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汶川M_S 8.0地震断层与地震灾害初步分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
对于特大地震近断层地震场的空间分布的复杂性学术界一直很关注,由于样本地震数量和资料的不足,至今还没有非常清晰的结论。通过参加汶川MS8.0地震的应急科学考察,对震中区和高烈度区断层破裂带附近的地震灾害情况进行了现场调查。文中以典型事例为主线介绍了现场考察的结果,结合既往的研究成果和汶川地震的震源特性,分析讨论了地表破裂带、地震动以及建筑物震害之间的关系。结果表明:1)地震断层发生强变形和地表破裂对建筑物的损害现象非常明显,对具有大震级发震危险的断裂带,今后应该考虑进行一定宽度的破裂避让或采取针对性的必要措施。2)初步探讨了紧邻断裂带的建筑物没有倒塌的可能机理,第一,出现地表破裂的大部分区域为基岩或坚硬的场地,场地条件相对较好;第二,存在导致地表破裂的浅部有效应力降和破裂速率相对较低,导致了1s附近的地震动相对低下的可能性 相似文献
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以汶川地震地表形变带的实地测量数据为基础,结合沿实测地震地表变形剖面建筑物破坏情况的调查与测量,分析了不同地震地表变形类型及其建筑物破坏特征,定量化地讨论了地表变形梯度与建筑物破坏程度间的关系.提出无论地震地表变形表现为何种类型的断层陡坎,强变形均局部化在宽10~30 m的地表破裂带内;建筑物受损情况最直接的影响是建筑物所处地点的地表变形梯度,地表变形梯度大于0.1的地段,建筑物均完全被摧毁;地表变形梯度在0.07~0.1间的地段,建筑物遭受严重损坏,产生倾斜及强烈变形等;地表变形梯度在0.03~0.07间的地段,建筑物可能受到中度损坏,产生倾斜及变形等,具有抗震设防能力的建筑物一般不会倒塌;地表变形梯度小于0.03的地段具有抗震设防能力的构建筑物一般只会受到轻度损伤或基本完好. 相似文献
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青川县乔庄镇主城区坐落于乔庄河Ⅰ级河流阶地面上,平武-青川断裂分为3支呈隐伏状穿过主城区,地表未见明显的断裂新活动形迹。2008年5月12日发生的汶川MS8.0级地震,对青川县乔庄镇造成了比较严重的破坏,出现了沿平武-青川主干断裂通过位置震害显著加重的条带状异常现象,但未见明显的地表破裂。本文在地面地质调查、浅层地球物理勘探和探槽开挖验证结果的基础上,对平武-青川断裂在乔庄镇主城区的通过位置进行了重新定位,定位结果与前人研究结果存在一定的差异。结合地表调查发现的零星地表破裂和探槽下部砂砾石层出现的小尺度变形及位错现象分析,乔庄镇条带状震害加重异常现象应是平武-青川断裂在汶川地震时发生的近地表错动所致。由此联系到汶川地震的余震条带与平武-青川断裂乔庄以东段基本重合的事实,平武-青川断裂的活动性应是下一步研究工作的方向。 相似文献
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The M8.0 Wenchuan earthquake occurred on the Longmenshan fault zone. Based on field investigation of the surface rupture and focal mechanism study of the aftershocks, we discuss the geological relationship of the main, secondary and triggered ruptures. The main rupture is about 200km long and can be divided into the south part and the north part. The south part consists of two parallel fault zones characterized by reverse faulting, with several parallel secondary ruptures on the hanging wall of the main fault, and the north part is a single main fault zone characterized by lateral strike-slip and reverse faulting. Compared to a 300km long aftershock distribution, the surface rupture only occupies 200km, and the remaining 100km on the northeast of the main rupture was triggered by aftershocks. Study on the ruptures of this earthquake will be useful for studying the earthquake risk evolution on the Longmenshan fault system. 相似文献
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2008年5月12日MS8.0 汶川大地震的主要发震断层是龙门山断裂带的映秀—北川断裂.本研究通过地震后的实地调查和地震前后高空间分辨率航空与卫星影像的解译,对映秀—北川断裂带北川段（擂鼓镇—曲山镇）同震地表破裂带的几何学与运动学特征及相关地震地质灾害进行了详细分析.研究结果表明5·12汶川大地震沿映秀—北川断裂带产生的地表破裂带正穿过北川县城—曲山镇中心,并在曲山镇周围诱发了一系列大型滑坡和岩崩等地质灾害,致使北川县城遭到毁灭性破坏.野外考察表明北川段最大逆冲量和右旋走滑量都达8~10 m,这也是映秀—北川地表地震破裂带中位移量最大的地段.同时,值得注意的是曲山镇一带正是地震断层几何学和运动学特征改变的转换地带：曲山镇及其南西部断层倾向北西,呈现以逆冲为主兼右旋走滑的特征;在曲山镇北东断层倾向南东,表现为右旋走滑分量与垂直分量相当,走滑活动特征更明显.研究结果还表明,逆冲-走滑型（或斜向逆冲型）同震地表破裂带的几何学和运动学特征直接影响地震地质灾害及其破坏程度,地震地质灾害的分布表现出明显的不对称性：断层NW盘（上盘）远远强于SE盘（下盘）.地震断层的几何学特征与断层运动的应力及坡向的自由面之间相互作用,加强了滑坡、岩崩等地质灾害的破坏力.因此,汶川大地震为我们研究逆冲-走滑型同震地表破裂的几何学、运动学特征及其地震地质灾害效应提供了契机. 相似文献
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野外调查表明,青海玉树MS7.1地震发生在青藏高原中部甘孜-玉树断裂的玉树段上,在玉树县结古镇至隆宝镇之间产生了一系列包括剪切破裂、张剪切破裂、压剪切破裂、张性破裂及其不连续岩桥区出现的鼓包或陷落坑(拉分盆地)、高寒地区特有的冰裂缝等地表破裂单元,它们斜列组合成整体走向约300°、长约65 km、最大同震左旋位移2.4 m的地表破裂带,具有变形局部化的基本特征.玉树地震地表破裂带整体上可划分为长约15 km的结隆次级地表破裂带和长约31 km的结古次级地表破裂带,两者呈左阶羽列,其间无地表破裂段长约17 km,对应于MW6.4和MW6.9两个次级地震事件.地表破裂类型、基本组合特征等显示出甘孜-玉树断裂两盘块体的运动方式以纯剪切的左旋走滑为主,从一个方面反映了青藏高原物质存在着向东的逃逸和挤出现象. 相似文献
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基于不同类型活断层产生的地震地表破裂带宽度和跨断层探槽地质剖面的地层强变形带宽度等观测事实 ,结合地面建筑设施毁坏带与活断层密切的空间位置关系 ,采用统计分析方法 ,确定了活断层“避让带”宽度为 30m。各活断层更为准确的避让带宽度可通过分析跨断层探槽地质剖面上地层的变形特征加以验证或修订 ;活断层斜列阶区、平行次级断层围限区、走向弯曲区等特殊地域的避让带宽度为这些地域宽度与两外侧各 15m之和。建议有关部门进行活断层“避让带”立法与执法管理 ,并加强活断层鉴定及其地表活动线几何结构形态的准确定位工作 ,积极而有效地减轻地震灾害 相似文献
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交城断裂带北段最大潜在地震发震概率评估1 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于太原市目标区交城断裂带的定量研究,特别是对活动断裂上的古地震资料进行的系统、详细的分析与总结,建立了反映该断裂地震地质特点和运动学属性的复发模式和概率模型.引入震级-地表破裂长度、震级-震源破裂长度、震级-断层破裂面积以及震级-地震矩的经验关系进行震级估计,最后进行综合评估以确定交城断裂带北段潜在地震的最大震级.复发模式的建立兼顾了泊松和准周期两种模式,利用专家意见法组合相应的Poisson模型和BPT模型,计算活动断裂最大潜在地震的复发概率.结果表明,交城断裂带北段潜在地震最大震级为Ms7.2级,而未来50a、100a、200a发生Ms7.2级地震的概率分别为2.1％、4.0％和7.9％. 相似文献
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汶川8.0级地震及余震破裂的地质构造特征 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
汶川8.0级地震是发生在龙门山断裂带上的大地震,文中应用地震地表破裂调查资料、余震分布和震源机制资料,论述了该次地震的主破裂、次级破裂、触发破裂等方面的地质特征.认为该次地震的主破裂长约200 km,分为南、北两段.南段以逆冲破裂为主,由两条破裂带构成,并引起上盘多条近平行的次级断裂带的破裂;北段以右旋逆冲破裂为主,由单条破裂带构成;在主破裂的东北方向,触发了长约100 km的余震活动.汶川8.0级地震的破裂特征,对研究龙门山断裂带其他段落的强震危险性具有重要意义. 相似文献
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PRIMARILY STUDY ON FEATURES OF SURFACE RUPTURES INDUCED BY THE 2016 MW7.8 KARKOURA EARTHQUAKE,NEW ZEALAND 
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下载免费PDF全文 HAN Zhu-jun Nicola Litchfield RAN Hong-liu YUAN Ren-mao GUO Peng Robert M Langridge Russ J Van Dissen 《地震地质》2017,39(4):675-688
The surface ruptures produced by the 2016 MW7.8 Karkoura earthquake, New Zealand are distributed in a belt with~170km long and~35km wide, trending generally in the NE-SW direction. There are at least 12 faults on which meter-scale displacements are identified and they were formed across two distinct seismotectonic provinces with fundamental different characteristics(Hamling et al., 2017; Litchfield et al., 2017). Although the trending directions of the seismic surface ruptures vary greatly at different locations, the ruptured faults can be generally divided into two groups with the NE to NEE direction and the NNW to N direction, respectively. The faults in the NNW-near NS direction are nearly parallel with 40~50km apart and featured by reverse movement with the maximum displacement of 5~6m. The faults in the NE-NNE direction, with the maximum of 25~30km apart are not continuous and featured by the dextral strike slip with the largest displacement of 10~12m. Even if some faults along the NE-NEE direction are end to end connected, their strikes differ by about 30°. The combination styles of the strike-slip fault surface ruptures along the NE-NEE direction can be merged into 3 categories, including en-echelon, bifurcation and parallel patterns. The scales of the fault surface ruptures with the same structural style could be obviously different in different areas, which results in significant changes in the widths of deformation zone, from tens of meters to hundreds of meters. En-echelon distributed surface rupture(section)can appear as a combination belt of meter-scale to dozens of meter-scale shear fracture with bulge and compressional shear fractures, and also can be characterized by the combination of the left-step en-echelon tensile shear fractures with a length of more than one hundred meters. The step-overs between surface rupture sections are clearly different in sizes, which can be dozens of meters, hundreds of meters to several kilometers. The spacing between parallel surface ruptures can be several meters, dozens of meters to several kilometers. Besides, as one of the prominent characteristics, the seismic surface ruptures caused by the Karkoura earthquake broke through the known distribution pattern of active faults. The surface ruptures can occur either on the previously thought inactive or unmapped faults, or break through the distribution range of previously realized active faults in the striking or lateral direction. The basic features about the distribution and widths of the surface ruptures induced by the 2016 MW7.8 Karkoura earthquake, New Zealand presented in this paper might be helpful for understanding some seismic problems such as complex corresponding relationship between the active faults and the deep seismogenic structure, and the necessary measurements for engineering crossing active faults. 相似文献
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Jiang Wali 《中国地震研究》2007,21(3):327-332
The opinions of two papers carried in the journal "Seismology and Geology" are discussed in the paper.One is that the Tangshan fault is a high-angle,west-dipping and thrust with strike-slip fault.The other is that the Fuzhuang-Xihe fault distributed on the east side of Tangshan city is the seismogenic fault that caused the Tangshan earthquake.For the former opinion,it needs to explain the relationship between the active style of the thrust Tangshan fault and the formation genesis of a Quaternary depression along the west side of Tangshan city.For the latter opinion,if the Fuzhuang-Xihe fault is the seismogenic fault of the Tangshan earthquake,it needs to explain the genesis relationship between this west-dip slip fault zone and the strike-slip surface fissure zone that extends through Tangshan city.And it needs more evidence exclude the possibility that the surface rupture belongs to the rupturing of a secondary structure.This paper suggests doing more work on the active fault that controls the Caobo Quaternary depression. 相似文献
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Yanbo Zhang Yueren Xu Wenqiao Li Runchao Liu Ruoyu Mu Jiayi Li Da Zhang Haofeng Li Qinjian Tian 《地震研究进展（英文）》2022,2(2):100133
At 02:04 on May 22, 2021, an MS 7.4 earthquake occurred in Madoi County in Qinghai Province, China. This earthquake is the largest seismic event in China since the 2008 MS 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake. Thus, it is critical to investigate surface deformation and damage in time to accurately understand the seismogenic structure of the Madoi earthquake and the seismogenic capacity of the blocks in this region. This study focuses on the Xuema Village, located at the eastern end of the coseismic surface ruptures produced by the event, and assesses the deformation and seismic damage in this area based on field surveys, UAV photogrammetry, and ground penetrating radar (GPR). The results indicate that the rupture scale is substantially smaller at the eastern end of the rupture zone compared to other segments. En echelon type shear tensile fractures are concentrated in a width range of 50–100 m, and the width of single fractures ranges from 20 to 30 cm. In contrast, the degree of seismic damage significantly increases at this site. All of the brick and timber houses are damaged or collapsed, while the steel frame structures and the color steel houses are slightly damaged. More than 80% of the bridge decks on the Changma River Bridge collapse, similar to the terraces along the Youerqu and Changma Rivers and the cut slopes of Provincial Highway S205. We infer that the seismogenic fault of the Madoi earthquake exerts a tail effect in this segment. The tension zone has led to a reduction at the eastern end of the rupture zone, causing shaking damage. Local topography and buildings without earthquake-resistant construction along the strike of the rupture zone have undergone different levels of seismic damage. 相似文献
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2008年5月12日汶川8.0级大地震发生在青藏高原东缘龙门山推覆构造带上,除映秀—北川断裂、灌县—江油断裂上各形成240 km和72 km 长的地表破裂带外,可能在成都平原西部的什邡市师古镇附近形成一条弱地表破裂带.成都平原内的地震地表破裂带与龙门山区的2条地震破裂带构成倾向北西的叠瓦状逆断裂地震地表破裂系统.野外调查发现,师古镇南肖家院—庆云庵建筑物严重破坏带、水渠跌水、地表褶皱、喷砂和地裂缝带走向30°,延伸长度约7.5 km.探槽开挖表明,地表地震褶皱陡坎下的地层发生弯曲变形,汶川地震使断层上盘的地面和最新地层褶皱隆起0.2 m.TC2探槽中的粘土层底面褶皱隆起0.4 m,它可能记录到汶川地震之前另外一次与汶川地震大小相当的古地震事件.浅层地震勘探资料表明,平原区出现地震地表破裂的位置不仅存在晚更新世活动断裂,而且伴生有第四纪活动褶皱. 相似文献
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汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带宽度调查 总被引：30，自引：9，他引：21
根据汶川8.0级地震地表破裂带的实地调查,龙门山断裂带的中央断裂与前山断裂地表破裂带宽度自北向南一般<40m。在Ⅹ—Ⅺ度极震区,沿断裂延伸方向破裂带之上及其两侧,各类房屋建筑无论何种结构均绝大部分倒塌损毁。考虑到逆断层作用引起的"地壳缩短"以及各种不确定性,并结合以往历史强震地表破裂带的宽度统计,提出汶川8.0级地震灾后重建时,极震区地震断层两侧的"避让带"宽度为25m。在"避让带"之内,只能建造高于抗震设防标准的2层以下的建筑物,应明确禁止兴建学校、医院等公共建筑 相似文献
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2008年5月12日的汶川8.0级地震使龙门山断裂带形成了3条同震地表破裂带,这表明有多条活动断层同时参与地震破裂,其过程复杂,现象丰富。本文对小鱼洞地表破裂带及其与另2条地表破裂带的交汇区域进行了野外调查,并对小鱼洞地表破裂带的活动性质和展布特征进行了分析。小鱼洞地表破裂带位于彭州市小鱼洞镇附近,是汶川8.0级地震形成的一条走向NW的逆冲并具有左旋走滑分量的同震地表变形带。调查结果显示,小鱼洞地表破裂带表现出明显的分段性特征：小鱼洞镇一带的中段,逆冲量和走滑量最大;小鱼洞镇向东南方向延伸的南段,逆冲量和走滑量逐渐变小;小鱼洞镇向西北方向进入山区的北段,则表现为以逆冲为主的活动性质。 相似文献
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汶川8.0级地震发震断层的累积地震位错研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2008年5月12日,四川省汶川县内发生MS8.0地震。此次地震沿龙门山中央断裂产生1条长达200km的同震地表破裂带。文中选择位于地震地表破裂带北段的南坝镇、凤凰村以及南段的映秀镇这3个地点,以被断层错断的河流阶地为研究对象,对多级阶地面上的地震地表破裂及断层陡坎地貌进行了野外实测工作。经过测量数据的计算和分析,得到了各级阶地上断层陡坎的高度,该值即为该阶地记录的地震断层的累积垂直位错量。若以本次地震的垂直位错量作为古地震位错量的均值,则可计算得到每级阶地累积的地震次数。研究结果表明,各点T1阶地形成以来仅经历过1次事件,即本次地震事件;T2阶地形成以来约经历了5次事件;T3阶地形成以来约经历了9～11次事件;T4阶地形成以来约经历了20次事件。在本文研究的基础上,结合前人的阶地测年数据,则可获得古地震复发间隔的可靠数据 相似文献
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Boming Zhao Xiwei Xu School of Civil Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China National Center for Active Fault Studies 《地震学报(英文版)》2009,(2):175-179
Major cases of the MS8.0 Wenchuan earthquake are obtained through field investigations of the epicenter and high-intensity areas, and the relationships among earthquake faults, ground motion and earthquake disasters near fault zones are analyzed.Both strong deformation and ground rupture lead to significant damages of the buildings, indicating that it is necessary to keep safe distance away from active faults and to take other necessary measures.There are two reasons for that the buildings near the surface ... 相似文献