的影响不大,湖水氢、氧同位素关系受降水本身氢、氧同位素关系的影响更为强烈.强降水引起白洋淀的水深突然增加,导致湖水受到的蒸发分馏作用影响减弱.（3）极端降水增加了面源污染扩散的速度,导致白洋淀主淀区湖水中的氨氮、硝态氮和总磷等营养物质浓度升高,白洋淀大气降水中的氨氮也可能导致极端降水条件下主淀区湖水中氨氮浓度升高,而上游水库为了应对强降雨事件进行的调蓄放水使得白洋淀东北部水质有所改善.该研究为白洋淀的生态修复治理和雄安新区的生态系统管理提供了科学依据. 相似文献
7.
新疆艾比湖主要入湖河流同位素及水化学特征的季节变化 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
通过野外调查取样和室内测试分析，利用水文化学以及氢氧稳定同位素技术，分析艾比湖主要入湖河流氢氧同位素及水化学的组成特征，并探讨其季节性变化.结果表明：地表水水质指标高值多出现于博乐市、温泉市和精河县及艾比湖湿地附近，主要污染为水体富营养化、工矿业污染以及有机质污染，其污染程度夏、秋季高于春、冬季.河水的δ18O与δ2H存在明显的线性关系，其相关指数为夏季（R2=0.99） > 春季（R2=0.98） > 秋季（R2=0.96） > 冬季（R2=0.90），均沿当地大气降水线分布，受西北干旱区强烈的蒸发作用影响，各季节河流斜率均小于8，氘过量参数值多为正值.博尔塔拉河与精河地表水体δ18O值整体上表现为沿流程逐渐偏正的趋势，博尔塔拉河水体氢氧同位素与高程相关指数表现为春季（R2=0.70） > 冬季（R2=0.57） > 夏季（R2=0.45） > 秋季（R2=0.30），精河因其海拔差异不大，流程简短，与高程相关性低.博尔塔拉河和精河氢氧同位素与氯化物、硫酸盐、五日生物需氧量等指标间存在相关性，且在夏、秋季最大，相关系数R>0.75，与总磷、Cu2+、色度、浊度等指标基本都不显著相关，相关系数R<0.25. 相似文献
8.
青藏高原东部玉树降水中稳定同位素季节变化与水汽输送 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
青藏高原东部玉树降水中稳定同位素的季节变化特征与青藏高原南部的西南季风区和北部的内陆地区有显著不同, 降水中δ18O波动幅度大季节变化特征不明显. 降水中稳定同位素变化的差异反映了水汽来源变化的差异. 通过降水中稳定同位素的空间对比以及结合NCAR/NCEP再分析数据研究了形成该地区降水的水汽来源变化与降水中稳定同位素之间的关系. 研究发现青藏高原东部降水的水汽来源受夏季西南季风直接带来的水汽以及北部内陆与局地蒸发水汽的共同影响; 水汽来源以西南季风为主, 但西南季风的输送强度较青藏高原南部地区偏弱, 而北方的大陆水汽输送与局地水汽增强. 其结果导致夏季玉树降水中δ18O波动幅度增加, 而季节变化特征减弱. 相似文献
9.
典型季风温冰川区大气-冰川-融水径流系统内环境信息的现代变化过程 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
1999年和2000年夏季分别在玉龙雪山白水1号冰川不同区段表面融水、新近积雪和冰川补给河水内进行了采样, 得到了相似的氧同位素分析结果: δ18O值与温度以及降水量之间表现为明显的负相关关系, 指示出这个典型季风温冰川区域存在着很强的“降水量效应”. 在气候条件变化的情况下, 稳定同位素和其他化学信息也在时间上空间上呈现相应的变化. 各类冰川水体内δ18O值存在显著差异, 反映出雪-冰、冰-融水的相变以及地表径流过程中同位素分馏和化学离子渐变的特征. 冰川水化学的空间分布还反映出温冰川水化学溶解作用和物理活动性都比较强. 相似文献
10.
内蒙古高原岱海接受远程深循环地下水补给的环境同位素及水化学证据 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
利用环境同位素及水化学分析方法研究发现,岱海除了接受降水的直接补给之外,还接受泉水的补给.岱海周边泉水与井水的δD、δ18O值比当地降水明显贫化,泉水、井水显然不是来自于当地降水的补给;通过对岱海周边包气带土壤水中的氢氧稳定同位素分析发现,土壤水中的δD、δ18O值比当地降水值贫化,在地表埋深1 m附近,土壤中的盐分发生了累积,土壤水中的含盐量明显超过了土壤受蒸发所引起的增加量.研究表明岱海周边地区的大气降水不能入渗补给到潜水中,补给岱海的泉水不是来自于当地降水,而是具有同位素贫化特征的外源水.由此推断,在地层中可能存在一种地下水深循环的跨流域补给方式.在内蒙古高原地区,深循环地下水是维系湖泊不可或缺的补给源. 相似文献
11.
Species differences in stomatal control of water loss at the canopy scale in a mature bottomland deciduous forest 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
In order to evaluate factors controlling transpiration of six common eastern deciduous species in North America, a model describing responses of canopy stomatal conductance (GS) to net radiation (RN), vapor pressure deficit (D) and relative extractable soil water (REW) was parameterized from sap flux data. Sap flux was measured in 24 mature trees consisting of the species Carya tomentosa, Quercus alba, Q. rubra, Fraxinus americana, Liriodendron tulipifera, and Liquidambar styraciflua in a bottomland oak-hickory forest in the Duke Forest, NC. Species differences in model coefficients were found during the 1997 growing season. All species showed a reduction in GS with increasing D. RN influenced GS in the overstory shade intolerant L. styraciflua to a larger extent than the other species measured. In addition, despite a severe drought during the study period, only L. tulipifera showed a decline in GS with decreasing REW. The primary effect of the drought for the other species appeared to be early autumn leaf senescence and abscission. As a result, despite the drought in this bottomland forest accustomed to ample water supply, maximum daily transpiration (1.6 mm) and growing season transpiration (264 mm) were similar to a nearby upland forest measured during a year of above average precipitation. These results may aid in assessing differences in water use and the ability of bottomland deciduous species to tolerate alterations in the frequency or amount of precipitation. Results also suggest little variation in water use among forests of similar composition and structure growing in different positions in the landscape and subjected to large interannual variation in water supply. 相似文献
12.
The effects of a mixture of heavy metals (Pb, Zn and Cu) on growth, radial oxygen loss (ROL) and the spatial pattern of ROL were investigated in mangrove seedlings of three species: Aegiceras corniculatum, Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza. Heavy metals inhibited the growth of seedlings and led to decreased ROL and changes in the “tight” barrier spatial pattern of ROL. There was a significant positive correlation between the amount of ROL from the roots of seedlings and metal tolerance. The species with the highest ROL amount, B. gymnorrhiza, were also the most tolerant to heavy metals. The “tight” barrier spatial ROL pattern was also related to metal tolerance in the seedlings. Therefore, we conclude that both ROL amount and “tight” barrier spatial ROL pattern in the roots of the mangrove seedlings play an important role in resistance to heavy metal toxicity. 相似文献
13.
通过野外调查并结合历史数据对洪湖沉水植被进行长时间序列变化研究,构建自1950s以来洪湖主要优势沉水植物群落穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)、微齿眼子菜(Potamogeton maackianus)、金鱼藻(Ceratophyllum demersum)和轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)的群落分布图并计算其面积.结果表明:穗状狐尾藻群落面积从1950s占全湖的6%增加至1990s的65%,而后急剧下降至2010年的2%,然后又恢复至2014年的15%;微齿眼子菜群落面积从1950s的10%增至1990s的65%,然后下降至2014年的38%;金鱼藻群落面积从1980s的6%增至1990s的39%,2010年以后则稳定在25%;轮叶黑藻群落面积1950s占全湖的32%,随后急剧下降至1980s的6%,2000年以后逐步增加,至2014年为15%.1950s1990s,穗状狐尾藻、微齿眼子菜和金鱼藻群落分布范围从周边向湖心扩展,而轮叶黑藻群落从湖中心消失;2000年以后洪湖沉水植物群落分布破碎化明显.分析认为,1950s 1990s的围垦和水文过程变化,1990s 2005年的围网养殖、水生植物过度利用以及由此导致的水质恶化等,以及2006年至今开展的拆围和生态修复是导致这些变化的主要因素.建议取缔围网,控制入湖水质,提高水体透明度,促进水生植被恢复,但同时增加水位变幅,促进植物资源合理利用,避免沼泽化重演. 相似文献
14.
The weight-specific respiration rate (μl O2 mg−1 AFDW h−1) of three species of leech from Lake Esrom, Denmark, Glossiphonia concolor, G. complanata and Helobdella stagnalis was measured in a closed stirred chamber with a micro electrode. At declining oxygen concentration (mg O2 l−1) all three species expressed moderate ability to regulate respiration, in G. concolor and G. complanata down to 2 mg O2 l−1, in H. stagnalis down to 0.75 mg O2 l−1. Survival in anoxia was measured in closed bottles. The time to 50% survival (LD50) was 30 days in G. concolor at 20 °C and 30 and 4 days in H. stagnalis at 10 and 20 °C, respectively. The results were discussed in relation to habitat and spatial distribution of the three species in the lake. 相似文献
15.
Gabi Müller 《Aquatic Sciences - Research Across Boundaries》1995,57(2):119-126
The influence of parasites on the breeding biology of the European minnow (Phoxinus phoxinus) was studied by examining 268 adult and 59 young-of-the-year minnows from an artificial Swiss Alpine lake for parasites during the breeding seasons in 1990 and 1991. Two trematode parasites;Diplostomum phoxini, in their brains, andMacrolecithus papilliger, in their guts, were found. The prevalence ofD. phoxini was 100% in both years. The mean abundance was 231 in 1990 and 448 in 1991; the difference was significant. Prevalence (and abundance) ofM. papilliger was 37.5% (1.04±0.39) in 1990 and 59.5% (2.68±0.55) in 1991; also significantly higher in 1991 than in 1990. No differences in prevalence or abundance between males and females were found. Numbers of both parasites were significantly correlated with fish length. There was seasonal variation in the abundance ofD. phoxini metacercariae, with a peak in June/July in both years. The prevalence ofM. papiller decreased after July in both years. Distribution of the two trematodes was overdispersed as indicated by the variance to mean (abundance) ratio. The observed seasonal variation inD. phoxini abundance also suggests that sublethal parasites could influence the population dynamics of their hosts. 相似文献
16.
An Aphanomyces sp. (Oomycetes) was found to be an important egg parasite of Eudiaptomus gracilis (Copepoda) in Lake Mondsee (Austria). The infection is evidenced by densely packed infection hyphae, attached with holdfasts and wrapped around the female's abdomen. The infection hyphae give rise to hyphae which penetrate the egg sac, and subsequently kill all eggs. The infection obviously has no pathogenetic effects on the egg-carrying female. Infected females appear during summer and fall, mainly in warm water layers. Infected egg clutches are found at all seasons of the year, indicating considerable birth control of the Eudiaptomus population by parasite infection. It seems possible that the actual Aphanomyces sp. is not the only parasite involved. 相似文献
17.
Floristic surveys, vegetation mapping, and detailed transect analyses rendered a macrophyte flora of 14 native and five alien taxa of flowering plants in the River Erft, a contributory of the River Rhine in Northrhine-Westphalia. Water temperatures of this river do not fall below 10 °C all the year round, for reasons of geothermically heated water discharged from nearby opencast mining areas. Macrophyte stand structures, composed of the neophytes Azolla filiculoides and Lemna minuta (floating) and Myriophyllum aquaticum, Egeria densa, and Vallisneria spiralis (rooted in the muddy or sandy ground of the river) are described and the ecological requirements of these taxa are characterized. The alien species can be seen as elements that increase the α-diversity of the aquatic vegetation of the River Erft. They do not replace any of the native species, even if shifts in the competition dynamics occur. The colonization by neophytes of the abnormally warmed River Erft can be appreciated as paradigmatic for trends in the macrophyte vegetation of medium-sized rivers in Central Europe when climate-related or discharge-based heating of the waterbody occurs and propagules of alien plants imported by waterfowl or – more important – plants from aquarium waste will find suitable places of existence and spread. 相似文献
18.
Seismicity in the La Cerdanya region of the eastern Pyrenees has been accurately mapped for the first time using data from a local seismic network. The majority of earthquakes lies on or near the La Cerdanya fault or secondary faults to the south. Coda magnitudes determined for these earthquakes, using magnitude relations from other regions, range between –0.5 and 2.2. These are, however, presumed to be underdetermined values sinceQ values appear to be very low in the La Cerdanya region. CodaQ values at a frequency of 1.5 Hz range between 17 and 120, the lowest values being obtained for the most seismically active regions. CodaQ values also increase with increasing distance, a result which indicates decreasing seismic attenuation with increasing depth in the crust. 相似文献
19.
The present paper analyses predation patterns, of Percichthys trucha and salmonid fish upon Galaxias maculatus in five lakes of northern Patagonia with differing community and environmental characteristics. Tank experiments were performed to evaluate relative efficiency of native and exotic predators of G. maculatus under treatments with and without cover (aquatic vegetation). Important differences were found between predators with regards to distribution and consumption of G. maculatus. Salmonids are more efficient than P. trucha in consuming G. maculatus in deep environments with scarcely vegetation; in contrast to native species they frequently use the pelagic environment. Although pelagic habitat might have served in the past as a refuge from native predators in the past, G maculatus now experiences intense predation in the pelagic zone by exotic salmonids. It is suggested that the widespread distribution of G. maculatus in Patagonian lakes may have facilitated the success of salmonids throughout Patagonia. 相似文献