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1.
The paper presents the method of local magnitude determination used at Polish seismic stations to report events originating
in one of the four regions of induced seismicity in Poland or its immediate vicinity. The method is based on recalculation
of the seismic moment into magnitude, whereas the seismic moment is obtained from spectral analysis. The method has been introduced
at Polish seismic stations in the late 1990s but as of yet had not been described in full because magnitude discrepancies
have been found between the results of the individual stations. The authors have performed statistics of these differences,
provide their explanation and calculate station corrections for each station and each event source region. The limitations
of the method are also discussed. The method is found to be a good and reliable method of local magnitude determination provided
the limitations are observed and station correction applied. 相似文献
2.
Martina Capponi Ahmed H. Mansi Daniele Sampietro 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2018,62(2):206-222
The precise computation of the vertical gravitational attraction of the topographic masses (terrain correction) is still being studied both for geodetic and geophysical applications. In fact, it is essential in high precision geoid estimation by means of the well-known remove-compute-restore technique, which is used to isolate the gravitational effects of anomalous masses in exploration geophysics. The terrain correction can be evaluated exploiting a Digital Terrain Model (DTM) in different ways, such as classical numerical integration, prisms, tesseroids, polyhedrons, and/or Fast Fourier Transform techniques. The increasing resolution of recently developed DTMs, the increasing number of observation points, and the increasing accuracy of gravity data represent, nowadays, major challenges for the terrain correction computation. Classical point mass approximation and prism based-algorithms are indeed too slow, while Fourier-based algorithms are usually too much approximate when compared to the required accuracy. In this work, we improve the Gravity Terrain Effects (GTE) algorithm, the innovative tool that exploits a combined prism-Fast Fourier Transform approach especially developed for airborne gravimetry, to compute the terrain correction on the surface of the DTM (i.e. corresponding to the ground stations and/or its vicinity). This required development of a proper adjustment of the algorithms implemented within the GTE software and also to define and implement a procedure to overcome the problems of the computation of the gravitational effects due to the actual slope of the terrain close to the stations. The latter problem is thoroughly discussed and solved by testing different solutions like concentric cylindrical rings, triangulated polyhedrons, or ultra-high resolution squared prisms. Finally, numerical tests to prove the temporal efficiency and the computational performances of the improved GTE software to compute terrain correction for ground stations are also presented. 相似文献
3.
Station corrections for body wave travel times are required to compensate for lateral variations in the crust and uppermost mantle in the analysis of seismic travel times that are used to determine deep Earth structure by various methods, including tomography. Station corrections to be applied to P wave arrival times from teleseismic earthquakes recorded by the Kaapvaal seismic network were estimated by five different methods: (1) averaging, (2) computing the median, and (3) weighted averaging of residuals; (4) least-squares regression, and (5) weighted least-squares regression. The corrections display variations that are related to the tectonic features of southern Africa inferred from surface geology, clearly delineating the southern and central areas of both the Kaapvaal and Zimbabwe cratons as regions of early arrivals, and the area around the Bushveld complex by later arrivals. Use of a simple ray method for generating synthetic station corrections suggests that lateral variations in the top 230 km of the Earth can explain the observed pattern of variations in station corrections. A satisfactory way of compensating for the biasing effects of outliers in the individual estimates of station corrections is through adaptation of a method originally developed by Jeffreys, which involves ascribing weights to the observations that reduce the standard deviation on a single estimate of a station correction from 0.123 to 0.096 s. Methods (2), (3) and (5) avoid serious bias by outliers, although methods (3) and (5) are preferred, because they also provide information on the causes of outliers. The presence of some outliers cannot be explained by errors in the measurement process, but must be caused by timing errors at the stations during recording, and/or errors introduced during the process of constructing the archived data files from the field data. 相似文献
4.
Various methods for computing the terrain correction in a high‐precision gravity survey are currently available. The present paper suggests a new method that uses linear analytical terrain approximations. In this method, digital terrain models for the near‐station topographic masses are obtained by vectorizing scan images of large‐scaled topographic maps, and the terrain correction computation is carried out using a Fourier series approximation of discrete height values. Distant topography data are represented with the help of digital GTOPO30 and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission cartographic information. We formulate linear analytical approximations of terrain corrections for the whole region using harmonic functions as the basis of our computational algorithm. Stochastic modelling allows effective assessment of the accuracy of terrain correction computation. The Perm Krai case study has shown that our method makes full use of all the terrain data available from topographic maps and digital terrain models and delivers a digital terrain correction computed to a priori precision. Our computer methodology can be successfully applied for the terrain correction computation in different survey areas. 相似文献
5.
Based on the first P wave arrival time data of local earthquakes recorded in the Kunming Telemetry Seismic Network in 1982–1989,
the P travel time corrections of the stations in the network were obtained by use of the parameter separation method and the
multiple event location method. This set of the corrections reflects the feature of lateral inhomogeneous structure of the
upper crust beneath the network to certain degree. The geographic distribution of the sation corrections has obviously regional
characteristics, by which the studied area is divided into three sub-areas. In the Western Yunnan area where the stations
are the most dense, except the stations of Yunxian, Shidian and Wanding in south, the station corrections are not greater
than 0.15 sec. In the eastern area (to the east of Chuxiong) where the network has slightly wider station interval, most of
them show obviously positive delay. In southern area, including stations of Wenshan, Simao, Jinghong, Yunxian, Shidian and
Wanding, all the stations have large negative delay. The results consist with the basic feature of geologic setting in Yunnan
area. The accuracy of the relocated hypocentral parameters based on the corrected travel time data has fairly improved. Therefore
the station corrections can be used to the routine processing of earthquake location in the Kunming Seismic Network.
The Chinese version of this paper appeared in the Chinese edition ofActa Seismologica Sinica,15, 136–145, 1993. 相似文献
6.
Since 1984, a seismic surveillance at the Baix Ebre Region (NE of the Iberian Peninsula) has been carried out from a seismic network consisting of two digital and one analog stations. Large discrepancies between the recorded amplitudes and the magnitude estimates given by different agencies have been observed. To explain these discrepancies, that consist of a large reduction of amplitude and a strong dependence of the azimuth, a local magnitude formula for the area has been computed, using the analog records obtained at EBR short-period station. Global results show an average station correction factor between the computed local magnitude and the reported magnitude of the order of 1, presenting large variations around the mean value with a clear dependence on the azimuth. A detailed analysis of this variation around the mean value reveals that earthquakes can be classified according to their location in different geological units, thus obtaining for each zone a distinct station correction factor that can fluctuate as much as 0.6 around the average. These large lateral variations of the magnitude are in good agreement with previous studies of coda-Q attenuation. 相似文献
7.
Robert Bloor 《Geophysical Prospecting》1996,44(2):197-213
The near-surface layer is modelled as a constant-velocity layer with varying thickness. The base of the layer is described by a B-spline curve. The optimum model is calculated by minimizing, with respect to the model parameters, the difference between traveltimes predicted by the model and those observed in the data. Once a model has been produced, corrections that are dependent on the raypath geometry through the near-surface layer can be calculated. The effect of the near-surface layer is normally considered to be consistent at each shot or geophone station for all traveltimes arriving at that location (the surface-consistent approximation). This assumption linearizes the problem, allowing timeshifts to be calculated and the traveltimes corrected to a chosen datum, representing static corrections. The single correction at each point is an averaged correction, based on an assumption that is particularly inaccurate in the presence of lateral variations of velocity or thickness of the surface layer, in the presence of large surface layer velocities or in the presence of a thick surface layer. The method presented considers the non-linear relationship between data and model explicitly, hence the correction that is dependent on the raypath. Linearization removes this dependence and reduces the problem to a surface-consistent approximation. The method is applied to synthetic data calculated from a model with surface layer variations. Comparisons are made between the corrected data resulting from the method described here and the conventional surface-consistent approach. From these results it becomes apparent that the near-surface layer inversion method presented here can reproduce accurate models and correct for near-surface layer effects in cases where conventional methods encounter difficulties. Additionally the method can be readily extended to 3D. 相似文献
8.
V. Chakravarthi 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,145(2):327-335
The decrease in density contrast of sedimentary rocks with depth in many sedimentary basins can be approximated by a parabolic density function. Analytical gravity expression of an outcropping two-dimensional vertical step along which the density contrast decreases parabolically with depth is derived in the space domain. A modification ofBott's (1960) method of gravity interpretation is proposed by considering two outcropping vertical steps on either side of the first and last observation points in addition toN outcropping vertical prisms in order to interpret the gravity anomalies of nonoutcropping basins. The thicknesses of the two outcropping vertical steps are made equal to the thicknesses of the two outcropping vertical prisms placed below the first and last observation points. The initial depth estimates of the sedimentary basin are calculated by the infinite slab formula ofVisweswara Rao
et al. (1993). The gravity effects of theN outcropping prisms and the two outcropping vertical steps are calculated at each anomaly point and the depth to the floor of the basin are adjusted based on the differences between the observed and calculated anomalies. A gravity anomaly profile of Los Angeles basin, California is interpreted. 相似文献
9.
地形改正是重力和电法勘探中用于消除测点周围地形起伏对观测结果影响的技术.由于地形形成自然电位异常的微观机理较为复杂,解析公式难以得到,可以采用最为直观的方法,寻找两者之间的拟合公式.根据研究,在自然电位梯度测量中,地形引起的自然电位异常分为两种:一是异常与地形起伏是镜像关系,这种情况占多数;另一种情况是异常与地形起伏为反镜像关系.多数地形起伏与异常存在线性关系、二次关系和指数关系,以线性关系为主.具体采用哪种拟合关系,可选取典型的地形和自然电位曲线,通过其变化规律进行判断;也可以采取试算的办法,通过改正效果的比较选择合适的拟合公式.本文选择鄂尔多斯盆地作为研究地点,提出了适用于自然电位梯度测量的地形改正方法.通过三种拟合公式改正效果的比较,得出线性拟合公式能更好地描述该测区内相对高差与自然电位改正量之间的关系.地形改正有效地消除了相对高差与自然电位之间的相关性,改正后的自然电位曲线能够较好地反映地下地质信息,自然电位等值线图异常更加突出.自然电位梯度测量中,地形起伏可影响异常形态,特别是起伏地形的面积与目标地质体的面积大小相当时,两者异常有可能难以区分,因此地形改正的研究具有重要的实用性. 相似文献
10.
11.
Mohammad Ali Enayatollah 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1972,94(1):101-135
Summary About 360 seismic events from almost all directions recorded at 13 seismological observatories in Sweden and Finland have been investigated. The depths of these events vary from the surface to 650 km and the epicentral distances from 9° to 119° with fairly even coverage. The two most separated stations in this array are about 15° apart (Karlskrona in Sweden and Kevo in Finland). Comparison of observed travel-time curves and their slope with those ofJeffreys-Bullen andHerrin are made. Generally, the observed travel times are earlier than theJeffreys-Bullen times and later than theHerrin ones. Path and depth effects on residuals with respect to the two given tables are studied, and station corrections and source corrections are estimated. Global and regional travel-time tables of theP-wave have been constructed for this network of stations.On leave from Geophysical Institute, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran 相似文献
12.
基于布格重力异常相对于地形起伏光滑分布的约束条件,从一维自由空气重力异常数据出发,采用贝叶斯方法估算近地表岩石密度,同时采用三次B样条函数拟合布格重力异常,获取光滑分布的布格重力异常.数据拟合和光滑约束之间的权重采用Akaike贝叶斯准则(ABIC准则)自动确定.均匀剖分模型和不均匀剖分模型数据试验都验证了该方法的有效性.相关参数评价表明,足够多的样条系数可以提高估计结果的准确性,样条系数的个数接近测点数时可获得较稳定的估计结果.增大异常的噪声水平时,ABIC准则可有效地自动增大先验光滑约束的权重.云南地区两条重力剖面应用结果表明,剖面沿线的近地表密度值起伏变化明显(达2.45~2.8g·cm^-3),前寒武纪和古生代地层密度相对较高(主要为2.53~2.75g·cm^-3),而中生代密度较低(2.45~2.73g·cm^-3);本文估计的近地表密度结果与区域物性资料及地表地质特征较吻合;估计的剖面布格重力异常具有光滑性;红河断裂两侧近地表密度差异较大,可达0.4g·cm^-3.本文获得的两条剖面近地表密度结构和布格重力异常为该区深部结构与构造研究提供更可靠的重力基础数据. 相似文献
13.
本文用边界单元法模拟二维地形对大地电磁场的影响.首先用格林公式将二维大地电磁的边值问题转变成积分方程,然后用边界单元法解积分方程,得到地形上的大地电磁场和它的法向导数,由此可计算电阻率.与有限单元法相比,本方法剖分后的地形与实际地形的拟合程度高,向计算机输入原始数据的工作简单,可以在微机上计算地形引起的视电阻率.本方法适合于在野外生产现场进行大地电磁法的地形改正.计算表明,地形对H_x型波的影响比对E_x型波严重得多;随着周期的增长,地形对H_x型波的影响变得稳定. 相似文献
14.
Tadashi Kito Takuo ShibutaniKazuro Hirahara 《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2003,138(1):55-69
Precursor and coda portions of short-period PcP waves (reflected P wave from the core-mantle boundary, CMB) recorded at J-array stations in Japan were analyzed in order to extract weak scattered signals originating from small-scale heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle beneath northeastern China. Two nuclear explosions at Lop Nor in China detonated on 21 May 1992 (Mb=6.5) and 8 June 1996 (Mb=5.9) were used for our analysis.Three-dimensional grids above the CMB were defined in the area around the PcP bounce points beneath northeastern China to calculate theoretical travel times of scattered waves which propagate from the sources to each grid point and arrive at each station based on the IASP91 model. Subsequently the waveforms were aligned with respect to the theoretical travel times and the semblance (an amplitude dependent measure of coherency) was calculated for each grid point. In order to obtain a more accurate travel time correction, we applied a cross correlation method to PcP waveforms in order to reduce picking error of the PcP onset time. A cross convolution method was also applied so that the two events could be analyzed simultaneously without using unstable deconvolutions.We could identify regions with relative high semblance values in semblance contour maps at about 200 and 375 km above the CMB. Stacking waveforms with respect to the theoretical travel times for the grid points with relative high semblance values indicate coherent wavelets originating at those grid points, that is, they correspond to scattered waves originating from small-scale heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle. Our results indicate the existence of small-scale scattering objects in the D″ layer, especially in the depth range of 200 and 375 km above the CMB beneath northeastern China. Considering recent tomographic images of high velocity anomalies in this area, these scattering objects could be fragments of old oceanic crusts which have subducted through the lower mantle and have accumulated in the D″ layer beneath northeastern China. 相似文献
15.
应用唐山——北京地区的选频地震仪台网资料, 使用单台法可求出台网中各台台址附近的区域性尾波Q值.为从台站所记录的多个地震中作出归一化的尾波衰减包络线, 以求出表征地区性特点的参数, 代替过去的肉眼估计拼合法, 本文推算出使用补偿值1nA=1.73M, 其中M为实测震级与归一化所用参考震级之差, 1nA是为归一化而取用的尾波振幅补偿值.用这一修正式来归一不同震级所记录地震的尾波震幅, 可取得较为满意的组合衰减包络线, 从而可对每一个地震台利用多个地震记录综合后求出台站周围地区的等效9值, 以及它们与频率间的关系.结果表明:在跨距为百余公里的各台上, Q值均可表达为Q=Q0fn, 其中Q0为1Hz时的品质因数, f为频率, 为因地而异的常数.值得注意的是, 各台的Q0值, 其差异可达一倍以上.最小的为沙城台, Q0=122, 最大的为马道峪台, Q0=292;但六个台中有五个台的Q值幂次都基本相同, 大体在0.60上下.实际测量表明, 马道峪台附近的高Q值是体现在所有频率上均有较高的Q值, 而沙城台附近的低Q值也是表现在所有频率上均有较低的Q值.因此, 一方面可看出实际测量结果有较好的可信度, 另一方面可认为值的一致性反映各台上引起衰减的物理本质大体上是相同的.作为一个大区域来考虑, 综合此地区六个台所有频道上的资料, 进行线性拟合可得出该地区的平均值: f=1Hz时, Q0=189.由于Q值是频率的强依赖函数, 所有关于衰减的研究结果, 特别是在1-40Hz的高频范围内, 必须要考虑频率因素。 相似文献
16.
Introduction Beijing and the adjacent regions is a significant seismically active area and many geoscien- tists have studied to different extents the non-elastic attenuation and source parameters in the area. GAO et al (1986) and ZHUO et al (1990) studied the coda Q in the Beijing region by the method of dominant frequency and mechanical frequency division with the simulated data. With the con- tinuous construction of digital seismic station network, the digital data are more favorably used… 相似文献
17.
C. Wright 《Journal of Seismology》2008,12(3):431-449
Measurements of the amplitudes of seismic body waves at teleseismic distances have rarely resolved significant features mainly
because of the large scatter of the data. However, amplitudes are easy to measure and may provide additional constraints on
structure to supplement times and waveforms. A new approach to analysing body wave amplitudes at a regional network of similar
instruments seeks to minimize scatter by first deriving amplitude station corrections analogous to station corrections for
times. After correction for station effects, amplitudes from several events can be combined to give regional amplitude–distance
curves without using information on event magnitudes. However, the earthquakes providing the observations must lie in a restricted
range of azimuths from the stations of the network and provide considerable overlap in the range of distances between adjacent
events, with no gaps in distance coverage. The advantages of the method are explored using P wave amplitudes from two sets
of earthquakes in the Indonesian and South American regions recorded by the Kaapvaal network deployed across southern Africa.
In the first example, high amplitudes near 88° distance suggest the presence of a small discontinuity at the top of D″ that
causes constructive interference between the closely separated arrivals of a small triplication in the travel times. The second
example, supplemented by calculations using synthetic data, shows how long-wavelength regional variations in amplitudes can
be resolved to assist the interpretation of times and waveforms. However, the limited range of distances in the observations
and lateral heterogeneities at any depths can result in bias or tilt of the amplitude–distance relationships. Constraining
the depths of the structure causing the long-wavelength variations is a subject for future research. 相似文献
18.
利用2007年8月—2013年9月甘肃省测震台网记录的549个MS≥6远震事件的P波资料,对所属44个地震台站分量方位等问题进行检核计算。考虑到地震计维修、更换等因素,提供了甘肃省测震台网地震台站按时间序列计算的方位角偏差及方位校正变化情况,以保障测震台网数据的连续性与可靠性。研究结果表明,反演的方位偏差与文献[1]的结果基本一致,表明中国"十五"数字地震网络确实存在部分台站方位偏差较大等方面问题。因此,在进行现代地震学研究中应充分考虑台站地震计方位误差较大和研究时间段内方位角变动等因素的影响。 相似文献
19.
重力球面外部校正技术 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
山区重力勘探中，重力外部校正是重力勘探料处理和解释的前提，其内容包括地形校正、中间层校正等。本文在分析常规外部校正方法的基础上，提出了一套适合于山区重力勘探的球面地形校正及有限球壳中间层校正方法，并严格推出了球面地形校正公式。对中国南方ZJJ地区重力资料处理结果表明，该方法提高了地形校正的精度，使山区重力资料品质达到或接近平原区的水平。 相似文献
20.
Summary The homogeneous Magnitude System (HMS), developed by Vank, Kondorskaya and Christoskov, is used to calculate station corrections, magnitudes and a calibrating function for short-period PKP waves in the distance interval of 143° to 148°. The data basis consists of a set of 26 Tuamotu underground explosions and their records at 14 Central European seismic stations. The station magnitudes, calculated in this way show a smaller dispersion than the uncorrected (usual) values. 相似文献