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1.
磁偶极子的航空频率域电磁法仪器在飞行测量的过程中由于仪器偏置的存在,且仪器偏置会随着外部气压、温度等环境因素以及收发线圈晃动的影响而呈现非线性变化,使得观测数据出现误差,因此需要对仪器偏置进行校正.而传统的在测线飞行前后将仪器抬至高空的"零场值"标定方法具有成本高、受测区环境影响大以及采用线性插值获取测线飞行过程中仪器偏置的精度低等缺点.本文根据仪器偏置与仪器姿态角变化无关的特性,通过测得仪器的姿态角信息,在满足重叠偶极子模型的条件下,实现对仪器偏置的高精度实时校正.模型仿真结果表明,在30m常规飞行高度下,该方法实时测得的仪器偏置精度接近于110m高空测得的精度;校正后仪器偏置的绝对误差与理论二次场的比值即相对误差小于5%,满足反演大地电导率的精度要求.该方法不仅减少了飞行的工作量,降低了飞行成本和飞行难度,而且可更加精确地获得测线飞行过程中仪器偏置的非线性变化值,提高航测数据的观测精度. 相似文献
2.
捷联式航空重力测量系统与平台式系统相比具有体积小、重量轻、功耗低等许多优点,近些年来取得了显著的研究进展.本文给出了捷联式航空重力测量的两种算法模型:捷联式惯性标量重力测量(SISG)和旋转不变式标量重力测量(RISG)模型,并对其误差模型作了初步讨论.利用我国首套捷联式航空重力仪SGA-WZ01在某海域的部分试验数据,对两种算法模型进行了比较分析,表明其差值之标准差对于200s的滤波长度小于0.5mGal.同时,利用两组重复测线数据估算了不同滤波尺度下的两种算法的内符合精度,表明SISG算法略优于RISG算法.对于200s和300s的滤波长度,SISG的内符合精度分别为1.06mGal和0.80mGal. 相似文献
3.
F. Camacho A. I. McLeod K. W. Hipel 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》1987,1(2):141-154
In order to allow contemporaneous autoregressive moving average (CARMA) models to be properly applied to hydrological time series, important statistical properties of the CARMA family of models are developed. For calibrating the model parameters, efficient joint estimation procedures are investigated and compared to a set of uivariate estimation procedures. It is shown that joint estimation procedures improve the efficiency of the autoregressive and moving average parameter estimates, but no improvements are expected on the estimation of the mean vector and the variance covariance matrix of the model. The effects of the different estimation procedures on the asymptotic prediction error are also considered. Finally, hydrological applications demonstrate the usefulness of the CARMA models in the field of water resources. 相似文献
4.
为了检验和测试时间域航空电磁系统的测量精度和有效性,采用地面铺设闭合的异常线圈模拟地下有限导体的方法,将异常线圈的电磁响应理论值与系统实测数据进行拟合分析,来确定系统误差和飞行几何参数误差.在计算异常线圈电磁响应的基础上,研究了衰减曲线、剖面曲线与线圈的电性、几何参数关系,设计了野外测试实验方案.在长春市大鹅岛附近,采用吊车进行了系统测试,测试结果表明:单点实测数据的平均绝对误差为0.48 mV,系统相对误差小于1%,飞行高度误差为0.4 m、水平偏移误差为0.2 m.基于异常线圈进行时间域航空电磁系统的测试和标定,是一种准确、快速、经济可行的方法,具有野外施工便捷、参数调整灵活等特点,适用于任何时间域电磁测量系统的检测. 相似文献
5.
Comparison of different mass transport calculation methods for wind erosion quantification purposes 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Quantitative estimation of the material transported by the wind under field conditions is essential for the study and control of wind erosion. A critical step of this calculation is the integration of the curve that relates the variation of the amount of the material carried by the wind with height. Several mathematical procedures have been proposed for this calculation, but results are scarce and controversial. One objective of this study was to assess the efficiency of three mathematical models (a rational, an exponential, and a simplified Gaussian function) for the calculation of the mass transport, as compared to the linear spline interpolation. Another objective of this study was to compare the mass transport calculated from field measurements obtained from a minimum of three discrete sampling heights with measurements of nine sampling heights. With this purpose, wind erosion was measured under low surface roughness conditions on an Entic Haplustoll during 25 events. The rational function was found to be mathematically limited for the estimation of wind eroded sediment mass flux. The simplified Gaussian model did not fit to the vertical mass flux profile data. Linear spline interpolation generally produced higher mass transport estimates than the exponential equation, and it proved to be a very flexible and robust method. Using different sampling arrangements and different mass flux models can produce differences of more than 45% in mass transport estimates, even under similar field conditions. Under the conditions of this study, at least three points between the soil surface and 1·5 m high, including one point as closest as possible to the surface, should be sampled in order to obtain accurate mass transport estimates. Additionally, the linear spline interpolation and the non‐linear regression using an exponential model, proved to be mathematically reliable methods for calculating the mass transport. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
ABSTRACTFlow–duration curves (FDCs) are essential to support decisions on water resources management, and their regionalization is fundamental for the assessment of ungauged basins. In comparison with calibrated rainfall–runoff models, statistical methods provide data-driven estimates representing a useful benchmark. The objective of this work is the interpolation of FDCs from ~500 discharge gauging stations in the Danube. To this aim we use total negative deviation top-kriging (TNDTK), as multi-regression models are shown to be unsuitable for representing FDCs across all durations and sites. TNDTK shows a high accuracy for the entire Danube region, with overall Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values computed in a leave-p-out cross-validation scheme (p equal to one site, one-third and half of the sites), all above 0.88. A reliability measure based on kriging variance is attached to each interpolated FDC at ~4000 prediction nodes. The GIS layer of regionalized FDCs is made available for broader use in the region. 相似文献
7.
Hasan Yildiz Rene Forsberg Carl Christian Tscherning Daniel Steinhage Graeme Eagles Johannes Bouman 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2017,61(1):53-68
An airborne gravity campaign was carried out at the Dome-C survey area in East Antarctica between the 17th and 22nd of January 2013, in order to provide data for an experiment to validate GOCE satellite gravity gradients. After typical filtering for airborne gravity data, the cross-over error statistics for the few crossing points are 11.3 mGal root mean square (rms) error, corresponding to an rms line error of 8.0 mGal. This number is relatively large due to the rough flight conditions, short lines and field handling procedures used. Comparison of the airborne gravity data with GOCE RL4 spherical harmonic models confirmed the quality of the airborne data and that they contain more high-frequency signal than the global models. First, the airborne gravity data were upward continued to GOCE altitude to predict gravity gradients in the local North-East-Up reference frame. In this step, the least squares collocation using the ITGGRACE2010S field to degree and order 90 as reference field, which is subtracted from both the airborne gravity and GOCE gravity gradients, was applied. Then, the predicted gradients were rotated to the gradiometer reference frame using level 1 attitude quaternion data. The validation with the airborne gravity data was limited to the accurate gradient anomalies (TXX, TYY, TZZ and TXZ) where the long-wavelength information of the GOCE gradients has been replaced with GOCO03s signal to avoid contamination with GOCE gradient errors at these wavelengths. The comparison shows standard deviations between the predicted and GOCE gradient anomalies TXX, TYY, TZZ and TXZ of 9.9, 11.5, 11.6 and 10.4 mE, respectively. A more precise airborne gravity survey of the southern polar gap which is not observed by GOCE would thus provide gradient predictions at a better accuracy, complementing the GOCE coverage in this region. 相似文献
8.
空间集总式水文模型的洪水预报精度会受到面平均雨量估计误差的严重影响.点雨量监测值的误差类型、误差大小以及流域的雨量站点密度和站点的空间分布都会影响到面平均雨量的计算.为提高实时洪水预报精度,本文提出了一种基于降雨系统响应曲线洪水预报误差修正方法.通过此方法估计降雨输入项的误差,从而提高洪水预报精度.此方法将水文模型做为输入和输出之间的响应系统,用实测流量和计算流量之间的差值做为信息,通过降雨系统响应曲线,使用最小二乘估计原理,对面平均雨量进行修正,再用修正后的面平均雨量重新计算出流过程.将此修正方法结合新安江模型使用理想案例进行检验,并应用于王家坝流域的16场历史洪水以及此流域不同雨量站密度的情况下,结果证明均有明显修正效果,且在雨量站密度较低时修正效果更加明显.该方法是一种结构简单且不增加模型参数和复杂度的实时洪水修正的新方法. 相似文献
9.
M. Kamali Nezhad T. B. M. J. Ouarda K. Chokmani M. Barbet P. Bruneau S. El. Adlouni 《水文研究》2011,25(9):1418-1430
Various regional flood frequency analysis procedures are used in hydrology to estimate hydrological variables at ungauged or partially gauged sites. Relatively few studies have been conducted to evaluate the accuracy of these procedures and estimate the error induced in regional flood frequency estimation models. The objective of this paper is to assess the overall error induced in the residual kriging (RK) regional flood frequency estimation model. The two main error sources in specific flood quantile estimation using RK are the error induced in the quantiles local estimation procedure and the error resulting from the regional quantile estimation process. Therefore, for an overall error assessment, the corresponding errors associated with these two steps must be quantified. Results show that the main source of error in RK is the error induced into the regional quantile estimation method. Results also indicate that the accuracy of the regional estimates increases with decreasing return periods. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
Saffet Erdogan 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2009,34(3):366-376
Digital elevation models have been used in many applications since they came into use in the late 1950s. It is an essential tool for applications that are concerned with the Earth's surface such as hydrology, geology, cartography, geomorphology, engineering applications, landscape architecture and so on. However, there are some differences in assessing the accuracy of digital elevation models for specific applications. Different applications require different levels of accuracy from digital elevation models. In this study, the magnitudes and spatial patterning of elevation errors were therefore examined, using different interpolation methods. Measurements were performed with theodolite and levelling. Previous research has demonstrated the effects of interpolation methods and the nature of errors in digital elevation models obtained with indirect survey methods for small‐scale areas. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the size and spatial patterning of errors in digital elevation models obtained with direct survey methods for large‐scale areas, comparing Inverse Distance Weighting, Radial Basis Functions and Kriging interpolation methods to generate digital elevation models. The study is important because it shows how the accuracy of the digital elevation model is related to data density and the interpolation algorithm used. Cross validation, split‐sample and jack‐knifing validation methods were used to evaluate the errors. Global and local spatial auto‐correlation indices were then used to examine the error clustering. Finally, slope and curvature parameters of the area were modelled depending on the error residuals using ordinary least regression analyses. In this case, the best results were obtained using the thin plate spline algorithm. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
11.
从电偶源三维地电断面可控源电磁法的二次电场边值问题及其变分问题出发,采用任意六面体单元对研究区域进行剖分,并且在单元分析中同时对电导率及二次电场进行三线性插值,实现电导率分块连续变化情况下,基于二次场的可控源电磁三维有限元数值模拟.这个新的可控源电磁三维正演方法可以模拟实际勘探中地下任意形状及电性参数连续变化的复杂模型.理论模型的计算结果表明,均匀大地计算的视电阻率误差和相位误差分别为0.002%和0.0005°.分层连续变化模型的有限元计算结果表明,其与对应的分层均匀模型解析结果有明显差异.三维异常体组合模型以及倾斜异常体等复杂模型的有限元计算结果也有效地反映了异常形态. 相似文献
12.
Flow–duration curves (FDCs) are essential to support decisions on water resources management, and their regionalization is fundamental for the assessment of ungauged basins. In comparison with calibrated rainfall–runoff models, statistical methods provide data-driven estimates representing a useful benchmark. The objective of this work is the interpolation of FDCs from ~500 discharge gauging stations in the Danube. To this aim we use total negative deviation top-kriging (TNDTK), as multi-regression models are shown to be unsuitable for representing FDCs across all durations and sites. TNDTK shows a high accuracy for the entire Danube region, with overall Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency values computed in a leave-p-out cross-validation scheme (p equal to one site, one-third and half of the sites), all above 0.88. A reliability measure based on kriging variance is attached to each interpolated FDC at ~4000 prediction nodes. The GIS layer of regionalized FDCs is made available for broader use in the region. 相似文献
13.
《Advances in water resources》1998,22(1):17-31
The Stokes problem describes flow of an incompressible constant-viscosity fluid when the Reynolds number is small so that inertial and transient-time effects are negligible. The numerical solution of the Stokes problem requires special care, since classical finite element discretization schemes, such as piecewise linear interpolation for both the velocity and the pressure, fail to perform. Even when an appropriate scheme is adopted, the grid must be selected so that the error is as small as possible. Much of the challenge in solving Stokes problems is how to account for complex geometry and to capture important features such as flow separation. This paper applies adaptive mesh techniques, using a posteriori error estimates, in the finite element solution of the Stokes equations that model flow at pore scales. Different selected numerical test cases associated with various porous geometrics are presented and discussed to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of our methodology. 相似文献
14.
The Use of Radar and Gauge Measurements to Estimate Areal Precipitation for Several Czech River Basins 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Two methods estimating areal precipitation for selected river basins in the Czech Republic are compared. The methods use radar precipitation (the radar-derived precipitation estimate based on column maximum reflectivity) and data from 81 on-line rain gauges routinely provided by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute. Data from a dense network of climatological rain gauges (the average inter-station distance is approximately 8 km), the measurements of which are not available in real time, are utilized for the verification. The mean areal precipitation, which is used as the ground truth, is obtained by the weighted interpolation of the dense rain gauge network. The accuracy of the methods is evaluated by the root-mean-square-error.The first, pixel-related method merges radar precipitation with rain gauge data to obtain adjusted pixel values. The adjusting procedure combines radar and gauge values in one variable that is interpolated into all radar pixels. The adjusted pixel precipitation is calculated from radar precipitation and from the value of the combined variable. The areal estimates are determined by adding the corresponding pixel values. The second method applies a linear regression model to describe the relationship between the areal precipitation (dependent variable) and its estimates, which are determined from (i) non-adjusted radar precipitation and (ii) on-line rain gauge measurements interpolated into pixels. Classical linear regression, ridge regression and robust regression models are tested.Both the methods decrease the average areal error in comparison with the reference method, which uses the on-line rain gauge data only. The decrease is about 10% and 15% for the pixel-related and regression methods, respectively. When the estimates of the pixel-related method are included as predictors into the regression method then the improvement of accuracy is almost 25%. 相似文献
15.
In many practical cases, it is necessary to characterize the explored area with a regular set of geodata. Regular matrix data (e.g., ordinary maps) are calculated via existing data interpolation and extrapolation. For low frequency (oversampled) data acquired within a dense profile net (e.g., seismic three‐dimensional structural or gravity mapping), this procedure is mathematically more or less stable and, to a certain extent, unique since we might neglect discrepancies resulting from different interpolations. The situation is quite different for high‐resolution and high‐frequency contaminated data (e.g., raw seismic attributes or geochemistry measurements) represented by sparse profiling. Considering the variety of exploration cases, the investigation of different interpolation algorithm efficiency seems very important. Since it is impossible to compare all algorithms by means of formal mathematics, we have designed a test program. A representative set of seismic attribute maps has been artificially destroyed by introducing blank values (from 20% up to 95%) and then restored by different interpolation algorithms— bicubic, bilinear, nearest neighbor, and “smart averaging.” Smart averaging interpolation is done in a “live” window. The position, form, and size of the window are determined by some mathematical criterion on a trial‐and‐error basis. Discrepancies between restored and initial (true) data have been assessed and analysed. It is shown that the total (absolute) efficiency and comparative (relative) efficiency of the algorithms depend mostly upon the initial interpolant data characteristics. Identifying the best interpolation algorithm for all interpretive cases seems impossible. Some aspects of data processing are discussed in connection with interpolation accuracy. 相似文献
16.
《水文科学杂志》2012,57(15):1803-1823
ABSTRACTA new methodology is proposed for improving the accuracy of groundwater-level estimations and increasing the efficiency of groundwater-level monitoring networks. Three spatio-temporal (S-T) simulation models, numerical groundwater flow, artificial neural network and S-T kriging, are implemented to simulate water-table level variations. Individual models are combined using model fusion techniques and the more accurate of the individual and combined simulation models is selected for the estimation. Leave-one-out cross-validation shows that the estimation error of the best fusion model is significantly less than that of the three individual models. The selected fusion model is then considered for optimal S-T redesign of the groundwater monitoring network of the Dehgolan Plain (Iran). Using a Bayesian maximum entropy interpolation technique, soft data are included in the geostatistical analyses. Different scenarios are defined to incorporate economic considerations and different levels of precision in selecting the best monitoring network; a network of 37 wells is proposed as the best configuration. The mean variance estimation errors of all scenarios decrease significantly compared to that of the existing monitoring network. A reduction in equivalent uniform annual costs of different scenarios is achieved. 相似文献
17.
应用多分量地震资料进行成像时通常需要先做波场分离,然后再对分离的波型进行成像。其中,波场分离可以在空间域或波数域实现。然而,由于用交错网格有限差分进行弹性波场数值模拟时,用来进行波数域波场分离的质点振动速度分量定义在不同网格节点上,本文提出了利用波数域插值方法来估算同一网格节点所需质点振动速度值;进而给出了先进行波数域插值后进行波场分离的波数域保幅波场分离方案。数值实验结果表明波数域插值方法具有较高的插值精度且保幅波场分离方法具有较好的保幅性,将本文方法进一步应用于弹性波逆时偏移可以获得保幅性较好的成像结果且对存在一定程度速度误差情况具有较好的适应性。 相似文献
18.
在感应测井的有限元模拟中,为了消除源的奇异性,一般将总场分解为背景场和散射场.本文定量研究了不同背景场选择方法对计算精度的影响.首先,分析了在均匀和径向分层介质中不同背景电导率对长短源距线圈系有限元模拟结果的影响;其次,利用三层介质模型对比了选择源点附近和线圈系中点附近地层电导率作为背景电导率的结果.研究结果表明,如果在选择背景场时,只考虑源附近的散射场梯度而不同时考虑源和接收器附近的散射场梯度,计算误差明显增大.在此基础上提出一种利用Gianzero几何因子计算的视电导率作为背景电导率的新的背景场方法.该方法综合考虑了围岩、井眼、线圈距等因素,特别是在介质分界面处,可有效减小计算误差,并取得了满意的精度.本研究为复杂环境下的感应测井模拟的背景场选择提供了指导和依据. 相似文献
19.
J. van de Kassteele A. L. M. Dekkers A. Stein G. J. M. Velders 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2005,19(3):173-183
This paper discusses two model-based geostatistical methods for spatial interpolation of the number of days that ground level ozone exceeds a threshold level. The first method assumes counts to approximately follow a Poisson distribution, while the second method assumes a log-Normal distribution. First, these methods were compared using an extensive data set covering the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. Second, the focus was placed on only the Netherlands, where only a small data set was used. Bayesian techniques were used for parameter estimation and interpolation. Parameter estimates are comparable due to the log-link in both models. Incorporating data from adjacent countries improves parameter estimation. The Poisson model predicts more accurately (maximum kriging standard deviation of 2.16 compared to 2.69) but shows smoother surfaces than the log-Normal model. The log-Normal approach ensures a better representation of the observations and gives more realistic patterns (an RMSE of 2.26 compared to 2.44). Model-based geostatistical procedures are useful to interpolate limited data sets of counts of ozone exceedance days. Spatial risk estimates using existing prior information can be made relating health effects to environmental thresholds. 相似文献
20.
Evaluation of remote sensing‐based evapotranspiration estimates using a water transfer numerical simulation under different vegetation conditions in an arid area 
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下载免费PDF全文 Daily actual evapotranspiration (AET) and seasonal AET values are of great practical importance in the management of regional water resources and hydrological modelling. Remotely sensed AET models and Landsat satellite images have been used widely in producing AET estimates at the field scale. However, the lack of validation at a high spatial frequency under different soil water conditions and vegetation coverages limits their operational applications. To assess the accuracies of remote sensing‐based AET in an oasis‐desert region, a total of 59 local‐scale daily AET time series, simulated using HYDRUS‐1D calibrated with soil moisture profiles, were used as ground truth values. Of 59 sampling sites, 31 sites were located in the oasis subarea and 28 sites were located in the desert subarea. Additionally, the locally validated mapping evapotranspiration at high resolution with internalized calibration surface energy balance model was employed to estimate instantaneous AET values in the area containing all 59 of the sampling sites using seven Landsat subimages acquired from June 5 to August 24 in 2011. Daily AET was obtained using extrapolation and interpolation methods with the instantaneous AET maps. Compared against HYDRUS‐1D, the remote sensing‐based method produced reasonably similar daily AET values for the oasis sites, while no correlation was observed for daily AET estimated using these two methods for the desert sites. Nevertheless, a reasonable monthly AET could be estimated. The correlation analysis between HYDRUS‐1D‐simulated and remote sensing‐estimated monthly AET values showed relative root‐mean‐square error values of 15.1%, 12.1%, and 12.3% for June, July, and August, respectively. The root mean square error of the summer AET was 10.0%. Overall, remotely sensed models can provide reasonable monthly and seasonal AET estimates based on periodic snapshots from Landsat images in this arid oasis‐desert region. 相似文献