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1.
一种基于土壤温湿资料计算地表土壤热通量的温度预报校正法 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
分析大气边界层观测站地表能量平衡需要估计其地表土壤热通量。发展了一种由多层土壤温度和湿度观测资料估算土壤热通量的新方法。该方法首先求解一维热扩散方程得到土壤温度的基本廓线,然后校正所求温度廓线与观测值的偏差,最后积分温度廓线得到土壤各层的热通量。与众多的方法不同,该方法不需要事先给定不易准确测量和推求的热传导（或热扩散）系数值。通过与实测资料对比、模型合成数据试验、以及敏感性分析等,表明该方法的计算结果稳定可靠,对土壤表层数厘米深度内有无观测资料也不敏感。此外,指出热流板可准确测量热通量的方向和相位,但所测通量值的误差常较大。 相似文献
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利用气象台记录的深度为0.8m,1.6m和3.2m的月平均地温资料,进行Fourier频谱分析,得到定常波和子谐波（变化波）两部分.同时取地表以下为水平分层的均匀双层介质,建立数学模型,根据线性热传导和最优化理论对定常波以及子谐波的振幅谱和相位谱进行联合反演,计算气象台地表附近的定常地温梯度以及地表土壤的热扩散系数等物性参数,并据此计算该地的大地热流值.初步计算结果表明,上述方法得到的某些地区的大地热流值与传统的通过钻孔测量法得到的大地热流值符合得相当好. 相似文献
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本文针对模式发展的需要, 在Farouki土壤热传导率参数化方案的基础上, 综合Johansen和Côté的参数化方案, 发展了一个用于青藏高原中部的土壤热传导率参数化方案, 用“全球协调加强观测计划之亚澳季风青藏高原试验计划(CAMP/Tibet)”中那曲布交(BJ)站实际资料对该方案进行了检验, 并将它用于公共陆面模式(CoLM)中, 对青藏高原那曲地区进行了单点数值模拟试验. 结果表明: 在未冻结及冻结土壤中, 新方案比Farouki方案计算的土壤热传导率小, 更接近实测值. 加入新方案的CoLM模式对土壤温度模拟的准确性比原模式有一定的提高. 相似文献
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地表土壤热通量是地表能量平衡的重要组成部分,对地表蒸散发的估算至关重要.利用土壤温湿度廓线观测资料基于热扩散方程计算地表土壤热通量,并通过冻土融化前后土壤液态水含量变化估算土壤含冰量,分析了土壤含冰量对土壤热通量的影响,旨在分析黑河流域典型下垫面(高山草地、农田和森林)地表土壤热通量的时空变化特征.研究结果表明:(1)黑河流域不同下垫面的地表土壤热通量有明显的日变化差异,日最大值时刻提前净辐射通量几分钟至几小时不等,这与土壤质地、湿度、热属性和植被覆盖度有关;(2)净辐射通量有显著的季节变化,一般夏季达最大值,冬季最小,地表土壤热通量也有明显的季节变化,但并不总是与净辐射通量变化保持一致,春季达最大值,夏季由于植被覆盖的原因反而降低;(3)地表土壤热通量占净辐射通量的比例因季节及下垫面不同而有差异,1月份月平均比值分别为:阿柔25.6%、盈科22.9%和关滩4.3%,7月份月平均比值分别为:阿柔2.3%、盈科1.6%和关滩0.3%;(4)冬季考虑了冰的热容量使得土壤热容量增加,土壤热存储增加,从而由热扩散方程计算的地表土壤热通量增加,使得能量平衡闭合率提高了4.3%. 相似文献
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鼎湖山森林地表CO_2通量及其影响因子的研究 总被引：15，自引：4，他引：15
利用静态箱-气相色谱法对鼎湖山3种主要森林类型地表CO2通量及其主要影响因子进行了为期一年的观测,比较和分析了不同林型间地表CO2通量的季节变化,凋落物对地表CO2通量的贡献以及地表CO2通量与土壤温度和土壤含水量的关系.3种林型地表CO2通量都有相似的季节变化模式,即雨季较高而旱季较低,年均CO2通量按从大到小排序为:季风林>混交林>松林;3种林型由凋落物分解释放的CO2对地表CO2通量的贡献均相当显著,就全年平均而言来源于凋落物分解的CO2通量占总的地表CO2通量的比例按季风林、混交林和松林的顺序分别为:24.43%,41.75%和29.23%;3种林型不同处理地表CO2通量均与地下5cm土壤温度呈显著指数相关,Q10值变化范围在1.86~3.24之间;当土壤含水量全年变异系数较大时,地表CO2通量与土壤含水量的相关性较好. 相似文献
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2014年在山西地震带北段和张家口—渤海地震带布设35个测量剖面,测量土壤气CO_2、Rn浓度及深度20 cm、1 m的CO_2和Rn通量。测量结果表明:(1) CO_2、Rn浓度与深度20 cm、1 m的CO_2、Rn通量的平均值和最大值变化趋势大致相同,均呈自西向东的增大趋势;(2)深度20 cm、1 m的CO_2和Rn通量相关性均不明显,但1 m深的CO_2、Rn通量明显较高;(3) CO_2和Rn浓度、通量变化主要与区域复杂的地震活动性和断层活动性有关,主要受到地表化学成分和区域岩石地球化学影响。 相似文献
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干旱区绿洲滴灌对土壤盐碱化的长期影响 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
罗毅 《中国科学:地球科学》2014,(8):1679-1688
干旱区绿洲长期滴灌是否会造成农田土壤积盐,事关干旱区绿洲农业的可持续发展,是学术界和生产管理部门严重关切的问题.玛纳斯河绿洲在新疆最早开展滴灌应用.本文在玛纳斯河绿洲范围内通过大量调查土壤剖面盐分和滴灌历史来回答上述问题.共调查了235个土壤剖面,深度一般为200 cm,最浅100 cm,利用其中已知滴灌年数的52个剖面数据分析滴灌对土壤盐碱化的长期影响,分为滴灌初始为耕地和荒地种情况.结果表明:新疆玛纳斯河绿洲荒地0~200 cm土层平均含盐量17.23 g kg-1,漫灌耕地平均含盐量0.59 gkg-1;农田滴灌对土壤脱盐与积盐影响并存;原荒地基础上进行滴灌,土壤呈脱盐趋势,土壤含盐量呈幂函数曲线下降,最长12年滴灌历史的多点不同滴灌年数地块含盐量平均值为6.38 g kg-1,总体仍然处于脱盐过程中;原耕地基础上长期滴灌,土壤呈积盐趋势,土层平均含盐量年均增长0.22 g kg-1,最长10年滴灌历史的多点不同滴灌年数田块平均含盐量增长为2.36 g kg-1,土壤含盐量增长趋于危害棉花生长、影响产量的临界值.干旱区绿洲长期滴灌将造成土壤积盐,应该引起科学研究和灌溉管理的高度重视;在节水灌溉过程中保证盐分淋洗用水是减缓滴灌农田土壤积盐必需的措施. 相似文献
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Yanping Qu Shaozhong Kang Fusheng Li Jianhua Zhang Guimin Xia Wangcheng Li 《水文研究》2007,21(10):1363-1369
Tamarix elongata Ledeb is a desert shrub found in the desert region of Northwest China and is commonly cultivated as a sand‐holding plant in this region. To understand its water requirement and the effects of climate conditions on its growth, trunk xylem sap flows of irrigated 8‐year‐old Tamarix elongata Ledeb plants were monitored continuously with heat‐pulse sap flow meters for the entire season. Soil moisture contents at 0–300 cm layer depth were also measured with a tube type time domain reflectometry (Tube‐TDR). Meteorological factors, i.e. solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity and wind speed were simultaneously monitored by an automatic weather station at the site. Daily and seasonal variations of the trunk sap fluxes and their correlations with the meteorological factors, reference evapotranspiration and soil moisture contents in the root‐zone were analysed. The results indicated that frost influenced the trunk sap flux greatly under irrigated conditions, although the flux generally fluctuated with the variation of environmental factors and showed a mean trunk sap flux of 4·18 l d?1. There was a significantly exponential relationship between sap flux and the reference value of crop evapotranspiration, with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0·7172. The sap flux also had a significant correlation with the soil water contents at a depth of 150–300 cm from soil surface (R2 = 0·5014). The order of the main meteorological factors affecting the sap flux of Tamarix elongata Ledeb trees was solar radiation > air temperature > vapour pressure deficit > relative humidity > wind speed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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陆面过程模式是气候模式和天气模式的核心组成部分之一.在土壤—植被—大气耦合模式(Soil-PlantAtmosphere Model,SPAM)的基础上,发展了新一代北京大学陆面过程模式PKULM(Peking University Land Model).本文首先介绍了PKULM的辐射传输、湍流输送、光合作用、土壤水热输送等过程的参数化方案;采用隐式迭代计算框架,发展并应用了一个快速的线性方程组求解算法,提高了模式计算稳定性;提出并使用了二分搜索算法计算气孔阻抗,避免了CLM(Community Land Model)等使用的迭代方法在干旱区不稳定的情况,提高了模式的适用性;采用水势为基础的土壤水分扩散方程,使模式能够模拟土壤饱和区的水分输送过程,为进一步与水文过程模式耦合奠定了基础;还发展了一个地表积水与径流过程的机理模型,提高了模式对地表水分平衡过程的模拟能力;最后,使用"中国西北干旱区陆—气相互作用观测试验"平凉站的资料对模式进行了检验并与NOAH(National Center for Environmental Prediction,Oregon State University,Air Force,and Hydrology Lab model)陆面过程模式的模拟结果进行了比较,结果表明PKULM能够较好地模拟西北半干旱区农田下垫面地气交换过程. 相似文献
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We attempt to compute the Surface Average Heat Flow （SAHF） from long-term temperature observations of one hundred seventy-seven observational points at the depths of 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 m, which were relatively evenly distributed in mainland China. We first employ Fourier transformation to remove the influence of atmospheric temperature variations from the observation series, which are classified into the type of the steady-state temperature monotonously increasing with depth （type I） and other three types. Then we compare our results obtained from the data of type I, of which the values are thought to equal to those of the mean borehole heat flow, with those obtained from traditional heat flow observations mainly distributed in North China Craton. In computations of the SAHF at the observation stations, we deduce the thermal diffusivity and volumetric specific heat of the soil by employing harmonic solutions of the heat conduction equation for the same moisture group as the first step, and then we determine the SAHF using Fourier＇s law. Our results indicate that the SAHF derived from shallow earth geothermal data can reflect the heat flow field to a large extent. 相似文献
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土壤湿度不仅是地表水循环的重要组成部分,而且对天气和气候也有重要影响,它的模拟误差严重阻碍了人们对水循环的认知.本文首先评估了1°×1°水平分辨率的全球陆面数据同化产品(Global Land Data Assimilation System,GLDAS)对青藏高原中部那曲地区和东部玛曲地区土壤湿度的模拟性能;鉴于GLDAS较粗的分辨率无法精细描述分析区域土壤湿度空间分布特征,于是我们基于通用陆面过程模式(Community Land Surface Model,Version 4.5),开展了高分辨率0.1°×0.1°的模拟,并对高分辨率模拟土壤湿度误差的原因进行了深入分析.结果表明:(1)GLDAS陆面数据同化产品和高分辨率陆面模式模拟结果都可以反映出土壤湿度的季节变化特征,但在非冻结期均存在不同程度的干偏差,尤其是在玛曲地区;(2)对比观测和模拟的土壤湿度发现,观测数据表现出强烈的空间异质性,而模拟结果呈现出的是空间均一性.按照模拟误差进行归类分组,对比模拟性能优劣的两组站点发现,模式物理过程不是模拟性能差异的主要因素,而两组站点间地表特征参数中的土壤质地和地形参数,以及驱动数据均没有体现出空间异质性,这可能是土壤湿度模拟结果没有表现出空间异质性的原因. 相似文献
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A temperature prediction-correction method for estimating surface soil heat flux from soil temperature and moisture data 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
Surface soil heat flux is a component of surface energy budget and its estimation is needed in land-atmosphere interaction studies. This paper develops a new simple method to estimate soil heat flux from soil temperature and moisture observations. It gives soil temperature profile with the thermal diffusion equation and, then, adjusts the temperature profile with differences between observed and computed soil temperatures. The soil flux is obtained through integrating the soil temperature profile. Compared with previous methods, the new method does not require accurate thermal conductivity. Case studies based on observations, synthetic data, and sensitivity analyses show that the new method is preferable and the results obtained with it are not sensitive to the availability of temperature data in the topsoil. In addition, we pointed out that the soil heat flux measured with a heat-plate can be quite erroneous in magnitude though its phase is accurate. 相似文献
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本文利用1948-2010年Global Land Data Assimilation System（GLDAS）NOAH陆面模式资料、GPCC月平均降水资料和NCAR/NCEP全球月平均再分析资料,采用滤波、距平合成和线性相关等方法,分析了El Niño成熟位相冬季欧亚大陆积雪异常的分布特征,研究了关键区积雪融化对后期春、夏季土壤湿度、土壤温度以及大气环流与降水的影响,揭示了El Niño事件通过关键区积雪储存其强迫信号并影响东亚夏季气候异常的机制和过程.主要结论如下：El Niño成熟阶段冬季伊朗高原、巴尔喀什湖东北部和青藏高原南麓区域是雪深异常的三个关键区,这些区域的雪深、雪融和土壤湿度有明显的正相关;这三个关键区雪深异常通过春季融雪将冬季El Niño信号传递给春、夏季局地土壤湿度,通过减少感热通量和增加潜热通量对大气环流产生影响;春末夏初伊朗高原土壤湿度异常对东亚夏季气候异常的影响最大,其引起的降水异常与El Niño次年夏季降水异常分布基本一致,春夏季青藏高原南麓和巴尔喀什湖附近土壤湿度也都明显增加,均会对中国华北降水增加有显著正贡献.总之,在利用El Niño事件研究和预测东亚夏季气候异常时,还应考虑关键区雪深异常对El Niño信号的存储和调制作用. 相似文献
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利用2003年10月～2004年9月期间高原北部可可西里(QT01)、北麓河(QT02)、开心岭(QT05)、通天河(QT06)等地活动层土壤温度梯度、土壤热通量及土壤水分的观测资料,计算了高原北部活动层土壤的导热率、土壤容积热容量、导温率等土壤热力参数.结果显示,QT02、QT05、QT06三站导热率、导温率夏秋季节较大而冬季较小,容积热容量则相反,表现为秋冬季节大而夏季较小;QT01站导热率表现为春季大,夏季较小;表层土壤粒度较小及较低的土壤湿度是冬季导热率较小的可能原因;冻土的热力特征参量可描述为相应深度的温度、体积含冰量及土壤盐度的函数,土壤含水量是融土热特征参数的主要影响因子;土壤水分含量小于某一临界值时,导温率随土壤水分含量的增大而增大,反之则减小. 相似文献
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Dual state-parameter estimation of root zone soil moisture by optimal parameter estimation and extended Kalman filter data assimilation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Haishen Lü Zhongbo Yu Yonghua ZhuSam Drake Zhenchun HaoEdward A. Sudicky 《Advances in water resources》2011,34(3):395-406
With well-determined hydraulic parameters in a hydrologic model, a traditional data assimilation method (such as the Kalman filter and its extensions) can be used to retrieve root zone soil moisture under uncertain initial state variables (e.g., initial soil moisture content) and good simulated results can be achieved. However, when the key soil hydraulic parameters are incorrect, the error is non-Gaussian, as the Kalman filter will produce a persistent bias in its predictions. In this paper, we propose a method coupling optimal parameters and extended Kalman filter data assimilation (OP-EKF) by combining optimal parameter estimation, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) assimilation method, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, and Richards’ equation. We examine the accuracy of estimating root zone soil moisture through the optimal parameters and extended Kalman filter data assimilation method by using observed in situ data at the Meiling experimental station, China. Results indicate that merely using EKF for assimilating surface soil moisture content to obtain soil moisture content in the root zone will produce a persistent bias between simulated and observed values. Using the OP-EKF assimilation method, estimates were clearly improved. If the soil profile is heterogeneous, soil moisture retrieval is accurate in the 0-50 cm soil profile and is inaccurate at 100 cm depth. Results indicate that the method is useful for retrieving root zone soil moisture over large areas and long timescales even when available soil moisture data are limited to the surface layer, and soil moisture content are uncertain and soil hydraulic parameters are incorrect. 相似文献
20.
《Advances in water resources》2001,24(6):631-650
This paper investigates the ability to retrieve the true soil moisture and temperature profiles by assimilating near-surface soil moisture and surface temperature data into a soil moisture and heat transfer model. The direct insertion and Kalman filter assimilation schemes have been used most frequently in assimilation studies, but no comparisons of these schemes have been made. This study investigates which of these approaches is able to retrieve the soil moisture and temperature profiles the fastest, over what depth soil moisture observations are required, and the effect of update interval on profile retrieval. These questions are addressed by a desktop study using synthetic data. The study shows that the Kalman filter assimilation scheme is superior to the direct insertion assimilation scheme, with retrieval of the soil moisture profile being achieved in 12 h as compared to 8 days or more, depending on observation depth, for hourly observations. It was also found that profile retrieval could not be realised for direct insertion of the surface node alone, and that observation depth does not have a significant effect on profile retrieval time for the Kalman filter. The observation interval was found to be unimportant for profile retrieval with the Kalman filter when the forcing data is accurate, whilst for direct insertion the continuous Dirichlet boundary condition was required for an increasingly longer period of time. It was also found that the Kalman filter assimilation scheme was less susceptible to unstable updates if volumetric soil moisture was modelled as the dependent state rather than matric head, because the volumetric soil moisture state is more linear in the forecasting model. 相似文献