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应力释放模型在地震活动性研究中多有应用。但无论是简单应力释放模型还是耦合应力释放模型在应用中都存在着一个共同问题,就是地震发生条件概率强度与地震活动性不同步。为解决这一问题,本文对应力释放模型做了进一步修改,在原应力释放模型的计算条件概率强度公式中引入了时间延迟因子,从而初步解决了地震发生条件概率强度与地震活动性之间不协调的矛盾。此外,在利用台湾地区地震资料考察新模型时发现,改进后的新模型比原模型更优,预测地震的效能更高;在发震时刻预测的回顾性检验中,改进后的耦合应力释放模型比原应力释放模型和泊松模型的预测精度有较大提高。 相似文献
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应力释放模型的改进及其在研究台湾地区地震预测问题中的应用. 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
应力释放模型过去主要用于研究大范围历史大地震活动规律．本文对应力释放模型进行了改进，对其能否运用于区域更小、时段更短、震级更低的情况进行了探讨；以台湾地区近百年6级以上地震为例的研究结果表明，应力释放模型仍然适用．在回溯性的地震预测检验中，用改进的应力释放模型计算出台湾地区地震发生的条件概率强度，并用其预测6级以上地震的发震时刻．结果表明，其预测精度优于泊松模型． 相似文献
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基于中国各构造区1900年以来的本尼奥夫应变累积释放序列,采用协整分析和因果关系检验方法研究表明,青藏高原与华北地区地震活动的应变释放存在着长期均衡关系;在某种程度上,青藏高原地区地震应变释放是华北地区应变释放发生变化的原因;青藏高原对华北地区地震应变释放的影响存在约20多年的滞后效应.本文结果对两个构造单元的地球动力学研究提供了统计学证据. 相似文献
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基于2015年尼泊尔地震序列的破裂模型及均匀弹性半空间模型,计算了该地震序列传递到中国西藏境内发生在定日县地震和聂拉木县地震的应力.2015年尼泊尔地震序列导致定日县地震和聂拉木地震节面和滑动方向的库仑应力增加(2~3)×103 Pa和(2.4~3.1)×105 Pa,表明这两个地震受到尼泊尔地震序列的触发.其次,我们计算了2015年尼泊尔地震序列在中国大陆及其附近主要活动断层上产生的库仑应力变化.喜马拉雅主山前逆冲断裂和青藏高原内部的拉张正断层上的库仑应力有较大的增加,而青藏高原的走滑断裂,如阿尔金断裂、东昆仑断裂、玉树玛曲断裂、班公错断裂西部、嘉黎断裂的库仑应力有较大的降低.天山南北两侧的断裂库仑应力降低.而华北及东北、华南地区的库仑应力变化几乎可以忽略不计.最后,计算了该地震序列造成的水平应力变化.水平面应力在2015年尼泊尔地震序列北向(青藏高原大部和新疆区域)增加(拉张),而在地震序列东侧的西藏南部和川滇地区南部降低(压缩),在华北和东北仅有少许增加,在华南地区有少许降低.在中国西部,主压应力表现为以2015年地震序列为圆心的向外辐射状,而主张应力方向与同心圆切线方向大体一致.水平主压应力方向在东北地区为北东向,在华北地区为北东东向,在华南地区为南东东向.这种模式与现今构造应力场方向相似,表现了2015尼泊尔地震序列所代表的印度板块和欧亚板块的碰撞是中国大陆构造变形的主要动力来源. 相似文献
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对断层应力状态进行分析有助于理解断层力学性质及其上发生的地震活动。文中搜集了青藏高原东南边缘地区的中小地震震源机制结果,反演了区域地壳水平应力场,并进一步基于摩尔-库仑准则分析了区域主要断裂带的稳定性。结果表明:青藏高原东南缘地区地壳水平应力场主要表现为剪切型应力状态,龙门山地区表现为压缩型应力状态,而川西高原地区主要表现为拉张型应力状态;区域地壳最大主压应力方位近平行于地形高程梯度方向,最大主张应力的方位近平行于地形高程等值线的切线方向,反映了青藏高原重力扩展作用对区域水平应力场的控制作用;基于应力的断裂带稳定性分析结果表明,青藏高原东南缘地区的14条主要断裂带中,莲峰-昭通断裂在2014年前后稳定性最低,应力状态最接近于破裂状态。 相似文献
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粘弹性有限元与弹簧滑块耦合模型——断层与地块相互作用的数值模拟 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
建立了粘弹性有限元方法和弹簧滑块的耦合模型,模拟了缓慢的大尺度地壳构造运动转化为急剧的小尺度断层失稳的时间过程,展示了地壳块体系统在板块边界作用下的相对运动,断层分配了主要的变形,导致了应力的积累,通过弹簧滑块模型模拟出服从Gutenberg-Richter定律的地震序列。断层摩擦强度的不均匀性控制了地震的发生以及块体的应力状态,地震破裂过程由成核点开始向两端扩展,伴随有应力的触发、应力释放和应力再分配的过程。断层的破裂事件释放了地壳块体的部分应力,靠近断层的地块应力受到局部破裂段的影响,而远离断层的地块应力状态受到断层整体地震活动的控制。 相似文献
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力学和统计模型结合研究人工合成地震活动性及其对预报真实地震的启示 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
基于断层网络的弹簧-滑块-阻尼器力学模型而提出的细胞自动机模型,产生了具有确定性混沌的人工合成地震目录．一个挑战性的问题是,如何仅利用地震目录反演原系统的某些特性,直至在一定时限内预报合成地震．我们运用一种改进了的应力释放统计模型,从合成地震目录中较成功地反演了系统应力的时间变化,但根据应力变化对地震发生进行有效的概率预报仍需进一步的研究． 相似文献
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使用广西数字地震台网记录的2013年6月-7月广西平果ML1.0-3.0震群162次地震波形资料,采用Brune（1970）模型,通过几何扩散校正、介质衰减校正、仪器校正等,将速度记录谱归算为震源位移谱,利用遗传算法计算拐角频率及零频极限,然后计算地震矩、应力降等小震震源参数,系统分析各参数之间的关系.研究表明：近震震级、地震矩、震源破裂半径、拐角频率、应力降等之间可以拟合为对数或半对数的线性关系;地震应力降、视应力与震源破裂半径没有明显的依赖关系,但与地震矩成正相关关系;与其他地区的同类研究结果基本一致,获得各参数的定标关系相近,尤其是通过最小二乘法拟合应力降与地震矩之间的关系后,与浙江珊溪水库地区的应力降与地震矩之间的关系有很强的一致性;与其他地区的应力降及视应力降相比较,本研究区属于低应力释放地区,但由于此次研究的地震事件时间跨度较短,且时间段比较集中,对该地区的应力释放水平还需跟踪研究. 相似文献
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Remote sensing is an important source of snow‐cover extent for input into the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) and other snowmelt models. Since February 2000, daily global snow‐cover maps have been produced from data collected by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The usefulness of this snow‐cover product for streamflow prediction is assessed by comparing SRM simulated streamflow using the MODIS snow‐cover product with streamflow simulated using snow maps from the National Operational Hydrologic Remote Sensing Center (NOHRSC). Simulations were conducted for two tributary watersheds of the Upper Rio Grande basin during the 2001 snowmelt season using representative SRM parameter values. Snow depletion curves developed from MODIS and NOHRSC snow maps were generally comparable in both watersheds: satisfactory streamflow simulations were obtained using both snow‐cover products in larger watershed (volume difference: MODIS, 2·6%; NOHRSC, 14·0%) and less satisfactory streamflow simulations in smaller watershed (volume difference: MODIS, −33·1%; NOHRSC, −18·6%). The snow water equivalent (SWE) on 1 April in the third zone of each basin was computed using the modified depletion curve produced by the SRM and was compared with in situ SWE measured at Snowpack Telemetry sites located in the third zone of each basin. The SRM‐calculated SWEs using both snow products agree with the measured SWEs in both watersheds. Based on these results, the MODIS snow‐cover product appears to be of sufficient quality for streamflow prediction using the SRM in the snowmelt‐dominated basins. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Snow‐covered areas (SCAs) are the fundamental source of water for the hydrological cycle for some region. Accurate measurements of river discharge from snowmelt can help manage much needed water required for hydropower generation and irrigation purposes. This study aims to apply the snowmelt runoff model (SRM) in the Upper Indus basin by the Astore River in northern Pakistan for the years 2000 to 2006. The Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM) data are used to generate the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the region. Various variables (snow cover depletion curves (SCDCs), temperature and precipitation) and parameters (degree‐day factor, recession coefficient, runoff coefficients, time lag, critical temperature and temperature lapse rate) are used as input in the SRM. However, snow cover data are direct and an important input to the SRM. Satellite data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) are used to estimate the SCA. Normalized difference snow index (NDSI) algorithm is applied for snow cover mapping and to differentiate snow from other land features. Nash–Sutcliffe coefficient of determination (R2) and volume difference (DV) are used for quality assessment of the SRM. The results of the current research show that for the study years (2000–2006), the average value of R2 is 0·87 and average volume difference DV is 1·18%. The correlation coefficient between measured and computed runoff is 0·95. The results of the study further show that a high level of accuracy can be achieved during the snowmelt season. The simulation results endorse that the SRM in conjunction with MODIS snow cover product is very useful for water resource management in the Astore River and can be used for runoff forecasts in the Indus River basin in northern Pakistan. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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表面多次波是一种相干干扰，在海洋地球物理勘探中表面多次波尤为明显.本文给出了表面多次波衰减方法的研究现状的系统阐述，并分析了表面多次波衰减研究的发展趋势.表面多次波衰减主要有滤波法和波动理论方法.对于滤波法给出了广泛应用的抛物Radon变换法的实例，指出了抛物Radon 变换法存在滤波时能量泄漏的问题.同时本文分析了基于波动理论的处理优势和存在的问题，该方法可以处理任意介质的情形，但是对于数据的采集要求比较严格，另外在进行表面多次波衰减处理以前，要进行一系列的预处理，这些预处理的误差直接决定着多次波衰减的效果.最后，本文给出了表面多次波衰减的发展趋势——将滤波法和波动理论法结合来实现多次波的衰减.两类方法如何有效地结合是该类方法一个重要的研究方向. 相似文献
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Simulation of snowmelt runoff in ungauged basins based on MODIS: a case study in the Lhasa River basin 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Linghua Qiu Jinjun You Fei Qiao Dingzhi Peng 《Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment (SERRA)》2014,28(6):1577-1585
It is theoretically and practically significant to conduct snowmelt runoff simulations and hydrological research for high-elevation regions. The Lhasa River basin, an ungauged basin, is a typical alpine headwater region where snowmelt runoff contributes significantly to its stream flow. In this study, the snowmelt period, defined by the snow cover curves obtained at different altitudinal zones based on Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Digital Elevation Model data, occurred from March 6 to July 12 in the basin. The snowmelt processes were simulated with the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) in 2002 and 2003 for calibration and validation, respectively. The coefficients of determination (R 2 ) were 0.86 and 0.87 for calibration and validation, respectively, and the Nash–Sutcliffe coefficients were both 0.80, which indicate reasonable performances in simulating hydrological processes in the Lhasa River basin. The simulated snowmelt at altitudes below 5,000 m accounts for most of the snowmelt. And the simulated snowmelt runoff contributed 3–6 % to the total runoff. The sensitivity of individual parameters was analysed and ranked as follows: α and γ > C S > C R > T crit . In short, the SRM based on MODIS remotely sensed data performed well for the ungauged Lhasa River basin. 相似文献
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Statistical Postprocessing of NWP Model Outputs Applied to Maximum and Minimum Temperature Forecasts
Karel Dejmal 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2000,44(1):73-83
Statistical postprocessing of NWP model outputs is applied to maximum and minimum temperature forecasts. Two approaches to its application are effected to local short-range weather forecasts of minimum and maximum temperatures: Model Output Statistics and modified Perfect Prognosis. The modified Perfect Prognosis method is restricted to the first step of PP because of the significant difference between the horizontal resolution of the available objective analyses and the NWP model outputs. The modified Perfect Prognosis method uses actual data from the objective analysis related to the forecast period instead of the NWP forecast. The results are compared with a simple statistical prognostic model, which does not utilize the NWP model outputs, and with simple reference methods. The forecast is verified using ground station measurements from stations providing SYNOP reports. The results show that the predictive accuracy of the Model Output Statistics method is not very different from that of the modified Perfect Prognosis method, and both are significantly more accurate than the direct predictions of the NWP model. The results have confirmed that statistical postprocessing is able to make localized predictions even if lowresolution data are used. 相似文献
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Effect of climatic change on snowmelt runoffs in mountainous regions of inland rivers in Northwestern China 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Snow is one of the most active natural elements of snow cover through its high albedo, variation of the the cryosphere on the earth surface. Its unique proper- snow cover distribution and frozen soils in regional ties, such as areal extent, surface albedo, and snow scales not only affect local climate and environments, depth are important parameters in global energy bal- but also feedback to large-scale, or even global cli- ance models. On global and terrestrial scales, a large matic change th… 相似文献
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Approximation approach to the SRM based on root decomposition in the simulation of spatially varying ground motions 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
The spectral representation method(SRM) is widely used to simulate spatially varying ground motions.This study focuses on the approximation approach to the SRM based on root decomposition,which can improve the efficiency of the simulation.The accuracy of the approximation approach may be affected by three factors: matrix for decomposition,distribution of frequency interpolation nodes and elements for interpolation.The influence of these factors on the accuracy of this approach is examined and the following conclusions are drawn.The SRM based on the root decomposition of the lagged coherency matrix exhibits greater accuracy than the SRM based on the root decomposition of the cross spectral matrix.The equal energy distribution of frequency interpolation nodes proposed in this study is more effective than the counter pith with an equal spacing.Elements for interpolation do not have much of an effect on the accuracy,so interpolation of the elements of the decomposed matrix is recommended because it is less complicated from a computational efficiency perspective. 相似文献
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Věnceslava Pretlová 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1991,35(1):39-58
Summary An implicit nonlinear normal mode initialization scheme proposed by Temperton is modified and applied to a limited-area mesoscale baroclinic model. Stress is put on the numerical aspects of the method. 相似文献
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Melted snow volume control in the snowmelt runoff model using a snow water equivalent statistically based model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Snowmelt is an important component of the river discharge in mountain environments. In the past 40 years, the snowmelt dynamics has been mostly evaluated using degree‐day‐based models like the snowmelt runoff model (SRM). This model has no control on the volume of the melting snow, even if SRM includes as data input the snow‐covered area. This lack explains why the application of SRM may lead to inaccurate snowmelt volume estimations, even if the discharge volumes are accurately reproduced. Here we introduce in SRM the control on the melted snow volume and consider it in the determination of SRM parameters. The total snow volume, accumulated at the end of winter season, is evaluated by a snow water equivalent statistically based model, SWE‐SEM, and used as an estimate of the melting snow during the summer season. The benefit derived from the introduction of the control on the melting snow volume was investigated in the Mallero basin (northern Italy) for the 2003 and 2004 snow melting seasons. The analysis compares the model's results adopting different parameter sets, both considering and ignoring the control on the melting snow volume. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献