共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
The radiocarbon age profile of a sediment core from the eastern equatorial Atlantic shows a marked decrease in both clay and carbonate accumulation rates at the end of the last glacial period, with overall rates of 3.2 and 8.1 cm/kyr for the Holocene and late glacial respectively. The transition from glacial to postglacial conditions recorded in the sediments at 39 cm is above the visual Fe(II)/Fe(III) redox boundary at 48 cm which has been used in the past to identify the glacial section, and even further above the increase in preserved organic carbon content at 55 cm. It is concluded from the present organic carbon profile, and recent observations in this area and elsewhere, that organic diagenesis in these sediments is not steady state. Instead it is suggested that the uppermost glacial sediments lost carbon through oxic remineralisation at the change to postglacial conditions, and that this process is now continued with nitrate as the electron acceptor. These observations suggest that the double MnOx solid phase peak which occurs in these and similar sediments is a direct consequence of an adjustment of the oxic layer depth following the decrease in carbon flux at the onset of the Holocene. 相似文献
2.
Over the last few decades, some estuaries have undergone a transition to a hyperturbid state, characterised by suspended sediment concentrations of several grammes per litre averaged over the water column. To improve our understanding of this transition and of naturally hyperturbid estuaries, we systematically identify the processes allowing for high suspended sediment concentrations using a water column (1DV) model. Under a range of realistic forcing conditions, the state of the water column can be characterised by one of two equilibrium states. The first is an erosion-limited state, in which there still is sediment available for erosion at the bed. We find that this state only occurs with relatively low concentrations. The second is a supply-limited state, in which all erodable sediment is in suspension. The concentration in this state depends entirely on the amount of sediment in the system and can potentially be very high. We identify the conditions under which the state of the water column can jump from a low to a high concentration and identify hysteresis in the transition between the two states. The mechanism responsible for this hysteresis is hindered settling. It thus follows that hyperturbidity is only possible in a supply-limited state. From this observation we derive a necessary condition for an estuarine system to make the transition from low turbidity to hyperturbidity in a 1DV context. This is an important step towards understanding why some estuaries are hyperturbid and assessing the risk that particular estuaries may become hyperturbid in the future. 相似文献
3.
Stephen P. Garabedian 《Ground water》2013,51(6):927-934
A new steady‐state analytical solution to the two‐dimensional radial‐flow equation was developed for drawdown (head) conditions in an aquifer with constant transmissivity, no‐flow conditions at the top and bottom, constant head conditions at a known radial distance, and a partially completed pumping well. The solution was evaluated for accuracy by comparison to numerical simulations using MODFLOW. The solution was then used to estimate the rise of the salt water‐fresh water interface (upconing) that occurs under a pumping well, and to calculate the critical pumping rate at which the interface becomes unstable, allowing salt water to enter the pumping well. The analysis of salt water‐fresh water interface rise assumed no significant effect on upconing by recharge; this assumption was tested and supported using results from a new steady‐state analytical solution developed for recharge under two‐dimensional radial‐flow conditions. The upconing analysis results were evaluated for accuracy by comparison to those from numerical simulations using SEAWAT for salt water‐fresh water interface positions under mild pumping conditions. The results from the equation were also compared with those of a published numerical sharp‐interface model applied to a case on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. This comparison indicates that estimating the interface rise and maximum allowable pumping rate using the analytical method will likely be less conservative than the maximum allowable pumping rate and maximum stable interface rise from a numerical sharp‐interface model. 相似文献
4.
《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2006,241(1-2):202-210
Plumes rising from the core–mantle boundary (CMB) are often assumed to transport most, or all, of the heat conducted across the CMB. Here this assumption is explored using numerical convection models in idealized geometries that lead to a single plume under steady-state or near steady state conditions. Plume heat transport is calculated for different internal heating rates using two methods and compared to the CMB heat flux. For these conditions, it is found that the heat flux transported by plumes in the upper mantle is only a fraction of the core heat flux and, thus, core heat flow estimates derived from observed hotspots could be multiplied by a factor of several. 相似文献
5.
6.
A process-based model for sediment transport under various wave and current conditions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Chi ZHANG Jin-Hai ZHENG Yi-Gang WANG Meng-Tao ZHANG Dong-Sheng JENG and Ji-Sheng ZHANG Dr. State 《国际泥沙研究》2011,(4):498-512
The purpose of this study is to investigate the capability of a newly developed process-based model for sediment transport under a wide variety of wave and current conditions.The model is based on the first-order boundary layer equation and the sediment advection-diffusion equation.In particular,a modified low Reynolds number k-e model is coupled to provide the turbulence closure.Detailed model verifications have been performed by simulating a number of laboratory experiments,covering a considerable range of hydrodynamic conditions such as sinusoidal waves,asymmetric waves and wave-current interactions.The model provides satisfactory numerical results which agree well with the measured results,including the time-averaged/dependent sediment concentration profiles and sediment flux profiles,as well as the time series of concentration at given elevations.The observed influences of wave orbital velocity amplitude,wave period and sediment grain size are correctly reproduced,indicating that the fundamental physical mechanisms of those processes are properly represented in the model.It is revealed that the present model is capable of predicting sediment transport under a wide range of wave and current conditions,and can be used to further study the morphodynamic processes in real coastal regions. 相似文献
7.
This study investigates the interactions of water, oxygen, temperature, suspended sediment and topsoil texture of bedwork watermeadows. These ancient grassland irrigation systems survive on the floodplain around Salisbury, England but recent interest in their conservation and rehabilitation is not matched by detailed understanding of their operation. The dominant ‘bedwork’ form, by which water runs along the top of ridges and down ‘panes’, enables water to move swiftly through the sward and drain to avoid stagnation. This investigation demonstrates that condition of surface flow and rates of infiltration encourage the solution of atmospheric oxygen in the water, offsetting potentially anaerobic conditions in the root zone. Temperature conditions imparted by the flow were measured and found to be conducive to the early growth of grass. Whereas the sediment budget was found to be conservative under a steady‐state hydraulic regime, there is substantial ingress of suspended sediment at the start of an irrigation event and the sward traps coarse to medium‐sized silt particle fractions and influences topsoil texture. It is concluded that a study of watermeadow operation permits insights into the operation of floodplain processes in general. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
8.
Man-induced regime shifts in small estuaries—I: theory 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
This is Part I of two papers on man-induced regime shifts in small, narrow, and converging estuaries, with focus on the interaction between effective hydraulic drag, fine sediment import, and tidal amplification, induced by river engineering works, e.g., narrowing and deepening. In this part, a simple linear analytical model is derived, solving the linearized shallow water equations in exponentially converging tidal rivers. Distinguishing reflecting and non-reflecting conditions, a non-dimensional dispersion equation is derived which yields the real and imaginary wave numbers as a function of the estuarine convergence number and effective hydraulic drag. The estuarine convergence number describes the major geometrical features of a tidal river, e.g., intertidal area, convergence length, and water depth. This model is used in Part II analyzing the historical development of the tide in four rivers. Part I also presents a conceptual model on the response of tidal rivers to narrowing and deepening. It is argued that, upon the loss of intertidal area, flood-dominant conditions prevail, upon which fine sediments are pumped into the river, reducing its effective hydraulic drag. Then a snowball effect may be initiated, bringing the river into a hyper-turbid state. This state is self-maintaining because of entrainment processes, and favorable from an energetic point of view, and therefore highly stable. We may refer to an alternative steady state. 相似文献
9.
This is Part I of two papers on man-induced regime shifts in small, narrow, and converging estuaries, with focus on the interaction between effective hydraulic drag, fine sediment import, and tidal amplification, induced by river engineering works, e.g., narrowing and deepening. In this part, a simple linear analytical model is derived, solving the linearized shallow water equations in exponentially converging tidal rivers. Distinguishing reflecting and non-reflecting conditions, a non-dimensional dispersion equation is derived which yields the real and imaginary wave numbers as a function of the estuarine convergence number and effective hydraulic drag. The estuarine convergence number describes the major geometrical features of a tidal river, e.g., intertidal area, convergence length, and water depth. This model is used in Part II analyzing the historical development of the tide in four rivers. Part I also presents a conceptual model on the response of tidal rivers to narrowing and deepening. It is argued that, upon the loss of intertidal area, flood-dominant conditions prevail, upon which fine sediments are pumped into the river, reducing its effective hydraulic drag. Then a snowball effect may be initiated, bringing the river into a hyper-turbid state. This state is self-maintaining because of entrainment processes, and favorable from an energetic point of view, and therefore highly stable. We may refer to an alternative steady state.
相似文献10.
Przemysław Figura 《地球物理与天体物理流体动力学》2017,111(6):508-526
We examine the equations that are used to describe flows which preserve field lines. We study what happens if we introduce perturbations to the governing equations. The stability of the line preserving flows in the case of the magneto-fluids permeated by magnetic fields is strictly connected to the non-null magnetic reconnection processes. In most of our study we use the Euler potential representation of the external magnetic field. We provide general expressions for the perturbations of the Euler potentials that describe the magnetic field. Similarly, we provide expressions for the case of steady flow as well as we obtain certain conditions required for the stability of the flow. In addition, for steady flows we formulate conditions under which the perturbations of the external field are negligible and the field may be described by its initial unperturbed form. Then we consider the flow equation that transforms quantities from the laboratory coordinate system to the related external field coordinate system. We introduce perturbations to the equation and obtain its simplified versions for the case of a steady flow. For a given system, use of this method allows us to simplify the considerations provided that some part of the system may be described as a perturbation. Next, to study regions favourable for the magnetic reconnection to occur we introduce a deviation vector to the basic line preserving flows condition equation. We provide expressions of the vector for some simplifying cases. This method allows us to examine if given perturbations either stabilise the system or induce magnetic reconnection. To illustrate some of our results we study two examples, namely a simple laboratory plasma flow and a simple planetary magnetosphere model. 相似文献
11.
《国际泥沙研究》2017,(4)
In this discussion, we want to highlight the important findings of the last two decades by Hunziker and Jaggi(2002) and Wong and Parker(2006), among others, who reanalyzed and revised the original data forming the basis of the MPM sediment transport equation. Furthermore, by using an actual adaptation of the original MPM formula, the prediction of the sediment transport rate for the data given in the paper under discussion seems to be acceptable. 相似文献
12.
If increased sediment supply to a river channel exceeds its transport capacity, deposition necessarily occurs as the bed adjusts to accommodate the increased supply. Both the mean and spatial patterns in bed elevation and grain size may change and an ability to understand their relative importance is needed to predict bed response. We report on an experiment in a field‐scale flume in which sediment supply is increased to a gravel bed with alternate bars. Sediment was recirculated in the experiments, but augmented in two steps, after which the bed was allowed to reach a new steady state. The transport rate at the end of the experiment was three times larger than at the start. High‐resolution sediment flux and topographic measurements, grain size derived from photographs, and hydrodynamic modeling allow us to document the topographic and textural response of the bed to increased sediment supply. The spatial patterns of bed topography and texture were forced by the flume setup and the initial and final steady states included long stationary alternate bars with associated grain size sorting. The transient bed contained several scales of shorter wavelength migrating bedforms superimposed on, and temporarily replacing the stationary alternate bars. Bed topography and textural patterns adjusted to increased sediment supply over different timescales. Bed slope and mean stress increased directly with sediment supply rate to produce a new transport steady state in a time about 2.5 times the minimum needed to deposit the required sediment wedge, indicating a trap efficiency of about 40% for the aggrading wedge. Adjustments in local topography and sorting, primarily in the form of smaller, migrating bars, continued for a period approximately equal to that required to initially reach transport steady state. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
南海北部陆坡具备天然气水合物成藏的基本地质条件,神狐海域天然气水合物是当前我国海洋天然气水合物勘探开发研究的重点靶区.然而,神狐海域水合物集中分布在水合物稳定带的底部薄层中,饱和度高,其水合物特征与典型的低甲烷通量控制的水合物分布有很大差异,对其成藏机理和控制因素尚不明确.本文构建了针对神狐水合物成藏过程的一维动力学模型,模型包括沉积压实作用、甲烷溶解度、以及水合物生成和沉积体渗透率,模拟计算的主控参量为海底沉积速率和水流通量,在孔隙水中甲烷浓度一定的情况下,水流速率决定了溶解甲烷的迁移速率和稳定带中甲烷的供给速率,并以此模型计算了神狐海域水合物聚集成藏的动力学过程.模型讨论了特定沉积速率和水流通量条件下水合物成藏与分布特征,并与实际观测数据进行比较研究.研究发现,基于当前沉积速率和水流通量条件模拟的水合物形成演化过程,与神狐海域实际水合物分布特征存在很大差异,但在假定系统中水合物饱和度初值达16~20%时,模拟的水合物饱和度分布特征与观测数据吻合,并因此推测在早期地质历史上,神狐海域存在更加丰富的甲烷水合物,当前的水合物分布特征是在对早期水合物继承基础上发展而成的,而且神狐海域水合物含量正逐渐减少. 相似文献
14.
David L. Adams 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2021,46(12):2414-2420
Alluvial channels arise through the interaction between morphology, hydraulics, and sediment transport, known as the ‘fluvial trinity’. Over relatively short timescales where climate and geology are fixed but discharge and sediment supply may vary, this process facilitates adjustments towards steady state, where the system oscillates around a mean condition. The relationship between changes in conditions and geomorphic response may be highly complex and nonlinear, especially in systems with multiple modes of adjustment. This study examines the adjustment of an erodible channel with fixed banks and a widely graded sediment mixture to successive increases in discharge. With each increase in discharge, components of the fluvial trinity adjusted towards a steady state. Particularly at relatively low discharges, adjustments were controlled by intrinsic thresholds and highlighted important morphodynamic processes. Notably, there was a strong interplay between channel morphology and sediment transport, and an effect whereby larger-than-average grains controlled channel deformation. These two processes occurred at the bar scale and were highly spatialised, which has two important implications: (1) reach-averaged representations of process provide only partial insight into morphodynamics; and (2) models of rivers that suppress these process feedbacks and size-dependent transport may not replicate morphodynamics that typically occur in field conditions. The experiments provide quantitative evidence for conceptual models describing exponential approaches towards steady state and the potential for transiency if disturbance frequency exceeds the recovery time. They also highlight how in natural rivers, particularly those with greater degrees of freedom for adjustment (notably, lateral adjustment and meandering), continuous changes in discharge may lead to nonlinear rather than steady-state behaviour. In these settings, more holistic analytical frameworks that embrace different aspects of the system are critical in understanding the direction, magnitude and timing of channel adjustments. 相似文献
15.
Robert A. Berner 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1976,29(2):333-340
A general one-dimensional diagenetic equation is derived which expresses the effect of the following processes upon the depth and time distribution of a dissolved species in a modern subaqueous sediment: adsorptive or ion exchange equilibrium between pore water and grain surfaces; slower chemical or radiogenic reactions in the pore solution and on the grain surfaces; diffusion in solution and on grain surfaces; advection of grains due to depositional burial; and advection of water due both to burial and to flow past the grains. It is shown that the effects of equilibrium adsorption can be expressed in terms of a lowered diffusion coefficient only in the special case where there is negligible flow of water relative to grains, adsorption is described by a simple linear isotherm, and there is nochemical reaction occurring in the sediment (i.e. only radioactive decay or no reaction at all). Consideration of a commonly used special case of the general equation indicates that if equilibrium adsorption is strong, the depositional term in the resulting diagenetic equation may become quantitatively as important as the terms for diffusion and chemical reaction. Thus, when modelling diagenesis, deposition often cannot be ignored. A coupled pair of differential equations are also derived which express the steady state depth distribution for two ions exhibiting equilibrium ion exchange while undergoing chemical reaction, diffusion, and deposition. 相似文献
16.
《国际泥沙研究》2020,35(2):217-226
The study of the fall velocity variation of fine sediment in estuarine areas plays an important role in determining how various factors affect the flocculation process.Previous experimental studies have focused solely on the relation between the median fall velocity and influencing factors,while in the current study,the variation of the fall velocity in quiescent water also was examined.The experimental results showed that the vertical distribution of sediment concentration was more uneven,and larger variations occurred earlier during the settling process under higher salinity and/or sediment concentration conditions.The fall velocity initially increased then decreased over time,peaking at～20 min after settling began,and stabilizing at a value similar to that in freshwater,regardless of the initial sediment concentration and salinity combinations.Along the water depth,the fall velocity increased monotonically with a gradually decreasing gradient.The median fall velocity increased then decreased with increased salinity.The salinity at which the peak fall velocity occurred depended on the initial sediment concentration.The relation between the median fall velocity and initial sediment concentration displayed an obvious two-stage pattern(i.e.,accelerated flocculation and decelerated,hindered settling) at higher salinities;whereas the maximum median fall velocity was observed at two consecutive sediment concentration values under lower salinity conditions.Finally,an empirical equation estimating the median fall velocity of cohesive fine sediment was formulated,incorporating the effects of both salinity and sediment concentration. 相似文献
17.
During steady eruption, the flow conditions (emitted mass flux, exit velocity and exit pressure) depend on the geometry of the conduit in which the eruption occurs. This dependence is examined for the onedimensional, isothermal ascent of a homogeneous basaltic magma with an aqueous volatile phase and newtonian rheology. By fixing the geometry of the feeding fissure, the mass flux flowing in steady conditions can be determined at any depth, as well the magma pressure and vertical velocity. Flow behaviour is analysed for three fissure shapes: constant width, slowly upward narrowing and lenticular. In all the cases examined the magma arrives at the earth's surface with a pressure greater than atmospheric. The results are compared with those obtained when a lithostatic pressure gradient is assumed for the magma column. Some speculations are made, moreover, about the change in eruption style, if conduit geometry varies during a non-steady phase. 相似文献
18.
We present a critical analysis of experimental findings on vegetation–flow–sediment interactions obtained through both laboratory and field experiments on tidal and coastal environments. It is well established that aquatic vegetation provides a wide range of ecosystem services (e.g. protecting coastal communities from extreme events, reducing riverbank and coastal erosion, housing diverse ecosystems), and the effort to better understand such services has led to multiple approaches to reproduce the relevant physical processes through detailed laboratory experiments. State-of-the-art measurement techniques allow researchers to measure velocity fields and sediment transport with high spatial and temporal resolution under well-controlled flow conditions, yielding predictions for hydrodynamic and sediment transport scenarios that depend on simplified or bulk vegetation parameters. However, recent field studies have shown that some simplifications on the experimental setup (e.g. the use of rigid elements, a single diameter, a single element height, regular or staggered layout) can bias the outcome of the study, by either hiding or amplifying some of the relevant physical processes found in natural conditions. We discuss some observed cases of bias, including general practices that can lead to compromises associated with simplified assumptions. The analysis presented will identify potential pathways to move forward with laboratory and field measurements, which could better inform predictors to produce more robust, universal and accurate predictions on flow–vegetation–sediment interactions. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
19.
When perturbing conditions influencing a benthic ecosystem improve, an extremely polluted sediment may very rapidly be colonized by a structured assemblage. This study was made after the implantation of modules containing chemically very contaminated sediment from a polluted biotope, in a lesser contaminated site. The colonization and dynamic processes of the studied mollusc populations do not depend on the concentrations of the solid phase pollutants but are related to the release of these pollutants in the interstitial water of sediments, which in turn is induced by ambiant condition variations and particularly by salinity. 相似文献
20.
A. B. Medvedev 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2008,44(4):303-315
A hypothetical possibility of a qualitative explanation of large crater formation on the surfaces of the Moon and Mercury is discussed in terms of the concept of thermal mantle plumes. Prerequisites to this hypothesis are revealed under the assumption that the model equation of state of SiO2 exhibiting an anomaly (a negative coefficient of thermal expansion) in the range of states approximately corresponding to average conditions typical of mantles of minor planets is applicable, in a first approximation, to mantle material. The anomaly reduces the buoyancy of hot plume material in such a way that, under conditions of moderate overheating, only relatively high columns comparable in size to the mantle are capable of ascending from the mantle bottom to the crust; allows cold peripheral material surrounding the hot column to be pushed away; causes compaction of the vertical zone of the contact of the column with the surrounding medium at the first stages after the plume ascent; and leads to compaction of the deep mantle due to the long-term heat supply. Such phenomena can lead to vertical craterlike deformations of the crust in areas of ascending large plumes whose presence can be supposed at early stages of the existence of minor planets. Significant implications of such an anomaly for geophysical processes can also be postulated. 相似文献