共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 968 毫秒
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Chang Ki Kim Martin Stuefer Carl G. Schmitt Andrew Heymsfield Greg Thompson 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2014,171(8):1963-1982
An ice microphysics parameterization scheme has been modified to better describe and understand ice fog formation. The modeling effort is based on observations in the Sub-Arctic Region of Interior Alaska, where ice fog occurs frequently during the cold season due to abundant water vapor sources and strong inversions existing near the surface at extremely low air temperatures. The microphysical characteristics of ice fog are different from those of other ice clouds, implying that the microphysical processes of ice should be changed in order to generate ice fog particles. Ice fog microphysical characteristics were derived with the NCAR Video Ice Particle Sampler during strong ice fog cases in the vicinity of Fairbanks, Alaska, in January and February 2012. To improve the prediction of ice fog in the Weather Research and Forecasting model, observational data were used to change particle size distribution properties and gravitational settling rates, as well as to implement a homogeneous freezing process. The newly implemented homogeneous freezing process compliments the existing heterogeneous freezing scheme and generates a higher number concentration of ice crystals than the original Thompson scheme. The size distribution of ice crystals is changed into a Gamma distribution with the shape factor of 2.0, using the observed size distribution. Furthermore, gravitational settling rates are reduced for the ice crystals since the crystals in ice fog do not precipitate in a similar manner when compared to the ice crystals of cirrus clouds. The slow terminal velocity plays a role in increasing the time scale for the ice crystals to settle to the surface. Sensitivity tests contribute to understanding the effects of water vapor emissions as an anthropogenic source on the formation of ice fog. 相似文献
3.
结冰对乌梁素海水体富营养化的影响 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为研究结冰对湖泊富营养化状态的影响,以内蒙古乌梁素海为研究对象,用"注射器"式采水器和冰钻分别采集水样和冰样,并测定总氮、总磷、COD_(Cr)、叶绿素a浓度、冰厚、水深和透明度等指标,运用分形理论评价模型对湖泊结冰前、后的富营养化等级进行综合评价.结果表明:乌梁素海湖泊结冰厚度与水深存在较好的负相关性,其相关系数为0.54;湖泊结冰后,水体的富营养化等级由富营养变为重富营养,表明结冰过程中,氮、磷等营养元素被排斥至冰下水体,即结冰过程对湖泊水体中的营养元素具有浓缩效应,导致冰下环境质量恶化,并促进营养元素向沉积物转移;但也可以利用该浓缩效应,从湖泊冰封期富营养化污染的特殊性入手,运用底泥疏浚和冰体-水体分离等工程技术手段,实现湖泊富营养化污染的治理. 相似文献
4.
Carl Egede Bøggild 《水文研究》2007,21(12):1561-1566
In cold Arctic snowpacks, meltwater retention is a significant factor controlling the timing and magnitude of runoff. Meltwater percolates vertically through the snowpack until it reaches an impermeable horizon, whereupon a saturated zone is established. If the underlying media is below the freezing point, accretive ice formation takes place. This process has previously been crudely parameterized or modelled numerically. Such ice is called either superimposed ice on glaciers or basal ice on bare land. Using theory derived from sea‐ice formation, an analytical solution to basal ice growth is proposed. Results are compared against growth rates derived from numerical modelling. In addition, model results are compared to field observations of ice temperatures. The analytical solution is further extended to account for the temperature gradient inside the underlying media and the variable thermal properties of the underlying media. In the analysis, observations and references have predominantly relied on knowledge from glaciers. However, the process of accretive ice growth is equally important in seasonal snow packs with a cold snow‐ground interface and on Arctic sea ice where the ice‐snow interface is well below freezing point. The simplification of this accretive ice growth problem makes the solution attractive for incorporation in large‐scale cryospheric models. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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The results of a posteriori probabilistic interpretation of forecasts of freezing and ice breaking dates in Ob-Taz mouth area are presented. The method of interpretation is based on the use of conditional distributions of errors in forecasting continuous variables. Parameter estimates of the distribution density of actual dates are given for forecasts grouped in periods. This creates sufficient conditions for the application of methods of continuous statistical optimization in planning measures the efficiency of which depends on dates of freezing and ice breaking in the mouth area. 相似文献
6.
The role of meteoric smoke as condensation nuclei for mesospheric ice has recently been challenged by model simulations on the global transport of meteoric material. At the same time a considerable fraction of smoke particles is charged in the mesosphere. This has significant effects on nucleation processes as it can remove the Kelvin barrier. We suggest that in particular nucleation on negatively charged smoke is likely to be a dominant mechanism for mesospheric ice formation. This is in contrast to nucleation on positive ion clusters as the latter is largely hampered by efficient ion/electron recombination. Surprisingly, the large potential of nucleation on charged smoke has so far not been considered in mesospheric ice models. A challenging question concerns the fraction of mesospheric smoke that is actually charged. An improved understanding of mesospheric charging and nucleation will require laboratory experiments on nuclei in the transition regime between molecular and particulate sizes. 相似文献
7.
Freezing characteristics were investigated for a sedge covered floating fen and spruce covered swamp located beside a shallow lake in the Western Boreal Forest of Canada. Thermal properties were measured in situ for one freeze‐thaw cycle, and for two freeze‐thaw cycles in laboratory columns. Thermal conductivity and liquid water content were related to a range of subsurface temperatures above and below the freezing thresholds, and clearly illustrate hysteresis between the freezing and thawing process. Thermal hysteresis occurs because of the large change in thermal conductivity between water and ice, high water content of the peat, and wide variation in pore sizes that govern ice formation. Field and laboratory results were combined to develop linear freezing functions, which were tested in a heat transfer model. For surface temperature boundary conditions, subsurface temperatures were simulated for the over‐winter period and compared with field measurements. Replication of the transient subsurface thermal regime required that freezing functions transition gradually from thawed to frozen state (spanning the ?0·25 to ?2 °C range) as opposed to a more abrupt step function. Subsurface temperatures indicate that the floating fen underwent complete phase change (from water to ice) and froze to approximately the same depth as lake ice thickness. Therefore, the floating fen peatland froze as a ‘shelf’ adjacent to the lake, whereas the spruce covered swamp had a higher capacity for thermal buffering, and subsurface freezing was both more gradual and limited in depth. These thermal properties, and the timing and duration of frozen state, are expected to control the interaction of water and nutrients between surface water and groundwater, which will be affected by changes in air temperature associated with global climate change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
伴随结冰过程的盐分排出是驱动冰封浅湖营养盐动态变化的关键过程,影响湖泊水质、环境与生态演变.为探究湖冰冻融过程如何改变寒区浅湖营养盐条件,采用自制定向冻结装置开展了无机氮磷营养盐溶液(NH3-N、NO-2-N、NO-3-N、PO3-4-P)的室内冻结试验,结合现场采样分析评估了冻结排出效应对典型浅湖氮磷营养盐的影响.结果表明:营养盐浓度、盐度(以NaCl表征)是影响冻结排出效率的关键因素;随营养盐浓度的升高,冰内营养盐浓度升高,但冻结分离系数减小;若盐度升高,冰内营养盐浓度和分离系数均增大,主要与未冻卤水泡的形成有关;3种形态的无机氮、磷酸根的分离系数均存在明显差异.将试验结果应用于内蒙古乌梁素海结冰期氮磷营养分析,计算表明湖冰冻结排盐过程不仅造成湖水各类营养盐浓度升高,同时改变无机氮素构成、氮磷比等营养结构状态;特别是若湖泊盐度发生变化,氮磷营养盐的冻结排出效率及其差异性均会显著改变,增加冰封期湖泊营养条件的时空变异性.本文结果可广泛应用于定量评价冰层冻融过程对冬季湖泊营养条件的影响,有助于理解冰封期浮游植物群落演变的内在驱动力. 相似文献
9.
《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2003,205(3-4):195-210
Lake Vostok, located beneath more than 4 km of ice in the middle of East Antarctica, is a unique subglacial habitat and may contain microorganisms with distinct adaptations to such an extreme environment. Melting and freezing at the base of the ice sheet, which slowly flows across the lake, controls the flux of water, biota and sediment particles through the lake. The influx of thermal energy, however, is limited to contributions from below. Thus the geological origin of Lake Vostok is a critical boundary condition for the subglacial ecosystem. We present the first comprehensive maps of ice surface, ice thickness and subglacial topography around Lake Vostok. The ice flow across the lake and the landscape setting are closely linked to the geological origin of Lake Vostok. Our data show that Lake Vostok is located along a major geological boundary. Magnetic and gravity data are distinct east and west of the lake, as is the roughness of the subglacial topography. The physiographic setting of the lake has important consequences for the ice flow and thus the melting and freezing pattern and the lake’s circulation. Lake Vostok is a tectonically controlled subglacial lake. The tectonic processes provided the space for a unique habitat and recent minor tectonic activity could have the potential to introduce small, but significant amounts of thermal energy into the lake. 相似文献
10.
Precipitation types in winter storms 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Ronald E. Stewart 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1985,123(4):597-609
The characteristics of and the evolution between snow, rain, ice pellets, and freezing rain are discussed. Precipitation type and the nature of its size distribution and extent are related to the melting behaviour of snow. Model calculations of this melting show the progression of precipitation type from freezing rain to ice pellets and finally to snow, as melting systematically erodes an upper level inversion within about 5 h for a precipitation rate of 1mm h–1. The increase in temperature of the low level subfreezing region associated with ice pellet formation (up to 1°C) should furthermore be detectable. These phase transitions between the various precipitation types, as affected by atmospheric cooling by melting, are predicted to occur over mesoscale distances. 相似文献
11.
为探讨单一因素(如浓度、温度、酸碱度)对冰封期乌梁素海中营养盐和盐分(总氮、总磷、Na+和Cl-)迁移的影响,对不同条件下各物质水样进行室内单向结冰模拟,分析总结物质在冰层和冰下水层中的分布特征,并用分配系数(K)来表征.结果表明:冰体中物质浓度随水样初始浓度(C0)的增大而增大,随结冰温度的升高而减小;各物质在冰体中的浓度分布表现为顶层中层底层.总氮、总磷的分配系数K随C0的增大呈递减趋势,Na+和Cl-的K值随C0的增大呈递增趋势;对各条件下的K值进行假设检验,结果为:水样中物质初始浓度和结冰温度显著影响其在冰-水体系中的分布;同一温度下,C0较小时,酸碱度显著影响各物质在冰-水体系中的分布,C0较大时,酸碱度显著影响Na+和Cl-在冰-水体系中的分布,但对总氮、总磷浓度分布的影响不显著.可见,在不同环境因素下,各物质在冰-水体系中表现出不同的分布特征,对此进行模拟可为寒区湖泊污染物迁移和生物地球化学循环的研究提供一定的参考. 相似文献
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A. N. Chetyrbotskii 《Water Resources》2008,35(4):397-407
The problems of parametric representation of the initial formation and the subsequent evolution of fast ice in freezing seas are discussed within the framework of the model of marine ice cover evolution. The mathematical form of this representation takes into account the processes of transformation of sea ice formations in open water areas in coastal regions into fast ice during its formation and inverse processes at the stage of its destruction. The parametric identification of the model was based on samples of long-term distributions of ice cover characteristics in the Sea of Japan, as well as the distributions of air temperature and wind speeds over sea water area. The model can be used to predict the state of fast ice in the ice cover of the Sea of Japan. 相似文献
13.
湖冰厚度是湖泊在封冻期的重要物理参数,明晰其时空变化特征对于认识气候变暖背景下的湖冰响应规律具有重要的理论价值和现实意义.基于ERA5 Climate Reanalysis气温数据集、MODIS MOD09GQ数据产品和2019年湖冰钻孔测厚数据及雷达测厚数据,重建2000—2019年青海湖冰厚时间序列并分析其时空变化特征.结果表明:①2019年3月实测青海湖湖冰厚度平均增长速率为0.30 cm/d,高于2月份(0.12 cm/d).基于度日法湖冰生长模型模拟的2018年11月—2019年3月青海湖冰厚平均增长速率为0.34 cm/d,与实际观测数据相比,模拟冰厚误差为±2 cm,但在河流入湖口处和湖区南侧误差较大,且冰厚模拟数值在3月中旬前高估而之后有所低估.②青海湖多年平均冰厚介于32～37 cm,其中2008—2016年湖冰厚度年际变化剧烈,呈现先增大再稳定后减小的趋势.冻结初期湖冰厚度增长迅速,12月和1月湖冰增长速率分别为0.45和0.41 cm/d,2月后冰厚增长速率放缓,2月和3月分别为0.29和0.14 cm/d.③2000—2019年冰厚整体呈现北厚南薄、东厚西薄的空间格局,多年冰厚变化幅度湖区西部较东部稳定,湖冰平均厚度与完全封冻时长及封冻期呈正相关. 相似文献
14.
Maki Morimoto Kyoko Kawanobe Osamu Abe Takayoshi Kawai Toshiyuki Kawamura Kunio Shirasawa 《水文研究》2010,24(7):904-916
In winter, lakes and lagoons at high altitudes or high latitudes have interesting hydrological cycles that differ from those in other seasons or in other regions, because water surfaces are covered with ice. Hydrological balances of lakes and lagoons are complex dynamic systems, and to elucidate them, isotopic tracers of water have been used as effective tools along with observations of precipitation, evaporation, inflows, and outflows. Here, to understand hydrological processes during freezing periods in the brackish Saroma‐ko Lagoon, Hokkaido, northern Japan, we examined horizontal and vertical distributions of salinity and isotope compositions of lagoon water and ice in 2005 and 2006. Horizontal and vertical gradients of salinity and isotope compositions were observed from the river mouth to the sea channel, and factors determining these distributions were considered. The mixing of freshwater and seawater and a freezing effect were presumed to be factors in relationships between salinity and isotopes and in relationships between surface waters and ice just above the water. A simple box model for water balance was constructed based on these putative factors to reproduce the distributions of salinity and isotope compositions of surface waters and ice. An evaluation of the model revealed that this hydrological system is controlled primarily by horizontal advection of the epilimnion, freshwater influx, and the ice growth rate. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
An understanding of heat transport and water flow in unsaturated soils experiencing freezing and thawing is important when considering hydrological and thermal processes in cold regions. Macropores, such as cracks, roots, and animal holes, provide efficient conduits for enhanced infiltration, resulting in a unique distribution of water content. However, the effects of macropores on soil freezing and thawing with infiltration have not been well studied. A one‐directional soil‐column freezing and thawing experiment was conducted using unsaturated sandy and silt loams with different sizes and numbers of macropores. During freezing, macropores were found to retard the formation of the frozen layer, depending on their size and number. During thawing, water flowed through macropores in the frozen layer and reached the underlying unfrozen soil. However, infiltrated water sometimes refroze in a macropore. The ice started to form at near inner wall of the macropore, grew to the centre, and blocked flow through the macropore. The blockage ice in the macropore could not melt until the frozen layer disappeared. Improving a soil freezing model to consider these macropore effects is required. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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2008年1月下旬至2月上旬福建省西部北部出现了历史罕见的雨雪冰冻灾害。利用多普勒雷达反射率、回波顶高、径向速度、垂直风廓线等产品对此次雨雪冰冻天气进行特征分析,通过分析发现:①冰晶和雪的回波强度通常比连续性降水回波弱,在反射率图上,回波表现为边缘毛松,丝缕状纹理结构明显,边缘模糊不清,没有确定的边界;②回波顶高和零度层较低,因为垂直方向大气相对较稳定,不利于对流发展,降水粒子没有发展到高空;③在径向速度图上存在牛眼,说明在低空有急流存在。在低层有环形的零速度线,中高层的零速度线为倒"S"形,表明低层有风切变存在,中高层有冷平流;④风廓线图上高层为西南风,中层为西北风,低层为西南风,近地层为东北风。说明从近地层到高层为"冷-暖-冷-暖"的层结结构,有利于冻雨天气形成。 相似文献
17.
《Advances in water resources》2007,30(4):966-983
In northern peatlands, subsurface ice formation is an important process that can control heat transport, groundwater flow, and biological activity. Temperature was measured over one and a half years in a vertical profile in the Red Lake Bog, Minnesota. To successfully simulate the transport of heat within the peat profile, the U.S. Geological Survey’s SUTRA computer code was modified. The modified code simulates fully saturated, coupled porewater-energy transport, with freezing and melting porewater, and includes proportional heat capacity and thermal conductivity of water and ice, decreasing matrix permeability due to ice formation, and latent heat. The model is verified by correctly simulating the Lunardini analytical solution for ice formation in a porous medium with a mixed ice–water zone. The modified SUTRA model correctly simulates the temperature and ice distributions in the peat bog. Two possible benchmark problems for groundwater and energy transport with ice formation and melting are proposed that may be used by other researchers for code comparison. 相似文献
18.
与非冰封期水体相比,冰封期湖泊初级生产力的研究较为薄弱,一方面在于完整冰封期的调查观测数据仍然较少,而完整的冰下初级生产力变化过程对于理解冰下生态系统对环境因子的响应至关重要,另一方面物理过程与冰下生态的联系仍然有待明确。本研究于2021 2022年冬季期间在大辽河口沿岸的含章湖开展野外调查,通过垂向归纳模型（vertically generalized production model,VGPM）计算了冰下初级生产力,分析了冰封期中初级生产力完整的变化过程,并探讨了冰封期初级生产力的关键物理驱动因素。结果表明：冰封期初级生产力呈现波动爬升的趋势,平均值为0.20 g C/（m2·d）;整个冰封期可以划分为3个时期,即结冰期、缓慢融冰期和快速融冰期,不同时期初级生产力的关键驱动因子不同,在结冰期水温是控制初级生产力的关键因素,在缓慢融冰期冰水界面光合有效辐射强度（photosynthetically active radiation,PAR）是控制初级生产力的关键因素,在快速融冰期水温和冰水界面PAR同时控制初级生产力。在结冰期冰下水体富营养化程度逐渐增加,在融冰期初级生产力随着升温和... 相似文献
19.
Martin J. Siegert Martyn Tranter J. Cynan Ellis‐Evans John C. Priscu W. Berry Lyons 《水文研究》2003,17(4):795-814
Our understanding of Lake Vostok, the huge subglacial lake beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, has improved recently through the identification of key physical and chemical interactions between the ice sheet and the lake. The north of the lake, where the overlying ice sheet is thickest, is characterized by subglacial melting, whereas freezing of lake water occurs in the south, resulting in ～210 m of ice accretion to the underside of the ice sheet. The accreted ice contains lower concentrations of the impurities normally found in glacier ice, suggesting a net transfer of material from meltwater into the lake. The small numbers of microbes found so far within the accreted ice have DNA profiles similar to those of contemporary surface microbes. Microbiologists expect, however, that Lake Vostok, and other subglacial lakes, will harbour unique species, particularly within the deeper waters and associated sediments. The extreme environments of subglacial lakes are characterized by high pressures, low temperatures, permanent darkness, limited nutrient availability, and oxygen concentrations that are derived from the ice that provides the meltwater. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
20.
This article describes the characteristics of debris obtained from the basal ice in a borehole in the Agassiz ice cap, Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories by the Canadian Polar Continental Shelf Project in 1979. The debris appears to have been incorporated by basal freezing at a time when the base of the glacier upstream was near the pressure melting point and some 19°C warmer than at the present site. Such an occurrence may be explained by a different flow regime, by a thicker ice sheet, by the influence of irregular bedrock topography on basal ice conditions at some stage in the past, or by a combination of these factors. 相似文献