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受地下复杂构造和地震数据采集系统的影响，使地震波对地下目标的照明出现不均匀性，地震采集系统难以有效地获取地下某些目标的反射信息，进而使数据偏移成像在这些目标体上出现成像阴影. 根据波场和Green函数的窗口Fourier框架展开，利用角度域波动方程偏移成像和波动方程照明分析，并结合波动方程反演理论，提出一种角度域波动方程偏移成像阴影照明补偿方法. 这种补偿方法能同时考虑地震数据采集系统和波场传播路径对偏移成像的影响，消除复杂构造区的偏移成像阴影，改进波动方程叠前深度偏移成像在复杂构造区的成像效果. 相似文献
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叠前深度偏移已成为近年来地震偏移成像领域广泛应用的技术之一,其中复杂盐丘下方目标区域结构的成像始终是偏移成像中较难解决的问题.局部角度域波场分解可以提供在空间和方向上的双重局部化信息,因而这一技术被广泛地应用在方向照明分析、成像振幅校正等方面.本文在采用局部指数标架小波束进行角度域方向照明分析的基础上,研究采集系统对复杂盐丘下部层状结构成像质量的影响;同时通过分析目标区对应于相对地表采集系统分布的照明能量,确定叠前炮集数据中对盐下目标区成像起重要贡献的部分,并将这些数据用来对目标区成像,从而达到提高盐下结构成像质量的目的.本文将二维SEG-EAGE盐丘模型中盐下反射体作为目标区,分别计算其照明分析和由照明能量分布确定的炮集数据对目标区的偏移成像结果,同时通过与成像振幅校正前后的成像结果对比,说明了该方法对提高目标区结构成像质量的有效性. 相似文献
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全方位观测系统是目前海上一种可以实现连续环状采集的地震观测系统,它有效扩大目标层上面元的采集方位范围,能够更全面地反映地下构造信息,具有极高的生产效率.本文在波前构建法三维射线追踪技术的基础上,通过获得模拟偏移振幅强度作为照明量,来衡量目标层对不同观测系统的照明响应,为评价和优化不同观测系统提供指导依据.测试结果表明:与平行观测系统相比,全方位观测系统在目标层上的照明能量的连续性和均匀性最好,能够有效地改善平行观测系统下照明阴影区的照明效果,是一种理想的观测系统,可以广泛适用于海上复杂地质环境下的地震采集工作. 相似文献
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The complex geological conditions in doubly complex areas tend to result in difficult surface survey operations and poor target layer imaging in the subsurface which has a great impact on seismic data quality. In this paper, we propose an optimal crooked line survey method for decreasing the surface survey operational difficulties and improving the sub-layer event continuity. The method concentrates on the surface shooting conditions, first, selecting the proper shot positions based on the specific surface topographic features to reduce the shot difficulties and then optimizing the receiver positioning to meet the prerequisite that the subsurface reflection points remain in a straight line. Using this method cannot only lower the shooting difficulty of rough surface condition areas but also overcome the subsurface reflection point bending problem appearing in the traditional crooked line survey method. On the other hand, we use local infill shooting rather than conventional overall infill shooting to improve sublayer event continuity and uniformity with lower survey operation cost. A model has been calculated and processed with the proposed optimal crooked line survey and local infill shooting design method workflow and the results show that this new method can work for seismic surveys in double complex areas. 相似文献
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基于波场延拓的叠前深度偏移是实现复杂构造地质体成像的最可靠方法,但存在着计算量大、对观测系统适应性差等缺点.面炮偏移是波动方程实现精确叠前成像的另一类方法,具有较高的计算效率,不存在偏移孔径问题,而且可以通过控制照明方法,解决平面波在目标区域的能量补偿问题.本文采用面炮成像技术进行叠前深度偏移,通过对面炮震源下行波场的质量控制和优选射线个数和范围,以达到最佳的成像效果.采用控制照明技术,较大地提高了目标地层的成像精度.与此同时,得到振幅随入射角变化(AVA)道集,有利于叠前振幅解释和储层岩性预测.数据实验表明面炮成像技术是一种快速有效的方法,其成像精度与单平方根算子的共炮点道集偏移和双平方根算子的共中心点道集偏移相当,但在计算速度上要快得多,而且易于并行计算. 相似文献
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研究不同偏移方法的成像机理是实现复杂构造高精度成像的前提,研究了两类共炮点域的相关型叠前深度偏移成像方法：基于单程波动方程的叠前深度成像方法和基于双程波动方程的叠前深度成像方法,同时对比了它们在计算效率、数据存储量、成像精度、成像机理、速度敏感性等方面的差异及其共性。以复杂构造模型为例,采用了傅里叶有限差分法（FFD）和逆时成像法（RTM）,这两种方法实现了121个共炮点道集的叠前深度偏移成像处理。计算结果表明,当速度准确时,两种深度域波动方程成像方法均可以恢复出各个地质反射界面,其中逆时偏移对陡倾角成像效果显著,当速度存在百分比误差和随机扰动情况时,逆时成像结果要差于单程波方法,因此,逆时偏移方法对速度的敏感性较大,且低频噪声较为严重。 相似文献
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Directional‐oriented wavefield imaging: a new wave‐based subsurface illumination imaging condition for reverse time migration 
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下载免费PDF全文 The key objective of an imaging algorithm is to produce accurate and high‐resolution images of the subsurface geology. However, significant wavefield distortions occur due to wave propagation through complex structures and irregular acquisition geometries causing uneven wavefield illumination at the target. Therefore, conventional imaging conditions are unable to correctly compensate for variable illumination effects. We propose a generalised wave‐based imaging condition, which incorporates a weighting function based on energy illumination at each subsurface reflection and azimuth angles. Our proposed imaging kernel, named as the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging, compensates for illumination effects produced by possible surface obstructions during acquisition, sparse geometries employed in the field, and complex velocity models. An integral part of the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging condition is a methodology for applying down‐going/up‐going wavefield decomposition to both source and receiver extrapolated wavefields. This type of wavefield decomposition eliminates low‐frequency artefacts and scattering noise caused by the two‐way wave equation and can facilitate the robust estimation for energy fluxes of wavefields required for the seismic illumination analysis. Then, based on the estimation of the respective wavefield propagation vectors and associated directions, we evaluate the illumination energy for each subsurface location as a function of image depth point and subsurface azimuth and reflection angles. Thus, the final directional‐oriented wavefield imaging kernel is a cross‐correlation of the decomposed source and receiver wavefields weighted by the illuminated energy estimated at each depth location. The application of the directional‐oriented wavefield imaging condition can be employed during the generation of both depth‐stacked images and azimuth–reflection angle‐domain common image gathers. Numerical examples using synthetic and real data demonstrate that the new imaging condition can properly image complex wave paths and produce high‐fidelity depth sections. 相似文献
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多震源混合地震采集技术,即将多个震源以一定编码方式连续地激发,得到多炮混合的地震数据.该技术能减少地震采集时间,节约采集成本,但是混合数据的直接偏移会在成像剖面中引入严重的串扰噪声,影响成像效果.从数学上看,地震成像属于典型的数学物理反问题,可以采用线性反演方法求解一个正则化约束的最小二乘(LS)优化问题,获得更高质量的成像结果.全变分(TV)正则化方法是图像去噪和复原领域中广泛应用的热点技术,其能在去除噪声的过程中保留图像的边缘信息和不连续性.在对TV图像去噪复原方法原理分析的基础上,本文将多震源混合数据直接偏移成像问题转换成图像复原的极小化能量泛函问题,用TV正则化代替传统最小二乘偏移(LSM)中的L2范数正则化,提出基于全变分原理的混合数据直接偏移方法.该方法使用基于梯度的快速迭代收缩阈值与快速梯度投影组合算法——FISTA/FGP求解最优化问题,能有效压制串扰噪声,增强同相轴连续性,提高成像分辨率.理论模型测试结果表明:将本方法应用于混合数据,无论是去噪效果还是成像精度都得到显著改善. 相似文献
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断层和断裂带的有效识别是地震资料解释中的重要环节,断层在地震信号响应中以断面波的形式体现,因此断面波成像的质量关系到断层的精细识别与刻画.本文利用精度较高的交错网格有限差分正演模拟方法对断面波成像的影响因素进行了正演研究,主要正演分析的参数包括采集因素中的电缆长度和采集方向,地质因素中的断层倾角、断距、反射系数,以及处理因素中的偏移方法等几个方面.通过正演论证得出：采用合理的采集参数能够提高断面波的照明度;有效结合地质因素能够提高断面波的解释精度;利用合理的偏移方法能够使断层归位更加准确,断面波有效成像.基于以上结论,对于断面波的精确识别与刻画,应综合采集因素,处理因素及地质因素,只有这样才能提高断层的解释精度,有效减小解释误差. 相似文献
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The principle and procedures of beam-source and plane-source synthesis for wave-equation based imaging/migration are introduced and tested with Gabor-Daubechies and local-cosine beamlet prestack migration. Plane-source synthesis and imaging are treated as a special case of approximation to the beam-source synthesis and imaging. Beam sources with properly selected windows provide both space and direction localizations for illumination and are very flexible for target-oriented migration using wave-theory based methods. On the other hand, plane-source imaging can increase the computation efficiency of depth migration significantly, up to 5-10 times for the SEG-EAGE 2D salt model and Marmousi model, while maintains the image quality similar or comparable to that of point-source (common-shot) imaging/migration. 相似文献
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角度域成像道集是叠前深度偏移的重要输出结果,它是偏移速度分析、各向异性分析和AVA分析等研究工作的基础.目前存在的角度域成像道集的生成方法受计算效率或角度分辨率的影响,仍然满足不了实际生产的要求.角度域成像道集的生成方法可以大致分为直接法和间接法两大类.在直接方法中,波矢量方向计算和局部平面波分解是两个最重要的内容,它们共同决定角度域成像条件的实现效率和角度域成像道集的质量.为了完善现有的角度域成像道集生成方法,本文提出一种新的波矢量计算方法和局部平面波分解方法.本文先用波动方程任意时刻的柯西条件构造一个只含原波场负频率成分的柯西波场,然后根据柯西波场在时间波数域的振幅谱计算波场的波矢量方向.该方法仅在需要计算波矢量方向的时刻合成柯西波场,不需要增加额外的数据读写操作,是一种高效的波矢量计算方法.本文还以柯西波场为基础提出一种高效的局部平面波分解方法,保证角度域成像条件的实现效率.结合柯西波场和局部平面波分解方法,本文最后给出一种新的角度域成像方法.文中最后的数值实验证明该方法得到的角度域成像道集具有理想的角度分辨率,可以反映地下构造的角度照明情况. 相似文献
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本文提出了两种情况下主动源数据和被动源数据的插值方法,并研究了两种数据在偏移成像中的互补效果.基于互相关法被动源数据重构原理,本文提出了结合多域迭代去噪技术的重构方法.提出了两种时间域主动源和被动源数据的插值方法,分别是共炮点域能量匹配插值和共检波点域最小平方匹配插值.然后对获得的主动源和被动源联合地震数据进行叠前深度偏移成像.在被动源活跃度不是很高的地区进行被动源地震勘探时,少量的主动源地震数据可以有效控制和补充被动源数据的成像效果.在稀疏炮点的主动源勘探中,有效利用被动源的信息能够在成像中增加更多的细节信息,提高成像质量. 相似文献
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Ernesto Bonomi Leesa M. Brieger Luca Cazzola Francesco Zanoletti 《Geophysical Prospecting》2006,54(5):505-514
Prestack wave‐equation migration has proved to be a very accurate shot‐by‐shot imaging tool. However, 3D imaging with this technique of a large field acquisition, especially one with hundreds of thousands of shots, is prohibitively costly. Simply adapting the technique to migrate many superposed shot‐gathers simultaneously would render 3D wavefield prestack migration cost‐effective but it introduces uncontrolled non‐physical interference among the shot‐gathers, making the final image useless. However, it has been observed that multishot signal interference can be kept under some control by averaging over many such images, if each multishot migration is modified by a random phase encoding of the frequency spectra of the seismic traces. In this article, we analyse this technique, giving a theoretical basis for its observed behaviour: that the error of the image produced by averaging over M phase encoded migrations decreases as M?1 . Furthermore, we expand the technique and define a general class of Monte‐Carlo encoding methods for which the noise variance of the average imaging condition decreases as M?1 ; these methods thus all converge asymptotically to the correct reflectivity map, without generating prohibitive costs. The theoretical asymptotic behaviour is illustrated for three such methods on a 2D test case. Numerical verification in 3D is then presented for one such method implemented with a 3D PSPI extrapolation kernel for two test cases: the SEG–EAGE salt model and a real test constructed from field data. 相似文献
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近年来,油气勘探的重心正转向具有复杂地表和复杂地质体的双复杂区域.本文发展了一种精确的双复杂条件下基于地表倾角信息的非倾斜叠加束偏移方法,相对于传统束成像方法无需进行三方面处理:(1)高程静校正;(2)相位校正;(3)束中心与接收点之间关于速度和束出射角的近似替换,因而具有更高的成像精度.通过加拿大逆掩断层模型、中原油田断层模型及实际资料的偏移试算,并与传统束偏移及波动方程偏移成像结果对比可知:本文非近似束偏移方法在近地表、高陡倾等构造处的成像精度、反射界面成像振幅等方面优于传统的偏移方法,以此验证了本文非倾斜叠加精确束偏移方法的正确性、优越性及适应性. 相似文献
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Guoxu Shu Taikun Shi Xiaofang Du Hai Xu Shoudong Huo 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2018,62(4):648-659
Simultaneous sources acquisition, also referred to as “blended acquisition”, involves recording two or more shots simultaneously. It allows for denser spatial sampling and can greatly speed up the field data acquisition. Thus, it has potential advantage to improve seismic data quality and reduce acquisition cost. In order to achieve the goal of blended acquisition, a deblending procedure is necessary. It attenuates the interference and thus improves the resolution of the pre-stack time migration image. In this paper, we propose an efficient deblending method, which applies frequency-varying median and mean filters to cross-spread azimuth-offset gathers (XSPR-AO). The method can be used with variable window sizes according to the characteristics of the interference. The effectiveness of the method is validated by a field data example. 相似文献
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在许多地震反演和偏移成像方法中,都要涉及到射线路径和旅行时的计算.本文将波前面三角形网格剖分和三维波前重建法射线追踪技术结合使用,实现了射线路径和旅行时的准确快速计算.三维波前重建法射线追踪过程中可以保证稳定合理的射线密度,克服了常规射线追踪方法存在阴影区的问题.波前面三角形网格剖分在描述和拆分波前面时更加准确有效,而且不需太多的网格数目,从而提高了射线追踪的精度和效率.该方法在三维复杂构造成像方面有独特的优势,目前在实际的Kirchhoff 偏移中的已经有相关应用. 相似文献
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本文基于波场的局部平面波分解，得到空间和方向都具有局部性的局部平面波小波束，并由此对Fourier有限差分传播算子进行局部平面波分解.这种用小波束分解的单向传播算子，可被用来对采集系统进行定向照明分析和采集倾角响应估算，以分析采集系统布局和上覆结构对面向目标的叠前偏移成像质量的影响.进而，利用局部平面波成像矩阵及其成像相册，根据目标结构的主倾角方向，抽取并叠加部分局部平面波像，可以进行目标结构定向化特征成像.最后，对具有速度强横向变化上覆结构的陡倾角目标断层的复杂二维SEG-EAGE盐丘模型数据，进行采集系统目标照明分析和目标结构定向化特征成像. 相似文献