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1.
Biomagnification profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), alkylphenols, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from the innermost part of Tokyo Bay, Japan were analyzed using stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope ratios as guides to trophic web structure. δ15N analysis indicated that all species of mollusks tested were primary consumers, while decapods and fish were secondary consumers. Higher concentrations of PCBs occurred in decapods and fish than in mollusks. In contrast, concentrations of PAHs and alkylphenols were lower in decapods and fish than in mollusks. Unlike PCBs, whose concentrations largely increased with increasing δ15N (i.e. increasing trophic level), all PAHs and alkylphenols analyzed followed a reverse trend. Molecular weights of PAHs are lower than those of PCBs, therefore low membrane permeability caused by large molecular size is an unlikely factor in the “biodilution” of PAHs. Organisms at higher trophic levels may rapidly metabolize PAHs or they may assimilate less of them.  相似文献   

2.
Many studies show that seagrass δ15N ratios increase with the amount of urbanization in coastal watersheds. However, there is little information on the relationship between urbanization and seagrass δ15N ratios on a global scale. We performed a meta-analysis on seagrass samples from 79 independent locations to test if seagrass δ15N ratios correlate with patterns of population density and fertilizer use within a radius of 10–200 km around the sample locations. Our results show that seagrass δ15N ratios are more influenced by intergeneric and latitudinal differences than the degree of urbanization or the amount of fertilizer used in nearby watersheds. The positive correlation between seagrass δ15N ratios and latitude hints at an underlying pattern in discrimination or a latitudinal gradient in the 15N isotopic signature of nitrogen assimilated by the plants. The actual mechanisms responsible for the correlation between δ15N and latitude remain unknown.  相似文献   

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5.
Freshwater gastropods, through their indiscriminate deposit feeding, provide an essential link between available benthic resources and higher trophic levels in a variety of aquatic habitats. Here we focus on the contribution of available sources to the diet of Melanoides tuberculata in different habitats within coastal subtropical lakes. Globally, this species is one of two dominant alien invasive thiarid gastropods that have established populations in diverse habitats across the New World. We assessed the dietary composition of M. tuberculata to provide insight on the ability of this species to utilize a range of resources under different environmental conditions as a factor that contributes towards its invasion success. Our results show that M. tuberculata exhibits a degree of trophic plasticity and that its diet is largely determined by the availability of resources. However, all sources were not consumed in equal proportions. Benthic microalgae and filamentous Cladophora sp. dominated the diet of snails inhabiting the shallow stream-fed habitats, with sedimentary organic matter making a significantly lower contribution. In contrast, detritus was the most important food source for individuals from the littoral zone of an oligotrophic lake. Although M. tuberculata exhibits trophic plasticity, there is evidence for specialization in diet between individuals within small spatial scales. These variations may contribute to the overall invasion success of this species, by reducing intraspecific competition for resources following introduction to new habitats.  相似文献   

6.
Intense farming is often associated with the excessive use of manure or fertilizers and the subsequent deterioration of the groundwater quality in many aquifers worldwide. Stable isotopes of dissolved nitrate (δ15N and δ18O) are widely used to determine sources of nitrate contamination and denitrification processes in groundwater but are often difficult to interpret. Thus, Monte Carlo simulations were carried out for a site in lower Bavaria, Germany, in order to explain δ15N observations in a porous groundwater system with two aquifers, the main aquifer (MA) and several smaller perched aquifers (PA). For evaluating potential contributions, frequency distributions of δ15N were simulated deriving from (I) the mixing of different nitrate sources, related to land use, as input to groundwater, combined with (II) transport of nitrate in groundwater and (III) microbial denitrification. Simulation results indicate a source-driven isotopic shift to heavier δ15N values of nitrate in groundwater, which may be explained by land use changes toward a more intensified agriculture releasing high amounts of manure. Microbial denitrification may play a role in the PA, with simulated δ15N distributions close to the observations. Denitrification processes are however unlikely for the MA, as reasonable simulation curve fits for such a scenario were obtained predominantly for unrealistic portions of nitrate sources and related land use. The applied approach can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the influence of different potential contributions, which might mask each other due to overlapping δ15N ranges, and it can support the estimation of nitrate input related to land use.  相似文献   

7.
Trace elements (TEs) and stable isotope ratios (δ15N and δ13C) were analyzed in fish from deep-water of the Sulu Sea, the Celebes Sea and the Philippine Sea. Concentrations of V and Pb in pelagic fish from the Sulu Sea were higher than those from the Celebes Sea, whereas the opposite trend was observed for δ13C. High concentrations of Zn, Cu and Ag were found in non-migrant fish in deep-water, while Rb level was high in fish which migrate up to the epipelagic zone, probably resulting from differences in background levels of these TEs in each water environment or function of adaptation to deep-water by migrant and non-migrant species. Arsenic level in the Sulu Sea fish was positively correlated with δ15N, indicating biomagnification of arsenic. To our knowledge, this is the first study on relationship between diel vertical migration and TE accumulation in deep-water fish.  相似文献   

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9.
Marble has a great potential to understand a history of various geological events occurring during tectonic processes. In order to decode metamorphic–metasomatic records on C–O isotope compositions of marble at mid-crustal conditions, we conducted a C–O–Sr isotope study on upper amphibolite-facies marbles and a carbonate–silicate rock from the Hida Belt, which was once a part of the crustal basement of the East Asian continental margin. Carbon and oxygen isotope analyses of calcite from marbles (Kamioka area) and a carbonate–silicate rock (Wadagawa area) show a large variation of δ13C [VPDB] and δ18O [VSMOW] values (from −4.4 to +4.2 ‰ and +1.6 to +20.8 ‰, respectively). The low δ13C values of calcites from the carbonate–silicate rock (from −4.4 to −2.9 ‰) can be explained by decarbonation (CO2 releasing) reactions; carbon–oxygen isotope modeling suggests that a decrease of δ13C strongly depends on the amount of silicate reacting with carbonates. The occurrence of metamorphic clinopyroxene in marbles indicates that all samples have been affected by decarbonation reactions. All δ18O values of calcites are remarkably lower than the marine-carbonate values. The large δ18O variation can be explained by the isotope exchange via interactions between marble, external fluids, and/or silicates. Remarkably low δ18O values of marbles that are lower than mantle value (~+5 ‰) suggest the interaction with meteoric water at a later stage. Sr isotope ratios (87Sr/86Sr = 0.707255–0.708220) might be close to their protolith values. One zircon associated with wollastonite in a marble thin-section yields a U–Pb age of 222 ± 3 Ma, which represents the timing of the recrystallization of marble, triggered by H2O-rich fluid infiltration at a relatively high-temperature condition. Our isotope study implies that the upper amphibolite-facies condition, like the Hida Belt, might be appropriate to cause decarbonation reactions which can modify original isotope compositions of marble if carbonates react with silicates.  相似文献   

10.
Macroalgae blooms of Gracilaria vermiculophylla, Hypnea spinella and Spyridia filamentosa have been found in coastal lagoons in the SE Gulf of California. Agriculture, livestock, shrimp and poultry farms and sewage contribute anthropogenic nitrogen to the systems. The δ15N of these sources, water column and macroalgae were studied in order to identify the N supply for macroalgae blooms. δ15N of three species of macroalgae (4.3-13.6‰) were enriched compared to the water column ( 3.7-6.8‰), probably because of fractioning from the macroalgae. δ15N of POM (1.4-10.3‰) was similar to the water column but the relationship was unclear. Depending on the site, macroalgae showed different δ15N values since some sites receive more or less influence from one given source of the associated watershed, which is reflected in the different δ15N values of the macroalgae of the same system and in the relative contributions of the sources.  相似文献   

11.
尽管中国有关稻粟混作的研究已有不少报道,但混作区内稻粟农业在先民生产生活中的地位以及在家畜饲养中的作用,其发展与文化演进和传播、古环境变化间的内在联系等关键问题,依然未能很好地解决.为此,本文对位于稻粟混作区内的湖北郧县青龙泉遗址出土的人和猪骨（3000～2600 BC屈家岭文化期和2600～2200 BC石家河文化期）进行了C,N稳定同位素分析,试图在揭示他们食物结构的基础上,探讨稻粟农业在先民和猪食物结构中的地位及其演变过程,并对稻粟的种植与文化交流以及古环境间的相互关系进行初步探索.先民的δ13C值位于-16.7‰～-12.4‰之间,平均值为-14.6‰±1.3‰（n=24）,这表明先民的食物中兼具C3和C4类食物.由于遗址中同时发现了稻（C3类植物）粟（C4类植物）遗存,据此我们认为,稻粟农业均对先民的食物有所贡献,且粟作农业在先民的生活方式中占次要地位.先民的δ15N均值为9.0‰±1.2‰（n=24）,表明动物类蛋白在先民的食物中占有相当的比例,但其较大的分布范围（6.6‰～10.8‰）则表明,先民的肉食来源存在相当大的差异.猪的δ13C均值（-14.3‰±2.5‰,n=13）与先民类似,而δ15N均值（7.7‰±0.6‰,n=13）稍逊于先民,表明猪的食物来源与人相近,其食物中可能含有较多的人类食物残余.对先民和猪的δ13C值和δ15N值的相关性分析结果显示皆不具有相关性,暗示先民和猪的食物来源中含有较多的植物类食物,这很可能与当时较为发达的稻粟混作农业密切相关.通过不同文化期内先民和猪食物结构的对比分析,发现粟类食物在石家河文化期人和猪食物中所占比例皆上升10%左右,反映了粟作农业明显加强,而这种变化与古环境变迁以及南北文化间的交流密切相关.当气候温暖、降水增加、屈家岭文化北进之时,稻作盛行;而在气候变冷、降水减少、北方文化南传之际,粟作加强.  相似文献   

12.
A multiproxy approach including bulk organic carbon, δ~(13) C, lignin phenols, and lipid biomarker analyses were applied to characterize the source and composition of sedimentary organic matter in the head part of Three Gorges Reservoir. OM consisted of both natural(autochthonous and allochthonous) and anthropogenic inputs.The natural OM included input from vascular plants,especially non-woody angiosperms. The allochthonous input included plankton and microbial production, likely due to localized eutrophication. Anthropogenic inputs likely derived from petroleum input and/or urban activities.Other anthropogenic inputs were untreated sewage waste.These influences were concluded to be regionally specific point sources of pollution based on relative distributions and on the fact that molecular characteristics of sedimentary OM were not distributed smoothly along a gradient.  相似文献   

13.
The natural abundance of 15N (δ15N) has been widely used to detect anthropogenically derived N loads in environmental impact studies. The present study involved retrospective analysis of subsamples of Fucus vesiculosus L. collected during a period of three years (2008–2010) from two sites: a control site, within a coastal reference area, and an area affected by the effluents of a marine land-based fish farm. The isotopic signal in different subsamples of the macroalgae thalli (tissue that has grown during the same period) varied depending on the age of the tissue. Moreover, the isotopic signal decreased significantly with the age of the frond to within a certain range. The δ15N of F. vesiculosus is temporally unstable; therefore, measurement of the δ15N of macroalgal tissues does not allow reliable retrospective biomonitoring of environmental pollution. Further knowledge about the growth and other biological aspects of this species is required.  相似文献   

14.
During the 22nd Chinese Antarctic Research Expedition (CHINARE-22), the atmospheric gas samples above the oceanic surface and near the surface were collected on the track for the scientific ship "Xuelong" and on Millor Peninsula of eastern Antarctica, respectively, using the Tedlar gas bags. Every day the sampling times were 10:00 and 22:00 (local time), respectively. In the laboratory, high-precision measurement of the isotopic compositions for N2O in these gas samples was conducted using Thermo Finnigan MAT-253 Isotopic Mass Spectrometer with a fully automated interface for the pre-GC concen-tration (PreCon) of trace gases. The temporal and spatial variations of δ 15N and δ 18O in atmospheric N2O were analyzed. The mean δ 15N and δ 18O-N2O values above the oceanic surface were (7.21±0.50)‰ and (44.52±0.52)‰, respectively. From 30°N to Antarctica, the δ 15N (6.05‰―7.88‰) linearly increased with the rate of about 0.01‰ with the latitude while the δ 18O (43.05‰―48.78‰) showed a large fluctua-tion. The δ 15N negatively correlated with air temperature and N2O concentration, and slightly positively correlated with δ 18O. The summertime variations of δ 15N and δ 18O-N2O appeared the same trend on Millor Peninsula of eastern Antarctica. They significantly positively correlated with each other and negatively with N2O concentration. The δ 15N and δ 18O-N2O at different sites averaged (7.42±0.35)‰ and (44.69±0.49)‰, respectively, slightly higher than those above the oceanic surface, significantly higher than those of atmospheric N2O in the low-latitude regions of Northern Hemisphere. The predominant factors affecting the spatial variations of δ 15N and δ 18O values were also discussed. The isotopic data given in this study can help to investigate the global and regional N2O budgets.  相似文献   

15.
The impact on groundwater imparted by the infiltration of high dissolved organic carbon (DOC) leachate from capped, unlined landfills can be attenuated by biogeochemical reactions beyond the waste source, although such reactive loss in the aquifer is difficult to distinguish from conservative advective dispersion. Compound-specific measurement of δ(13)C in carbon species, including CH(4), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and the major DOC compounds (acetate, humic acid, and fulvic acid) provides a constraint in this assessment that can assist in exercises of modeling and prediction of leachate transport. The Trail Road municipal landfill near Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, hosts an unlined sector which produces a highly enriched leachate (DOC >4500 mg/L) that provides a good site to examine reactive attenuation within the receptor aquifer. Acetate, a sentinel component of leachate DOC (~1000 mg C/L), is absent in impacted groundwater. Mass balance calculations together with reaction modeling suggest continued acetate fermentation with calcite control on DIC and δ(13)C(DIC) evolution. In groundwater within 50 m of the landfill, methane concentrations are elevated (~10 mg/L), consistent with acetate fermentation, whereas δ(13)C(CH4) measurements in deeper groundwater range down to -51‰ compared with -60‰ in the landfill demonstrating oxidative loss. DOC in the deep aquifer is remarkably depleted to values less than -40‰ suggesting methanotrophic bacteria selectively consume isotopically light CH(4) to fix carbon. Continued reaction of leachate DOC in groundwater is demonstrated by evolution away from conservative mixing lines on diagrams of δ(13)C vs. concentrations of DIC and DOC.  相似文献   

16.
A primary goal of ice core studies is to reconstruct paleoclimates from information derived from the oxy-gen isotopes records in ice cores. Usually, the δ 18O in precipitation correlates with climatic parameters, such as temperature, precipitation amount, and relative hu-midity of the atmosphere[1-3]. Positive correlations exist between mean annual surface air temperatures and δ 18O in precipitation at mid-high latitudes, namely the “temperature effect”; with higher tem-peratures correspon…  相似文献   

17.
There have been a number of investigations for examining the possible link between long-term climate variability and solar activity.A continuous δ18O record of peat cellulose covering the past 6000 years and the response of climate variation inferred from the proxy record to solar forcing are reported.Results show that during the past 5000 years the abrupt climate variations,including 17 warming and 17 cooling,and a serious of periodicities,such as 86,101,110,127,132,140,155,207,245,311,820 and 1050 years,are strikingly correlative to the changes of solar irradiation and periodicity.These observations are considered as further evidence for a close relationship between solar activity and climate variations on time scales of decades to centuries.  相似文献   

18.
Oxygen stable isotope of atmospheric water vapor is widely used to study the modern process of cli- mate. Atmospheric water vapor samples were collected at Dlingha, northeast of Tibetan Plateau during the period from July 2005 to February 2006. The variation of δ18O and the relationships between δ18O and both the temperature and specific humidity are analyzed in this paper. Results show that the sea- sonal variation of δ18O of atmospheric water vapor at Delingha is remarkable with higher δ18O in summer and lower δ18O in winter. The temporal variation of vapor δ18O shows obvious fluctuations, with magnitude of over 37‰. The daily variation of the δ18O is highly correlated with air temperature. The relationship between δ18O and atmospheric water vapor content is complex. Study shows that δ18O of atmospheric water vapor is positively correlated with specific humidity in winter in seasonal scale and inversely correlated with specific humidity in summer rainy period. The δ18O values of at- mospheric water vapor are lower than those of precipitation at Delingha, and the average difference is 10.7‰. Variations of δ18O of atmospheric water vapor is also found to be affected by precipitation events, The model results show that the precipitation effect could have caused the vapor δ18O in the raining season to lower by 7% in average in July and August.  相似文献   

19.
Green macroalgae bioassays were used to determine if the δ15N signature of cruise ship waste water effluent (CSWWE) could be detected in a small harbor. Opportunistic green macroalgae (Ulva spp.) were collected, cultured under nutrient depleted conditions and characterized with regard to N content and δ15N. Samples of algae were used in controlled incubations to evaluate the direction of isotope shift from exposure to CSWWE. Algae samples exposed to CSWWE exhibited an increase of 1-2.5‰ in δ15N values indicating that the CSWWE had an enriched isotope signature. In contrast, algae samples exposed to field conditions exhibited a significant decrease in the observed δ15N indicating that a light N source was used. Isotopically light, riverine nitrogen derived from N2-fixing trees in the watershed may be a N source utilized by algae. These experiments indicate that the δ15N CSWWE signature was not detectable under the CSWWE loading conditions of this experiment.  相似文献   

20.
To monitor the composition and the vertical flux of particulate matter from the sea surface, a sediment trap was moored in Cuenca Alfonso, Bahía de La Paz, a zone of high productivity in the southwestern Gulf of California. Carbonate-free samples from 2002 to 2005 were analyzed for Corg, N, δ13C, and δ15N. The results show seasonal and interannual variability, with the δ13C and δ15N values larger in spring and summer than in fall and winter. The C:N ratio and δ13C increased by 1.5 units from 2002 to 2003–2005, suggesting a change in the supply of organic matter and-or the use or preferential degradation of Norg. There was no interannual variation in δ15N. The occasional high δ15N values suggest that physical mechanisms, such as the shoaling and advection into the bay of 15N-rich subsurface equatorial water, occur over short time periods. The latter is presumed to be related to the periodic development of a significant cyclonic gyre in the southern Gulf.  相似文献   

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