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南海北部陆坡神狐海域是我国海洋天然气水合物勘探开发研究的重点靶区,独特的水合物成藏特征,难以利用当前观测到的沉积速率和流体流动条件对其成藏机理进行解释和量化说明,对其形成演化模式和控制因素尚不明确.本文构建了海洋天然气水合物形成演化过程的动力学模型,模型的主控参量为海底沉积速率和水流速率,以此计算了神狐海域天然气水合物聚集演化过程,并与饱和度的盐度测试值进行对比.最后,在研究神狐海域地质构造活动和水合物成藏动力学基础上建立了神狐天然气水合物形成演化模式.认为神狐海域当前的天然气水合物是在上新世末—更新世早期断裂体系水合物基础上继承演化而来的,神狐海域天然气水合物形成演化具有典型的二元模式.第一阶段水合物形成发生在距今1.5 Ma之前构造活动形成的断裂体系中,高达50 m/ka的孔隙水流动携带了大量的甲烷进入水合物稳定带,导致了水合物的快速生成,在4万年内形成了饱和度达20%的甲烷水合物;第二阶段发生在1.5 Ma以来,泥质粉砂沉积使沉积体渗透率骤减,0.7 m/ka的低速率水流使甲烷供给不足,在海底浅层新沉积体中无法生成水合物,仅在水合物稳定带底部有缓慢的水合物继承增长,并因此形成了神狐海域当前观测到的水合物产出特征,而且水合物资源量仍在减少. 相似文献
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我国在南海北部陆坡的细粒沉积物中首次钻获水合物样品,为深入了解这一特殊成藏体系的形成机制,本研究以钻探区域高精度的二维和三维多道地震资料为基础,通过精细的地球物理解释和地质分析,探讨了该天然气水合物系统的成藏控制因素.细粒沉积物天然气水合物系统中水合物的富集过程存在着三个特殊的控制因素：（1）大面积丰富的含甲烷流体的参与.南海北部深水盆地广泛存在的异常热流体活动促使深部的热解成因天然气或浅层的生物成因气运移到水合物稳定带,有利于水合物的发育.热流体活动表现为底辟和气烟囱构造,在地震剖面上,表现为地震声学模糊带、同相轴下拉或中断、顶部出现反射亮点,这些构造直抵水合物稳定带.在气烟囱或底辟构造顶部通常有BSR伴生,说明热流体活动与水合物成藏具有密切关系;（2）断裂构造的发育在水合物稳定带中细粒沉积物的成核和生长过程中具有重要的作用,一方面促进稳定带流体的垂向和侧向运移,另一方面,构造裂缝可能成为成核和生长过程的空间;（3)大型海底滑坡导致了地层中超压流体活动和构造裂缝的发育,从而促进了水合物富集.在上述研究基础上,提出了南海北部水合物钻探区高饱和度水合物成藏模式. 相似文献
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近年来，活动冷泉的研究越来越受到关注.本文利用多波束数据、多道地震数据以及底质取样结果研究琼东南海域活动冷泉系统，分析活动冷泉的羽状流特征、海底地貌与底质特征以及流体活动构造特征.多波束水体数据上，观测到多个延伸高度超过750 m的气泡羽状流，海底流体活动非常强烈；多道地震上识别出麻坑、流体运移通道、气烟囱等流体渗漏相关的构造，与其他海域观测到的反射特征不同，羽状流的下方流体运移通道呈强振幅"串珠"反射；重力活塞取样在两个站位上获得浅表层块状天然气水合物.其中一个站位位于活动冷泉附近，天然气水合物赋存于海底以下8 m左右.基于以上三方面的数据，笔者提出了一个用于描述活动冷泉系统的形成模式，游离气通过气烟囱向上运移到达浅层，一部分在天然气水合物稳定带内形成天然气水合物，另一部分穿透天然气水合物稳定带到达海底，形成活动冷泉的羽状流. 相似文献
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根据游离气运移的控制机制,可以将海域水合物藏划分为汇聚高通量型和分散低通量型.在汇聚高通量型水合物藏中,流体很容易突破上覆沉积层的压力,直达浅层,在海底及其附近留下一系列的地貌-地质-地球物理异常.通过对珠江口盆地东部海域钻前资料的精细解释,在海底及浅表层发现了大量的与高通量流体运移有关的这类异常,包括具有侵入构造特征的海底丘状体、BSR之上的亮点反射、浅表层的相位反转以及断层与隆起组成的高效流体运聚系统.2013年在珠江口盆地东部海域实施的中国第二个水合物钻探航次(GMGS2),使得有机会对这些异常进行详细研究.钻后测井岩芯及地化数据表明,部署在这些异常上的站位均存在高通量流体运移的现象,因此具有侵入构造特征的海底丘状体即水合物丘、BSR之上的亮点反射,以及断层与隆起组成的高效流体运聚系统可以作为高通量流体运移的识别标志.通过钻探区水合物的分布特征的研究,发现高通量流体向上运移过程中,在深部与浅部地层中的运移模式存在差异,深部主要以气溶水的形式进行运移,而浅部主要以单独气相的形式进行运移,正是这种运移模式的差异,导致在钻探区形成上下双层结构的高饱和度水合物藏.这些高通量流体识别标志及其运移模式的发现,将有助于水合物钻探站位选取以及降低水合物钻探风险. 相似文献
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根据高精度的3D和2D地震资料,对南海北部深水盆地的流体活动系统的类型、影响因素和它们之间的演化关系进行了研究.南海北部深水区存在着包括:泥火山、泥底辟、气烟囱、管状通道、多边形断层和构造断层等多种类型的流体活动系统.根据地震反射特征,可以把它们划分为断层有关的流体活动系统和柱状流体活动系统两大类.研究发现研究区内的流体活动系统主要受构造和沉积两方面的影响.并且,气烟囱、泥底辟和泥火山存在着单向演化的关系,可以从是否有沉积物参与运移及是否喷出海底将它们区分开来.最后,本文探讨了流体活动系统对深水油气和天然气水合物成藏的重要影响,建立了南海北部流体活动系统的存在模式. 相似文献
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《应用地球物理》2015,(3)
天然气水合物沉积层在常规叠后地震剖面上,一般表现为似海底反射(BSR)特征,常作为水合物识别的重要标志,但由于地震数据分辨率的限制与多解性的存在,类似的反射特征不一定是水合物的表现。本文先从南中国海神狐海域地质条件分析入手,综述研究区域天然气水合物发育的构造、沉积与运移环境;其次以加权方程与Zoeppritz公式的正演模拟为基础,讨论天然气水合物与BSR特征的关系;然后选取经过三口已钻获天然气水合物站位的地震测线,提取角度域共成像道集用于BSR的AVA特征研究;最后依据叠前地震弹性参数同步反演思路,对水合物重点赋存区域开展精细预测研究,获取了研究区域含水合物沉积层稳定带的分布特征与饱和度数。该方法可作为采用多道地震数据估算天然气水合物含量的一种有效技术。 相似文献
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南中国海北部陆坡神狐海域是天然气水合物发育的有利地区,钻井取芯表明此区域的天然气水合物以细颗粒状分布于水合物稳定带内.以三维地震数据为基础,讨论海洋天然气水合物调查的高分辨率地震成像关键技术,综合利用不同的地球物理方法(阻抗反演、属性聚类分析及神经网络方法等),以钻井结果为约束分析不同方法对天然气水合物识别的适用性,确定利用属性聚类方法来获得神狐海域天然气水合物与游离气的三维空间展布特征.将钻井取芯结果与地质条件相结合,综合多方面地球物理信息,分析产生这一分布特征的地质原因,指出断层与裂缝是南海北部陆坡神狐海域水合物、游离气的分布模式及天然气水合物形成的主要地质控制因素. 相似文献
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莺歌海盆地底辟发育机理与流体幕式充注 总被引：45，自引：1，他引：45
莺歌海盆地的底辟作用是在上第三系断裂不发育的构造格架下，盆地快速沉降和细粒沉积物快速充填引起的强超压和边界断层右旋走滑决定的张应力共同作用的结果．底辟活动具有多期间歇性，并引起上覆地层的间歇性双向上超和地层厚度变化．底辟构造带浅层气田具有明显的层间流体多重非均质性，其充注历史分为４期，不同期次充注的天然气的烃类气体、ＣＯ２和Ｎ２等非烃气体的含量以及烃气和ＣＯ２的同位素组成明显不同．底辟的多期间歇性活动、气田的多期不连续充注、流体活动的瞬态热效应及油气组分的强烈运移分异反映了流体的幕式充注和天然气幕式成藏． 相似文献
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Abstract Numerous Neogene/Quaternary marl outcrops of the submarine Antique Ridge and southern Negros accretionary complexes (Sulu Sea, Philippines) were formed by an oversteepen-ing of the slope by the collision with the Cagayan Ridge and Cuyo Platform and also by erosion.
The outcrops exhibit distinct joint systems that were developed under compressional stress parallel to an east-northeast subduction of the southeast Sulu Basin complex under the Panay-Negros Fore-Arc and Arc Complexes during the Late Miocene/earliest Pliocene. Typical bc-(longitudinal) joints following the axial trend of the subduction zone, hkO (diagonal) shear joints, and ac-(transverse) joints were formed. The regional stress in south-southeast, which has changed to northeast since the Early Pliocene, has caused an uplift of the accretionary complexes and a clockwise rotation of the subduction/collision zone axis of the Antique Ridge complex from a more northern direction to NNE. Consequently the pre-existing joint system has also rotated for 10° to 20°. A strike-slip motion parallel to this axis as a consequence of the NE collision may have been accommodated within the accretionary complex by the bc-joints.
Some bedding-plane parallel white veins or layers may be related to calcium carbonate precipitation via oxidation of methane which was probably carried by migrating fluids along shear zones.
Downslope, sediment transport as well as trench-parallel sediment transport in southerly directions is still going on, indicating active tectonic oversteepening of the slopes of the accretionary complexes as well as flowing water, possibly of intermediate water from the Northwest Sulu Basin into the Southeast Sulu Basin via the Panay Canyon. 相似文献
The outcrops exhibit distinct joint systems that were developed under compressional stress parallel to an east-northeast subduction of the southeast Sulu Basin complex under the Panay-Negros Fore-Arc and Arc Complexes during the Late Miocene/earliest Pliocene. Typical bc-(longitudinal) joints following the axial trend of the subduction zone, hkO (diagonal) shear joints, and ac-(transverse) joints were formed. The regional stress in south-southeast, which has changed to northeast since the Early Pliocene, has caused an uplift of the accretionary complexes and a clockwise rotation of the subduction/collision zone axis of the Antique Ridge complex from a more northern direction to NNE. Consequently the pre-existing joint system has also rotated for 10° to 20°. A strike-slip motion parallel to this axis as a consequence of the NE collision may have been accommodated within the accretionary complex by the bc-joints.
Some bedding-plane parallel white veins or layers may be related to calcium carbonate precipitation via oxidation of methane which was probably carried by migrating fluids along shear zones.
Downslope, sediment transport as well as trench-parallel sediment transport in southerly directions is still going on, indicating active tectonic oversteepening of the slopes of the accretionary complexes as well as flowing water, possibly of intermediate water from the Northwest Sulu Basin into the Southeast Sulu Basin via the Panay Canyon. 相似文献
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The fissure swarm of the Askja volcanic system along the divergent plate boundary of N Iceland 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Ásta Rut Hjartardóttir Páll Einarsson Haraldur Sigurdsson 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2009,71(9):961-975
Divergent plate boundaries, such as the one crossing Iceland, are characterized by a high density of subparallel volcanic fissures and tectonic fractures, collectively termed rift zones, or fissure swarms when extending from a specific volcano. Volcanic fissures and tectonic fractures in the fissure swarms are formed during rifting events, when magma intrudes fractures to form dikes and even feeds fissure eruptions. We mapped volcanic fissures and tectonic fractures in a part of the divergent plate boundary in northern Iceland. The study area is ~1,800 km2, located within and north of the Askja central volcano. The style of fractures changes with distance from Askja. Close to Askja the swarm is dominated by eruptive fissures. The proportion of tectonic fractures gets larger with distance from Askja. This may indicate that magma pressure is generally higher in dikes close to Askja than farther away from it. Volcanic fissures and tectonic fractures are either oriented away from or concentric with the 3–4 identified calderas in Askja. The average azimuth of fissures and fractures in the area deviates significantly from the azimuth perpendicular to the direction of plate velocity. As this deviation decreases gradually northward, we suggest that the effect of the triple junction of the North American, Eurasian and the Hreppar microplate is a likely cause for this deviation. Shallow, tectonic earthquakes in the vicinity of Askja are often located in a relatively unfractured area between the fissure swarms of Askja and Kverkfjöll. These earthquakes are associated with strike-slip faulting according to fault plane solutions. We suggest that the latest magma intrusions into either the Askja or the Kverkfjöll fissure swarms rotated the maximum stress axis from being vertical to horizontal, causing the formation of strike-slip faults instead of the dilatational fractures related to the fissure swarms. The activity in different parts of the Askja fissure swarm is uneven in time and switches between subswarms, as shown by a fissure swarm that is exposed in an early Holocene lava NW of Herðubreið but disappears under a younger (3500–4500 BP) lava flow. We suggest that the location of inflation centres in Askja central volcano controls into which part of the Askja fissure swarm a dike propagates. The size and amount of fractures in the Kollóttadyngja lava shield decrease with increasing elevation. We suggest that this occurred as the depth to the propagating dike(s) was greater under central Kollóttadyngja than under its flanks, due to topography. 相似文献
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Dov Bahat 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1979,45(2):445-452
The East African rift system is a product of two separate activities. An ancient process (Precambrian?) resulted in brittle crustal fracture, a deep vertical tensional feature. This defined the principal fracture pattern of the continent. It was initiated by an upward diapiric stress and propagated laterally according to the principles of elastic fracture and bifurcation. Later (Jurassic-Recent) horizontal and vertical multi-stage forces caused tectonic displacements along the ancient fractures and the present rift pattern was derived. As opposed to previous models, the present concept is compatible with many conflicting opinions of previous workers (e.g. indications of tensional versus compressional or vertical forces), and is capable of explaining many moot questions. 相似文献
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广东沿海新构造运动的大陆动力学背景 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
广东沿海新构造运动的大陆动力学背景了受周边板块运动影响外，还受该区大地构造演化的历史和壳幔深部结构制约。该区新构造应力场变化为：晚第三纪，陆缘裂陷盆地区为SSE为拉张，粤东、粤中沿海陆地局部为近SN向挤压；上新世晚期至今，为NWW-SEE向挤压。燕山晚期以来沿海地区“华夏山系”的造山后拉伸塌陷和岩石圈拆沉作用，导致地壳张裂，软流圈上涌，对广东沿海的新构造运动重要的控制作用。此外，广东沿海上地幔的高热状态和地壳内部的流变分层结构，是该区新构造运动和地震发生的重要的深部结构因素。 相似文献
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Conduit system and formation mechanism of heat fluids in diapiric belt of Yinggehai basin, China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The conduit system of heat fluids in diapiric belt of Yinggehai basin is dominantly vertical faults and fractures. Detailed
research on the formation mechanism and their occurrence features shows that the faults and fractures can be classified into
three types: intrastratal dispersive hydrofracture, puncturing fault and upwarping-extensional fault. The development of the
fault and fracture system not only resulted in the changes of the temperature and pressure fields in the basin, but also affected
the hydrocarbon migration in the overpressured system. These faults and fractures constituted the main pathways for vertical
hydrocarbon migration, and opening and closing intermittently led to episodic expulsion of overpressured fluid compartment.
Thus there formed the pool-forming model of multi-source mixing and ploy-stage migration and accumulation for hydrocarbons
in the Yinggehai basin.
Project jointly supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (Grant No.95-Pre-39) and the National Natural
Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 49732005), and A Hundred Excellent Researchers Foundation from the Ministry of Land
and Resources. 相似文献
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利用实测的海底温度和海底热流资料对东海陆坡和冲绳海槽中轴以西的槽底地区的海底温度场和热流场进行了分析. 利用地震声纳浮标和OBS（Ocean Bottom Seismometer）资料将本研究区的地层划分为6层，自上而下地层的速度分别为1.8(1.8～2.2) km/s、2.2（2.0～2.5）km/s、2.8（2.7～3.2）km/s、3.4～3.6km/s、4.2（4.1～4.7）km/s、5.1km/s. 上部的1.8～2.2 km/s的速度层相当于第四纪的地层，2.8 km/s的速度层相当于上新世上部的地层，3.4～4.2 km/s的速度层相当于上新世下部的地层. 天然气水合物稳定域覆盖的面积从水深约500m的陆坡下缘到冲绳海槽的中轴部分约70000km2，相当于整个东海海域面积的十分之一. 稳定带的厚度从400m（研究区中部）到1100m（研究区北部和南部）不等. 适合水合物稳定赋存的地层主要是第四纪（1.8km/s、2.2km/s）和上新世的地层（2.8km/s）. 根据热流、构造活动性和稳定带的厚度分析，研究区北部和南部更适合天然气水合物的稳定赋存. 相似文献
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为研究井周裂缝发育特征，本文提出一种新型方位侧向测井方法，利用三维有限元法，模拟裂缝的方位侧向测井响应.结果显示，深浅侧向电阻率幅度差异受裂缝倾角的控制，低角度缝为负差异，高角度缝为正差异；倾斜裂缝张开度的增大使测井响应值减小，方位电阻率差异增大；井周方位电阻率可反映裂缝方位产状，单一缝或裂缝密度较小时，沿裂缝走向的方位电阻率小，沿裂缝倾向的方位电阻率大；裂缝发育地层的测井响应显示宏观各向异性特征，但方位电阻率的差异显示发生反转现象，即沿裂缝走向/层理方向的方位电阻率大，沿裂缝倾向/垂直层理方向的方位电阻率小；对方位电阻率测井响应进行井周成像，直观显示了裂缝的产状和发育特征. 相似文献
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沿裂隙发育的天然气水合物是印度深水盆地细粒沉积物中水合物的重要产出方式,水合物以结核状或脉状充填在高角度裂隙中.天然气水合物主要沿着构造主应力方向生成,由于裂隙的存在,含水合物的沉积物层呈现各向异性.利用孔隙介质中水合物呈均匀分布的速度模型计算的NGHP01-10D井水合物饱和度高达40%,而压力取芯表明水合物饱和度占孔隙空间的20%左右.为了研究水合物饱和度差异,基于层状介质的各向异性模型计算了裂隙充填型水合物的饱和度.在垂直井孔中,由于波入射角与裂隙倾角有关,考虑裂隙倾角变化,利用纵波和横波速度同时反演水合物饱和度和裂隙倾角.利用层状介质模型计算的水合物占孔隙空间的15%～25%,裂隙的倾角在60°～90°,多为高角度裂隙.在NGHP01-10D井中,纵横波速度联合计算的饱和度与压力取芯结果吻合更好. 相似文献
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水合物分解对桩基础应力和变形影响的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
赋存于海底沉积物中的天然气水合物与固体颗粒相互胶结,增加了沉积物的强度,一旦水合物分解,会引起沉积物剪切强度降低,如果在含有水合物层上面或附近存在桩基础,必然影响其稳定性。本文采用应力释放法,通过数值计算,分别讨论了桩基础底部位于含水合物地层不同深度时,水合物分解对桩基础应力和变形的影响规律。计算结果表明,随着水合物分解过程中的模量软化和强度衰减,桩基础的水平和竖向位移增大,由于地基水平,土体没有驱动剪应力,水平位移增加不大,地基和桩基础主要表现为竖向沉降;桩底部位于水合物层中间的桩基础的沉降变形,比桩底穿过水合物层的桩基础大,在桩基础及其附近的土体产生较大的应力。 相似文献