共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
作为一种新兴的被动遥感技术,全极化微波辐射计不仅可以提供海面风速产品,还可以提供海面风向产品.以往利用全极化微波辐射计观测亮温进行海面风场反演仅在晴空条件下进行,本文通过对观测亮温结合台风区域海面风场的分布特征进行分析,验证了全极化微波辐射计具有在台风等恶劣天气条件下进行海面风场观测的能力.基于敏感性分析实验,确定使用6.8 GHz和10.7 GHz等低频通道组合可进行台风区域内海面风场反演.其中,海面风速反演使用基于统计的多元线性回归算法,同时对海面温度、大气水汽含量、云中液态水含量及降水强度等物理量进行反演计算,为海面风向反演做准备.海面风向反演使用物理统计法进行,借鉴散射计风向反演使用的最大似然估计法.通过在全极化辐射传输前向模型中加入降水对大气透过率的影响、设计第三和第四Stokes通道亮温环境影响修正函数,在实现台风区域内海面风向反演的同时减小了反演误差.通过对“云娜”台风境内海面风场进行数值计算,验证了本文反演算法的可行性,并对反演误差的空间分布特征进行了分析.将2004年各台风过程的海面风场反演结果与散射计风场产品进行对比,海面风速和海面风向反演的均方根误差分别为1.64 m·s-1和18.02°. 相似文献
2.
We simulated geostationary satellite observations to assess the potential for high spatial-and temporal-resolution monitoring of air pollution in China with a focus on tropospheric ozone(O_3), nitrogen dioxide(NO_2), sulfur dioxide(SO_2), and formaldehyde(HCHO). Based on the capabilities and parameters of the payloads onboard sun-synchronous satellites, we simulated the observed spectrum based on a radiative transfer model using a geostationary satellite model. According to optimal estimation theory, we analyzed the sensitivities and retrieval uncertainties of the main parameters of the instrument for the target trace gases. Considering the retrieval error requirements of each trace gas, we determined the major instrument parameter values(e.g., observation channel, spectral resolution, and signal-to-noise ratio). To evaluate these values, retrieval simulation was performed based on the three-dimensional distribution of the atmospheric components over China using an atmospheric chemical transportation model. As many as 90% of the experiments met the retrieval requirements for all target gases. The retrieval precision of total-column and stratospheric O_3 was 2%. In addition, effective retrieval of all trace gases could be achieved at solar zenith angles larger than 70°. Therefore, the geostationary satellite observation and instrument parameters provided herein can be used in air pollution monitoring in China. This study offers a theoretical basis and simulation tool for improving the design of instruments onboard geostationary satellites. 相似文献
3.
4.
利用谱元法的规则六面体单元进行网格剖分时,界面起伏较大处会出现阶梯状网格而导致模拟时产生数值散射。为消除阶梯状网格对起伏界面地震动模拟计算的影响,本文基于TrueGrid软件编写了应用程序,提出了起伏界面处六面体单元网格剖分方式,通过该程序可快速建立起伏界面处均匀的六面体网格模型。本文采取了删除四纵列拐角单元、删除一纵列拐角单元以及构造单元过渡环3种剖分方式,解决两个方向上（x-z与y-z方向）单元二合一过渡后拐角处产生扭曲单元的问题。将阶梯状网格经二合一处理后变为斜面网格,并投影至起伏界面,使得网格完全贴合起伏界面,改善了用台阶状网格近似描绘起伏界面的问题。将3种模型通过谱元法进行数值模拟计算验证了该剖分方式的正确性,对比结果发现删除拐角处一纵列单元方式与设置过渡环的方式均可使用,删除四纵列拐角单元方式不推荐使用,本文提出的方案有助于提高谱元法处理起伏界面问题的灵活性。 相似文献
5.
Parallel computing is a promising approach to alleviate the computational demand in conducting large-scale finite element analyses. This paper presents a numerical modeling approach for earthquake ground response and liquefaction using the parallel nonlinear finite element program, ParCYCLIC, designed for distributed-memory message-passing parallel computer systems. In ParCYCL1C, finite elements are employed within an incremental plasticity, coupled solid-fluid formulation. A constitutive model calibrated by physical tests represents the salient characteristics of sand liquefaction and associated accumulation of shear deformations. Key elements of the computational strategy employed in ParCYCL1C include the development of a parallel sparse direct solver, the deployment of an automatic domain decomposer, and the use of the Multilevel Nested Dissection algorithm for ordering of the finite element nodes. Simulation results of centrifuge test models using ParCYCLIC are presented. Performance results from grid models and geotechnical simulations show that ParCYCLIC is efficiently scalable to a large number of processors. 相似文献
6.
Lunar equatorial regolith temperature profiles were simulated using the half-limited solid heat conduction model. Based on the infrared data measured using the Diviner radiometer on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter launched by the United Sates in June 2009, three factors influencing temperature profiles were analyzed. The infrared brightness temperature data from Diviner channel 7 were used to retrieve surface temperature. In simulating regolith temperature profiles, the retrieved temperature, rather than temperatures calculated from solar radiance at the lunar surface, were used as the input for surface temperature in solving the heat-conductive equation. The results showed that the bottom-layer temperature at depths of 6 m approached almost 246 K after 10000 iterations. The temperature was different to the temperature of 250 K at the same depth encountered in simulations using solar radiance. Simulations from both methods of surface temperatures over a lunar day gave similar variations. At lunar night, the temperature difference between the two was about 2 K; the main differences occurred when the solar elevation angle was very low when surface temperatures are largely affected by terrain topography. With no certainty in lunar temperature profiles at present, the advantage of the retrieval method using infrared sensor data as input to the boundary conditions in solving the lunar heat conduction equation is that simulations of surface temperature variations are more accurate. This is especially true in areas with large variations in terrain topography, where surface temperatures vary greatly because of shading from the sunlight. 相似文献
7.
混合藻类高光谱特征及其叶绿素a分离定量模型 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用地物高光谱遥感技术,在室内进行小球藻、聚球藻及其混合藻高光谱测量.得到这3组藻的反射光谱特征,同时进行叶绿素a(Chl.a)浓度测量.利用Matlab软件中的神经网络工具箱对得到的高光谱数据进行了曲线拟合.并用拟合结果和光谱测量实际结果分别建立了两种单一藻类的定量模型单一小球藻Chl.a最优的定量模型为用反射率实际值建立的小球藻单波段反射率模型Chl.a=1×10~7(R_(687))~2-37016R_(687)+53.64.单一聚球藻Chl.a最优的定量模型为利用反射率实际值建立的聚球藻两波段模型Chl.a=853 15×[R~(-1)(669)-R~(-1)(730)]×R(730)+505.78.在对两种单一藻类定量模型研究的基础上分别用单波段反射率分离模型、三波段分离模型和两波段分离模型对由小球藻和聚球藻组成的混合藻进行了Chl.a浓度分离.其中单波段反射率分离模型和两波段分离模型得到了较好的分离结果,单波段反射率分离模型结果要优于两波段分离模型结果.利用神经网络模型拟合值构建的模型要优于直接用反射率测量值构建的模型,而三波段分离模型的分离结果不理想,不适用于本研究. 相似文献
8.
Using remotely-sensed data, various soil moisture estimation models have been developed for bare soil areas. Previous studies have shown that the brightness temperature (BT) measured by passive microwave sensors were affected by characteristics of the land surface parameters including soil moisture, vegetation cover and soil roughness. Therefore knowledge of vegetation cover and soil roughness is important for obtaining frequent and global estimations of land surface parameters especially soil moisture.In this study, a model called Simultaneous Land Parameters Retrieval Model (SLPRM) that is an iterative least-squares minimization method is proposed. The algorithm estimates surface soil moisture, land surface temperature and canopy temperature simultaneously in vegetated areas using AMSR-E (Advance Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS) brightness temperature data. The simultaneous estimations of the three parameters are based on a multi-parameter inversion algorithm which includes model construction, calibration and validation using observations carried out for the SMEX03 (Soil Moisture Experiment, 2003) region in the South and North of Oklahoma.Roughness parameter has also been included in the algorithm to increase the soil parameters retrieval accuracy. Unlike other methods, the SLPRM method works efficiently in all land covers types.The study focuses on soil parameters estimation by comparing three different scenarios with the inclusion of roughness data and selects the most appropriate one. The difference between the resulted accuracies of scenarios is due to the roughness calculation approach.The analysis on the retrieval model shows a meaningful and acceptable accuracy on soil moisture estimation according to the three scenarios.The SLPRM method has shown better performance when the SAR (Synthetic Aperture RADAR) data are used for roughness calculation. 相似文献
9.
探讨利用SCIAMACHY数据反演温室气体二氧化碳 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
自工业革命以来CO2已经成为引起全球气候变暖的一种最主要的人为温室气体,由此引起的全球气候变化是当今社会经济可持续发展面临的最严峻挑战之一.为了更好的研究二氧化碳在时间与空间尺度上的格局及变化,综合分析CO2与太阳辐射、地面反照率、气溶胶等要素之间的关系,本文回顾了以往利用新型卫星传感器获取多源遥感数据的特点,分析了多种反演计算方法的优缺点,并结合地面实测数据进行对比分析的方法与理论,全面阐述国际上有关CO2柱浓度反演的思想.作者认为目前在地面观测站较少的情况下,针对先进的SCIAMACHY传感器数据利用DOAS相关算法及BESD算法进行CO2柱体浓度反演的数据连续,技术成熟,并由此提出了下一步工作中应解决的3个问题. 相似文献
10.
11.
Roberta-Serena Blasone Jasper A. Vrugt Henrik Madsen Dan Rosbjerg Bruce A. Robinson George A. Zyvoloski 《Advances in water resources》2008
In the last few decades hydrologists have made tremendous progress in using dynamic simulation models for the analysis and understanding of hydrologic systems. However, predictions with these models are often deterministic and as such they focus on the most probable forecast, without an explicit estimate of the associated uncertainty. This uncertainty arises from incomplete process representation, uncertainty in initial conditions, input, output and parameter error. The generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) framework was one of the first attempts to represent prediction uncertainty within the context of Monte Carlo (MC) analysis coupled with Bayesian estimation and propagation of uncertainty. Because of its flexibility, ease of implementation and its suitability for parallel implementation on distributed computer systems, the GLUE method has been used in a wide variety of applications. However, the MC based sampling strategy of the prior parameter space typically utilized in GLUE is not particularly efficient in finding behavioral simulations. This becomes especially problematic for high-dimensional parameter estimation problems, and in the case of complex simulation models that require significant computational time to run and produce the desired output. In this paper we improve the computational efficiency of GLUE by sampling the prior parameter space using an adaptive Markov Chain Monte Carlo scheme (the Shuffled Complex Evolution Metropolis (SCEM-UA) algorithm). Moreover, we propose an alternative strategy to determine the value of the cutoff threshold based on the appropriate coverage of the resulting uncertainty bounds. We demonstrate the superiority of this revised GLUE method with three different conceptual watershed models of increasing complexity, using both synthetic and real-world streamflow data from two catchments with different hydrologic regimes. 相似文献
12.
Hideo Aochi Ariane Ducellier Fabrice Dupros Mickael Delatre Thomas Ulrich Florent de Martin Masayuki Yoshimi 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2013,170(1-2):43-64
Finite difference simulations of seismic wave propagation are performed in the Niigata area, Japan, for the 2007 Mw 6.6 Niigata-ken Chuetsu-Oki earthquake at low frequencies. We test three 3D structural models built independently in various studies. First aftershock simulations are carried out. The model based on 3D tomography yields correct body waves in the near field, but later phases are imperfectly reproduced due to the lack of shallow sediment layers; other models based on various 1D/2D profiles and geological interpretation provide good site responses but generate seismic phases that may be shifted from those actually observed. Next, for the mainshock simulations, we adopt two different finite source models that differ in the near-field ground motion, especially above the fault plane (but under the sea) and then along the coastline. Each model is found to be calibrated differently for the given stations. For engineering purposes, the variations observed in simulated ground motion are significant, but for seismological purposes, additional parameter calibrations would be possible for such a complex 3D case. 相似文献
13.
During exploration and pre-feasibility studies of a typical petroleum project many analyses are required to support decision making. Among them is reservoir lithofacies modeling, preferably using uncertainty assessment, which can be carried out with geostatistical simulation. The resulting multiple equally probable facies models can be used, for instance, in flow simulations. This allows assessing uncertainties in reservoir flow behavior during its production lifetime, which is useful for injector and producer well planning. Flow, among other factors, is controlled by elements that act as flow corridors and barriers. Clean sand channels and shale layers are examples of such reservoir elements that have specific geometries. Besides simulating the necessary facies, it is also important to simulate their shapes. Object-based and process-based simulations excel in geometry reproduction, while variogram-based simulations perform very well at data conditioning. Multiple-point geostatistics (MPS) combines both characteristics, consequently it was employed in this study to produce models of a real-world reservoir that are both data adherent and geologically realistic. This work aims at illustrating how subsurface information typically available in petroleum projects can be used with MPS to generate realistic reservoir models. A workflow using the SNESIM algorithm is demonstrated incorporating various sources of information. Results show that complex structures (e.g. channel networks) emerged from a simple model (e.g. single branch) and the reservoir facies models produced with MPS were judged suitable for geometry-sensitive applications such as flow simulations. 相似文献
14.
ABSTRACTReliable simulations of hydrological models require that model parameters are precisely identified. In constraining model parameters to small ranges, high parameter identifiability is achieved. In this study, it is investigated how precisely model parameters can be constrained in relation to a set of contrasting performance criteria. For this, model simulations with identical parameter samplings are carried out with a hydrological model (SWAT) applied to three contrasting catchments in Germany (lowland, mid-range mountains, alpine regions). Ten performance criteria including statistical metrics and signature measures are calculated for each model simulation. Based on the parameter identifiability that is computed separately for each performance criterion, model parameters are constrained to smaller ranges individually for each catchment. An iterative repetition of model simulations with successively constrained parameter ranges leads to more precise parameter identifiability and improves model performance. Based on these results, a more consistent handling of model parameters is achieved for model calibration. 相似文献
15.
A new algorithm for microwave radiometer remote sensing of sea surface salinity and temperature 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The microwave radiation of the sea surface, which is denoted by the sea surface brightness temperature, is not only related with sea surface salinity (SSS) and temperature (SST), but also influenced by sea surface wind. The errors of wind detected by satellite sensor have significant influences on the accuracy of SSS and SST retrieval. The effects of sea surface wind on sea surface brightness temperature, i.e. △Th,v, and the relations among △Th,v, wind speed, sea surface tempera- ture, sea surface salinity and incidence angle of observation are investigated. Based on the investi- gations, a new algorithm depending on the design of a single radiometer with double polarizations and multi-incidence angles is proposed. The algorithm excludes the influence of sea surface wind on SSS and SST retrieval, and provides a new method for remote sensing of SSS and SST. 相似文献
16.
Optimization of multi-phase transport models is important both for calibrating model parameters to observed data and for analyzing management options. We focus on examples of geological carbon sequestration (GCS) process-based multi-phase models. Realistic GCS models can be very computationally expensive not only due to the spatial distribution of the model but also because of the complex nonlinear multi-phase and multi-component transport equations to be solved. As a result we need to have optimization methods that get accurate answers with relatively few simulations. In this analysis we compare a variety of different types of optimization algorithms to understand the best type of algorithms to use for different types of problems. This includes an analysis of which characteristics of the problem are important in choice of algorithm. The goal of this paper is to evaluate which optimization algorithms are the most efficient in a given situation, taking into account shape of the optimization problem (e.g. uni- or multi-modal) and the number of simulations that can be done. The algorithms compared are the widely used derivative-based PEST optimization algorithm, the derivative-based iTOUGH2, the Kriging response surface algorithm EGO, the heuristics-based DDS (Dynamically Dimensioned Search), and the Radial Basis Function surrogate response surface based global optimization algorithms ‘GORBIT’ and ‘Stochastic RBF’. We calibrate a simple homogeneous model ‘3hom’ and two more realistic models ‘20layer’ and ‘6het’. The latter takes 2 h per simulation. Using rigorous statistical tests, we show that while the derivative-based algorithms of PEST are efficient on the simple 3hom model, it does poorly in comparison to surrogate optimization methods Stochastic RBF and GORBIT on the more realistic models. We then identify the shapes of the optimization surface of the three models using enumerative simulations and discover that 3hom is smooth and unimodal and the more realistic models are rough and multi-modal. When the number of simulations is limited, surrogate response surfaces algorithms perform best on multi-modal, bumpy objective functions, which we expect to have for most realistic multi-phase flow models such as those for GCS. 相似文献
17.
David Love Stefan Uhlenbrook Gerald Corzo-Perez Steve Twomlow Pieter van der Zaag 《水文科学杂志》2013,58(5):687-703
Abstract Two types of monthly water balance models at basin scale are used: PE models use precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) as their observed input data, whereas P models need only precipitation. Calibration proceeds by comparing model runoff and observed runoff. Calibration is entirely automatic with the exclusion of subjective elements. All models differ only by their actual evapotranspiration equations. PE models from previous papers are generalized essentially by replacing the constant evapotranspiration parameter by a periodic one, thus increasing the number of parameters by two (a “parameter” is an unknown constant to be estimated, and which is a characteristic of the river basin to be described). P models use a periodic “driving force”, which is intended to represent periodicity of hydrological phenomena, normally originating in the (unavailable) PET time series. These eight PE models and three P models are then applied to 55 river basins in 10 countries with widely diverging climates and soil conditions. A marked improvement of model performance in about one third of the basins is due to the introduction of the above mentioned periodic functions. Even when PET data are available it is sometimes useful to consider P models. P models scarcely perform less well than PE models. An engineer, wanting to try out as few models as possible on a given river basin, can restrict his attention to the optimization of two or three models. The paper is an extension of a long effort towards monthly water balance models, and is believed to give a solution in most circumstances. 相似文献
18.
Housner谱烈度及修正谱烈度作为基于加速度记录时程直接得到的地震动强度参数，与建筑结构破坏及地震宏观烈度存在较高的相关性，是可靠的地震仪器烈度物理参数指标。然而，相对于地面加速度峰值、地面速度峰值等地震动峰值参数，三分量加速度记录对应的谱烈度计算过程较为复杂，耗时相对较长，影响了利用谱烈度确定地震仪器烈度的时效性。基于对强震动加速度记录的统计分析，本文提出了谱烈度的快速近似算法，仅计算4个方向上的谱烈度值，采用其中3点作圆即可获得水平面内谱烈度迹线的近似最大值，使计算速度提高了45倍，且保持了谱烈度作为地震仪器烈度物理指标的精度。利用在汶川MS 8.0地震等386次MS > 3.0地震中获取的2701组强震动加速度记录，经可靠性检验，结果表明所提出的Housner谱烈度快速近似算法的计算误差在±4.5%以内，可以同时满足地震仪器烈度速报的可靠性和时效性需求。 相似文献
19.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2017,(2)
We propose an algorithm that combines a pre-processing step applied to the a priori state vector prior to retrievals,with the modified damped Newton method(MDNM),to improve convergence.The initial constraint vector pre-processing step updates the initial state vector prior to the retrievals if the algorithm detects that the initial state vector is far from the true state vector in extreme cases where there are CO_2 emissions.The MDNM uses the Levenberg-Marquardt parameter y,which ensures a positive Hessian matrix,and a scale factor a,which adjusts the step size to optimize the stability of the convergence.While the algorithm iteratively searches for an optimized solution using observed spectral radiances,MDNM adjusts parameters y and a to achieve stable convergence.We present simulated retrieval samples to evaluate the performance of our algorithm and comparing it to existing methods.The standard deviation of our retrievals adding random noise was less than 3.8 ppmv.After pre-processing the initial estimate when it was far from the true value,the CO_2 retrieval errors in the boundary layers were within 1.2 ppmv.We tested the MDNM algorithm's performance using GOSAT L1b data with cloud screening.Our preliminary validations comparing the results to TCCON FTS measurements showed that the average bias was less than 1.8 ppm and the correlation coefficient was approximately 0.88,which was larger than for the GOSAT L2 product. 相似文献
20.
A new methodology is proposed for the development of parameter-independent reduced models for transient groundwater flow models. The model reduction technique is based on Galerkin projection of a highly discretized model onto a subspace spanned by a small number of optimally chosen basis functions. We propose two greedy algorithms that iteratively select optimal parameter sets and snapshot times between the parameter space and the time domain in order to generate snapshots. The snapshots are used to build the Galerkin projection matrix, which covers the entire parameter space in the full model. We then apply the reduced subspace model to solve two inverse problems: a deterministic inverse problem and a Bayesian inverse problem with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) method. The proposed methodology is validated with a conceptual one-dimensional groundwater flow model. We then apply the methodology to a basin-scale, conceptual aquifer in the Oristano plain of Sardinia, Italy. Using the methodology, the full model governed by 29,197 ordinary differential equations is reduced by two to three orders of magnitude, resulting in a drastic reduction in computational requirements. 相似文献