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1.
在地表地形复杂的情况下，静校正不易做好，这是制约山地资料处理质量的一个很重要的因素.复杂地表共反射面元（CRS）叠加不需对叠前数据做静校正，而且在得到叠加剖面后可以利用叠加得到的波场参数剖面实现基准面重建.地震数据的试算表明，复杂地表CRS叠加得出的剖面与常规处理剖面相比有着较高的信噪比和同相轴连续性.与水平地表CRS叠加不同的是，在复杂地表CRS叠加的时距公式中，波场三参数耦合，难以通过简化CRS道集的方法将它们全部分离并逐个优化.引入模拟退火算法后，有效地解决了这一组合优化的难题. 相似文献
2.
Common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack for common offset 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
We provide a data-driven macro-model-independent stacking technique that migrates 2D prestack multicoverage data into a common-offset (CO) section. We call this new process the CO common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack. It can be viewed as the generalization of the zero-offset (ZO) CRS stack, by which 2D multicoverage data are stacked into a well-simulated ZO section. The CO CRS stack formula can be tailored to stack P-P, S-S reflections as well as P-S or S-P converted reflections. We point out some potential applications of the five kinematic data-derived attributes obtained by the CO CRS stack for each stack value. These include (i) the determination of the geometrical spreading factor for reflections, which plays an important role in the construction of the true-amplitude CO section, and (ii) the separation of the diffractions from reflection events. As a by-product of formulating the CO CRS stack formula, we have also derived a formula to perform a data-driven prestack time migration. 相似文献
3.
胜利探区基于最优孔径的共反射面元(CRS)叠加的成功应用(英文) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
由于CRS叠加考虑了反射层的局部特征和第一菲涅耳带内的全部反射,从而更充分地利用了多次覆盖反射数据的信息。就目前的地震资料处理技术而言,它是最佳的零偏移距成像方式。本论文利用改进型的参数优化技术,得到高质量的CRS运动学参数剖面,并利用参数剖面计算出叠加孔径,实现了基于最优孔径的CRS叠加,使CRS参数的用途得到了充分利用。模型数据和实际资料的试算表明,基于最优孔径的CRS叠加的成像剖面与传统CRS叠加剖面相比,有着较高的信噪比和同相轴的连续性。 相似文献
4.
Yonghai Zhang 《Geophysical Prospecting》2010,58(6):915-924
Seismic data acquired along rugged topographic surfaces present well‐known problems in seismic imaging. In conventional seismic data processing, datum statics are approximated by the surface consistence assumption, which states that all seismic rays travel vertically in the top layer. Hence, the datum static for each single trace is constant. In case this assumption does not apply, non‐constant statics are required. The common reflection surface (CRS) stack for rugged surface topography provides the capability to deal with this non‐vertical static issue. It handles the surface elevation as a coordinate component and treats the elevation variation in the sense of directional datuming. In this paper I apply the CRS stack method to a synthetic data set that simulates the acquisition along an irregular surface topography. After the CRS stack, by means of the wavefield attributes, a simple algorithm for redatuming the CRS stack section to an arbitrarily chosen planar surface is performed. The redatumed section simulates a stack section whose acquisition surface is the chosen planar surface. 相似文献
5.
共反射面元（Common Reflection Surface）叠加是一种不依赖于宏观速度模型的零炮检距剖面成像方法,实现共反射面元叠加依赖于3个波场属性参数的确定,它们分别是零偏移距射线的出射角α、Normal波和Normal Incident Point波出射到地表的波前曲率半径RN和RNIP. 在CRS叠加的理论基础上,本文阐述如何在实际数据上实现CRS叠加. 首先,通过简洁的一维相关性分析在常规叠加剖面上找到对应该共反射面元的一组初始波场属性参数(α,RN,RNIP),然后在对应的叠前数据上应用最优化算法对这组参数进行优化处理,相比初始属性参数,优化后的属性参数能够更好地聚集来自地下反射层的能量,最后应用优化后的属性参数实现最优CRS叠加. 相似文献
6.
共反射面元（Common Reflection Surface=CRS）叠加是一种特殊的零偏移距成像方法,实践中它具有独立于宏观速度模型和完全数据驱动实现的鲜明特色,CRS叠加理论认为在得到高质量的零偏移距剖面的同时,还可以得到三个有用的波场属性参数剖面反演宏观速度模型,CRS叠加剖面之后的叠后深度偏移质量将超过叠前深度偏移.虽然CRS叠加倡导的成像方式和承诺的上述理想境界带来了全新的启示,但是实践中这些特色同样带来了令人困扰的问题,为此我们提出了倾角分解CRS叠加方法解决这些问题.本文即是作者通过上述实践之后对CRS叠加方法形成的一些思考和总结. 相似文献
7.
Kai Yang Bao‐shu Chen Xiao‐jiang Wang Xiao‐chun Yang Jun‐rong Liu 《Geophysical Prospecting》2012,60(2):255-269
In the application of a conventional common‐reflection‐surface (CRS) stack, it is well‐known that only one optimum stacking operator is determined for each zero‐offset sample to be simulated. As a result, the conflicting dip situations are not taken into account and only the most prominent event contributes to any a particular stack sample. In this paper, we name this phenomenon caused by conflicting dip problems as ‘dip discrimination phenomenon’. This phenomenon is not welcome because it not only leads to the loss of weak reflections and tips of diffractions in the final zero‐offset‐CRS stacked section but also to a deteriorated quality in subsequent migration. The common‐reflection‐surface stack with the output imaging scheme (CRS‐OIS) is a novel technique to implement a CRS stack based on a unified Kirchhoff imaging approach. As far as dealing with conflicting dip problems is concerned, the CRS‐OIS is a better option than a conventional CRS stack. However, we think the CRS‐OIS can do more in this aspect. In this paper, we propose a workflow to handle the dip discrimination phenomenon based on a cascaded implementation of prestack time migration, CRS‐OIS and prestack time demigration. Firstly, a common offset prestack time migration is implemented. Then, a CRS‐OIS is applied to the time‐migrated common offset gather. Afterwards, a prestack time demigration is performed to reconstruct each unmigrated common offset gather with its reflections being greatly enhanced and diffractions being well preserved. Compared with existing techniques dealing with conflicting dip problems, the technique presented in this paper preserves most of the diffractions and accounts for reflections from all possible dips properly. More importantly, both the post‐stacked data set and prestacked data set can be of much better quality after the implementation of the presented scheme. It serves as a promising alternative to other techniques except that it cannot provide the typical CRS wavefield attributes. The numerical tests on a synthetic Marmousi data set and a real 2D marine data set demonstrated its effectiveness and robustness. 相似文献
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共反射面元（CRS）叠加考虑了反射层的局部特征和第一菲涅耳带内的全部反射，更充分挖掘了多次覆盖数据的潜力.但在地下介质复杂并存在倾斜层时存在反射点分散的情况，从而影响了CRS叠加效果.本文从射线理论出发，在考虑反射层局部特征的情况下，推导了水平地表和起伏地表情况下计算真实反射点分散程度的公式，最终将反射点分散程度定量表达出来.通过对反射点分散程度的控制，从CRS道集中抽取出共反射点（CRP）道集，在CRP道集中而不是在CRS道集中实现叠加，其效果应比传统的CRS叠加效果要好.利用水平地表和起伏地表的模型验证了本文所推导的公式的正确性和有效性.该公式在实际资料处理中的运用尚待进一步研究. 相似文献
10.
The common reflection surface (CRS) stack method is known as a generalized stacking velocity analysis tool and was originally introduced as a data-driven method to simulate zero-offset sections. However, this method has some difficulties in imaging complex structures and low-quality data. The problem of conflicting dips is one of the drawbacks of the CRS method addressed in many studies. The common diffraction surface (CDS) method was explicitly introduced to overcome this problem. In one study, the problem was resolved by combination of the CDS method and the common offset CRS method. The method was called the common offset CDS method showed successful application on improving image quality in semi-complex media. In this study, we combined the partial CRS with the CDS to derive the partial CDS for more efficient resolve of the conflicting dips problem. In the partial CDS, thresholds in the angle spectrum were removed for full contribution of all possible dips to have volume of operators for a sample point. The aperture definition in the partial CDS is the same as in the partial CRS, where an offset and time variant aperture is used. The new method was applied on a simple synthetic data set with much diffraction points imbedded in the model. Then it was applied to a semicomplex data set to enhance the body of mud volcanoes and faults. For better comparison, it was applied to two more real data sets from a complex overthrust zone to improve the seismic quality and remove the geological ambiguities in the interpretation. In the synthetic data example, more conflicting dips were resolved than in the other methods. In all real data examples, the enhanced partial CDS data were depth-migrated to compare them with the pre-stack depth migration of partial CRS gathers. More details of the geological structures can be observed in the new results. 相似文献
11.
Jürgen Mann Rainer Jger Thilo Müller German Hcht Peter Hubral 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》1999,42(3-4)
The simulation of a zero-offset (ZO) stack section from multi-coverage reflection data is a standard imaging method in seismic processing. It significantly reduces the amount of data and increases the signal-to-noise ratio due to constructive interference of correlated events. Conventional imaging methods, e.g., normal moveout (NMO)/dip moveout (DMO)/stack or pre-stack migration, require a sufficiently accurate macro-velocity model to yield appropriate results, whereas the recently introduced common-reflection-surface stack does not depend on a macro-velocity model. For two-dimensional seismic acquisition, its stacking operator depends on three wavefield attributes and approximates the kinematic multi-coverage reflection response of curved interfaces in laterally inhomogeneous media. The common-reflection-surface stack moveout formula defines a stacking surface for each particular sample in the ZO section to be simulated. The stacking surfaces that fit best to actual events in the multi-coverage data set are determined by means of coherency analysis. In this way, we obtain a coherency section and a section of each of the three wavefield attributes defining the stacking operator. These wavefield attributes characterize the curved interfaces and, thus, can be used for a subsequent inversion. In this paper, we focus on an application to a real land data set acquired over a salt dome. We propose three separate one-parametric search and coherency analyses to determine initial common-reflection-surface stack parameters. Optionally, a subsequent optimization algorithm can be performed to refine these initial parameters. The simulated ZO section obtained by the common-reflection-surface stack is compared to the result of a conventional NMO/DMO/stack processing sequence. We observe an increased signal-to-noise ratio and an improved continuity along the events for our proposed method — without loss of lateral resolution. 相似文献
12.
The interpretation of stacked time sections can produce a correct geological image of the earth in cases when the stack represents a true zero-offset section. This assumption is not valid in the presence of conflicting dips or strong lateral velocity variations. We present a method for constructing a relatively accurate zero-offset section. We refer to this method as model-based stack (MBS), and it is based on the idea of stacking traces within CMP gathers along actual traveltime curves, and not along hyperbolic trajectories as it is done in a conventional stacking process. These theoretical curves are calculated for each CMP gather by tracing rays through a velocity-depth model. The last can be obtained using one of the methods for macromodel estimation. In this study we use the coherence inversion method for the estimation of the macromodel since it has the advantage of not requiring prestack traveltime picking. The MBS represents an accurate zero-offset section in cases where the estimated macromodel is correct. Using the velocity–depth macromodel, the structural inversion can be completed by post-stack depth migration of the MBS. 相似文献
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The common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack can be viewed as a physically justified extension of the classical common-midpoint (CMP) stack, utilizing redundant information not only in a single, but in several neighboring CMP gathers. The zero-offset CRS moveout is parameterized in terms of kinematic attributes, which utilize reciprocity and raypath symmetries to describe the two-way process of the actual wave propagation in active seismic experiments by the propagation of auxiliary one-way wavefronts. For the diffraction case, only the attributes of a single one-way wavefront, originating from the diffractor are sufficient to explain the traveltime differences observed at the surface. While paraxial ray theory gives rise to a second-order approximation of the CRS traveltime, many higher-order approximations were subsequently introduced either by squaring the second-order expression or by employing principles of optics and geometry. It was recently discovered that all of these higher-order operators can be formulated either for the optical projection or in an auxiliary medium of a constant effective velocity. Utilizing this duality and the one-way nature of the CRS parameters, we present a simple data-driven stacking scheme that allows for the estimation of the a priori unknown excitation time of a passive seismic source. In addition, we demonstrate with a simple data example that the output of the suggested workflow can directly be used for subsequent focusing-based normal-incidence-point (NIP) tomography, leading to a reliable localization in depth. 相似文献
15.
— In this paper, we provide a 5-parameter stacking formula to transform 2-D prestack data into a particular common-offset section. This requires the knowledge of the near-surface velocity only and it is expected that ray theory holds to describe primary reflections. The earth model can be arbitrarily inhomogeneous. The new stacking approach can be viewed as a generalization of the 3-parameter common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack, by which 2-D multicoverage data are stacked into a simulated zero-offset section. The new 5-parameter formula can handle P-P, P-S and S-S reflections. 相似文献
16.
Bergler Steffen Duveneck Eric Höcht German Zhang Yonghai Hubral Peter 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2002,46(2):165-175
The finite-offset (FO) common-reflection-surface (CRS) stack has been shown to be able to handle not only P-P or S-S but also arbitrarily converted reflections. It can provide different stack sections such as common-offset (CO), common-midpoint (CMP) and common-shot (CS) sections with significantly increased signal-to-noise ratio from the multi-coverage pre-stack seismic data in a data-driven way. It is our purpose in this paper to demonstrate the performance of the FO CRS stack on data involving converted waves in inhomogeneous layered media. In order to do this we apply the FO CRS stack for common-offset to a synthetic seismic data set involving P-P as well as P-S converted primary reflections. We show that the FO CRS stack yields convincing improvement of the image quality in the presence of noisy data and successfully extracts kinematic wavefield attributes useful for further analyses. The extracted emergence angle information is used to achieve a complete separation of the wavefield into its P-P and P-S wave components, given the FO CRS stacked horizontal and vertical component sections. 相似文献
17.
大量研究证明CRS叠加能提高地震勘探的信噪比,但是能否提高分辨率的关键在于如何确定CRS叠加孔径.本文详细探讨了地震波反射过程中菲涅耳带的特征,认为起伏地形下菲涅耳带可以采用椭圆予以近似,在此基础上提出了一种通过菲涅耳带来确定CRS叠加孔径的方法,并应用于泌阳凹陷陡坡带的地震剖面.结果表明,由于菲涅耳带确定的叠加范围使地震信号的能量达到最佳,相对于CMP叠加,菲涅耳带CRS叠加同时提高了地震资料的信噪比和分辨率,特别显示了中深部较弱的地震信息,而常规的CRS叠加则只在于提高资料的信噪比和改善浅部的地震信息. 相似文献
18.
In the case of onshore data sets, the acquired reflection events can be strongly impaired due to rough top‐surface topography and inhomogeneities in the uppermost low‐velocity layer, the so‐called weathering layer. Without accounting for these influences, the poor data quality will make data processing very difficult. Usually, the correction for the top‐surface topography is not perfect. The residuals from this correction and the influence of the weathering layers lead to small distortions along the reflection events. We integrated a residual static correction method into our data‐driven common‐reflection‐surface‐stack‐based imaging workflow to further eliminate such distortions. The moveout‐corrected traces and the stacked pilot trace are cross‐correlated to determine a final estimate of the surface‐consistent residual statics in an iterative manner. As the handling of top‐surface topography within the common‐reflection‐surface stack is discussed in a separate paper in this special issue, the corresponding residual static correction will be explained in more detail. For this purpose, the results obtained with a data set from the Arabian Peninsula will be presented. 相似文献
19.
J.F.B. Bolte 《Geophysical Prospecting》2004,52(6):523-534
The common focal point (CFP) method and the common reflection surface (CRS) stack method are compared. The CRS method is a fast, highly automated procedure that provides high S/N ratio simulation of zero‐offset (ZO) images by combining, per image point, the reflection energy of an arc segment that is tangential to the reflector. It uses smooth parametrized two‐way stacking operators, based on a data‐driven triplet of attributes in 2D (eight parameters in 3D). As a spin‐off, the attributes can be used for several applications, such as the determination of the geometrical spreading factor, multiple prediction, and tomographic inversion into a smooth background velocity model. The CFP method aims at decomposing two‐way seismic reflection data into two full‐aperture one‐way propagation operators. By applying an iterative updating procedure in a half‐migrated domain, it provides non‐smooth focusing operators for prestack imaging using only the energy from one focal point at the reflector. The data‐driven operators inhibit all propagation effects of the overburden. The CFP method provides several spin‐offs, amongst which is the CFP matrix related to one focal point, which displays the reflection amplitudes as measured at the surface for each source–receiver pair. The CFP matrix can be used to determine the specular reflection source–receiver pairs and the Fresnel zone at the surface for reflection in one single focal point. Other spin‐offs are the prediction of internal multiples, the determination of reflectivity effects, velocity‐independent redatuming and tomographic inversion to obtain a velocity–depth model. The CFP method is less fast and less automated than the CRS method. From a pointwise comparison of features it is concluded that one method is not a subset of the other, but that both methods can be regarded as being to some extent complementary. 相似文献
20.
CRS MZO方法是一种以输出道成像方式合成零偏移距剖面的共反射面元（Common Reflection Surface）叠加算法，它以完全不同的方式实现了CRS叠加.理论I已经对CRS MZO叠加方法的理论进行了详细介绍，本文进一步将CRS MZO方法用于对实际资料的处理.处理结果表明CRS MZO方法有效地改善了零偏移距剖面的成像质量，体现了CRS叠加理论的特点.在结合倾角分解策略消除了倾角歧视现象后，倾角分解CRS MZO方法完全能够用于处理实际数据，为得到高质量的零偏移距剖面提供了一个新的手段. 相似文献