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基于有限断层震源、且使用动力学拐角频率的地震动随机模拟方法预测玉树地震近断层的加速度场.首先,基于有限断层震源建模方法建立该次地震的震源模型;然后,基于上述地震动模拟方法预测玉树地震近断层191个节点的加速度时程.在此基础上,取每个结点的加速度峰值绘制该次地震的近断层加速度场.结果表明:(1)近断层加速度场主要受震源破裂过程和断层面上滑动分布的影响.断层面上凹凸体投影到地表的区域附近,加速度峰值最大,也是震害最严重的区域;(2)对于走滑地震,断层沿线附近的场地并非均会发生破裂方向性效应;发生破裂方向性效应的场地与凹凸体在断层面上的位置有关. 相似文献
2.
逆断层地震近场地震动影响场和地表形变模拟 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文设计了一个MW7.0级地震的简单的逆断层有限移动源破裂模型,计算了断层周围64个观测点的加速度、速度和位移时程及峰值,简单讨论了近场地震动峰值、断层附近地表永久位移(或地表形变)的分布特点,并讨论了永久位移和地面运动速度大脉冲的关系。重点研究了断层附近三分量的永久位移(或地表形变)大小、方向和地震动作用特点。 相似文献
3.
利用中国台湾省内222个强震动台站以及Palert地震预警系统520个台站所观测的三分量加速度记录,研究此次花莲M_W6.4地震近场强地震动空间分布和衰减特征,将观测结果与美国NGA-West2地震动经验预测模型进行对比,揭示此次台湾花莲地震近场地震动的长周期特点,基于回归残差分析研究地震动峰值加速度(PGA)、峰值速度(PGV)和不同周期地震动的空间分布差异,定量考察近场地震动的方向性效应.研究结果表明:(1)整体上此次地震的近场PGV观测值和周期1.0s以上的长周期加速度谱值与美国NGA-West2地震动预测模型结果接近,PGA观测值和周期小于1.0s的加速度反应谱略低于预测模型结果.从空间分布来看,周期1.0s以上的长周期地震动在断层的不同方位有系统性差异,在破裂传播前方(震中西南方位),周期大于1.0s时的反应谱明显高于美国NGA-West2地震动经验预测模型,在破裂传播后方(震中东北方位),周期大于1.0s时的反应谱低于经验预测模型,表明此次地震近场地震动具有显著的方向性效应.(2)破裂传播的方向性效应主要影响周期超过1.0s的长周期,而对PGA以及周期小于1.0s的短周期地震动影响较弱.在破裂传播前方,周期1.0～10.0s的加速度反应谱值被增强到整体观测平均水平的1.16～1.52倍;在破裂传播后方,周期1.0～10.0s的加速度反应谱值被减弱到整体观测平均水平的0.36～0.70倍.(3)此次地震破裂方向性效应的影响表现出明显的窄带效应,破裂方向性的影响(包括破裂传播前方的增强作用和破裂传播后方的减弱作用)在周期T=3.0s时达到最大,在该周期破裂传播前方的增强系数为1.52,破裂传播后方的减弱系数为0.36.从周期T=3.0s到10.0s,破裂方向性效应的影响随周期增大总体上呈减弱趋势,这与2016年日本熊本M_W7.0地震破裂方向性效应的影响特点显著不同. 相似文献
4.
隐伏和出露地表断层近断层地表运动特征的研究进展 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
本文介绍了在强震地震学研究方面国内外目前所关注的重要问题：隐伏断层和出露地表断层在地震发生时近断层地表运动特征存在着明显的差异。根据近几十年全球发生的中强地震的地表运动参数的统计分析所得的结果表明,由隐伏断层所造成的近断层地表运动强度（速度、加速度）大于出露地表断层所产生的地表运动强度,虽然发生在出露地表断层的地震往往可造成较大的近断层地表位移,但是当地震矩震级（MW）达到 7.5 级以上的时候,近断层地表加速度和速度在近源区却出现了饱和现象。对该问题的深入研究有着十分重要的科学意义和工程应用价值。本文着重介绍了当前国际上对该问题的研究现状,并且建议在此基础上利用三维有限差分断层动力学模型,模拟断层的动态破裂过程以及近断层地表运动的特征。 相似文献
5.
采用美国南加州地震委员会（SCEC）Steven Day博士提供的三维有限差分断层瞬态破裂动力学模型（3D-FDM）,以1976年唐山MS7.8地震为例,从简化的断层双侧破裂模式出发,对该地震发震断层的动态破裂过程及近断层地表运动特征进行了仿真模拟和计算.研究区域为围绕发震断层200 km×140 km×40 km（深度）的长方形块体组成,模拟计算的空间分辨率和时间分辨率分别为200 m和0.012 s,形成的空间网格节点数为1051×701×201.在DELL小型工作站上,我们实现了对源程序的移植和并行计算.同时,通过引进计算机可视化技术,对模拟数据进行了3D/4D解释分析.另外,在对源程序修改过程中,实现了对京津唐地区三维地壳速度结构的嵌入,在一定程度上增强了对地震波传播以及地面运动模拟的真实性,并讨论了地震破裂的方向性对近断层地表运动的影响.最后根据初步研究结果结合京津唐地区活动断层构造特征,对唐山MS7.8级主震后随之而来的1976滦县MS7.1级余震及宁河MS6.9级余震的动态触发机制提出了新的解释.由于受主震破裂方向性作用的影响,使得主震对后续两个较大余震产生的动态应力变化的峰值在断层的走滑方向上较大,为2~3 MPa,在逆冲方向上较小,为0.1~0.2 MPa.即唐山主震的发生使得其周边的应力场有一个瞬态的应力调整,唐山主震对后续余震的发生有促发作用. 相似文献
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1999年9月21日（当地时间）台湾集集7.6级地震是一个逆断层型地震．用回归分析法对台湾集集地震的加速度峰值数据进行分析，得出了这次地震的水平与垂直向的加速度峰值衰减关系．从残差分布上看，位于断层上盘和下盘上的加速度峰值与从衰减关系所得到的结果相比存在不同的系统偏差，断层上盘地表的加速度峰值较高，而下盘地表的加速度峰值较低．从这次地震的加速度峰值分布等值线图上也可以看出，加速度峰值的分布相对于断层呈现明显的不对称性，上盘衰减较慢而下盘衰减较快．在近断层强地面运动研究、地震危险性分析、设定地震研究与震害预测等工作中，应考虑可能地震的震源机制特点，以便使所用的衰减模型更能反映不同地震环境地区的地震动分布特征． 相似文献
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近断层地震动是造成近断层区工程结构破坏的重要因素,近断层地震动的特征受到诸多因素的影响,其中断层破裂传播的方向性是影响近断层地震动及其分布特征的关键因素之一。方向性效应的影响因素众多,比如断层破裂的速度、破裂的方向、断层的倾角、震源的深度、破裂的模式、破裂起始位置以及断层面上的局部震源参数等。但是这些参数是如何影响方向性效应的呢?特别是一般认为断层的破裂速度接近于剪切波传播速度时,会产生明显的方向性效应,但是当破裂速度超过剪切波传播速度时是否会产生方向性效应?如果存在,又会对近断层地震动的特征产生如何影响?为了回答这些问题,本研究首先分析了方向性效应的相关概念,接着采用数值方法模拟了各种震源相关参数的变化对方向性效应的影响,并且对模拟结果和实际近断层强地震动的方向性特征进行了分析,最后专门研究了地震破裂过程中的超剪切破裂现象及其对近断层地震动方向性效应的影响。研究时分别从地震动的加速度、速度和位移三方面,系统地分析了其三分量的峰值、频谱和持时特征,研究的主要内容和结论如下: 相似文献
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近断层地震动非常复杂,受地壳介质和地表局部场地影响的同时,更受地震断层破裂尺度、断层面位错的发展过程、破裂速度、滑动方向等因素的影响。近断层地震动常具有震动集中性、速度脉冲、永久位移以及破裂的方向性和上/下盘效应等特征。其中,地震动速度脉 相似文献
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2015年4月25日在尼泊尔Gorkha地区发生MW7.8地震，距离发震断层约11 km的KATNP台站完整记录了主震的加速度时程.本文根据KATNP台站记录的加速度数据分析了Gorkha地震的地震动特征.结果表明Gorkha地震在KATNP台站处产生的水平向峰值加速度为0.17 g，竖直向峰值加速度为0.19 g，该数值小于科学家们对如此大规模地震产生的地震动的预期，初步推测这可能是由加德满都山谷产生的非线性响应造成的（Dixit et al.，2015）；地震在KATNP台站处产生了地表永久位移，其中竖向永久位移为131.9 cm，水平向永久位移的绝对值为159.2 cm，方向为南偏西19°（199°），据此可简单推算出断层走向约为289°（109°）.地震产生了脉冲型地震动，影响因素有盆地效应、地震破裂的向前的方向性效应以及滑冲效应，其中盆地效应的周期约为5 s左右，方向性效应产生的速度脉冲的周期约为8 s左右.加速度反应谱显示在0.5 s和5.0 s左右各有一个峰值，前者是由地震破裂的脉冲式滑移产生的大量高频地震动造成的，后者是由于盆地效应和地震破裂的方向性效应造成的.基于阿里亚斯烈度计算的地震动持时约在36~46 s之间，小于与其规模相当的地震产生的地震动持时，并且不同方向上的地震动持时可能与地震破裂方向有关.阿里亚斯烈度随时间的变化比较简单，也反映了Gorkha地震是一次连续的、能量释放相对简单的地震事件. 相似文献
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11.
Development of attenuation relation for the near fault ground motion from the characteristic earthquake 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A composite source model has been used to simulate a broadband strong ground motion with an associated fault rupture process. A scenario earthquake fault model has been used to generate 1 000 earthquake events with a magni-tude of Mw8.0. The simulated results show that, for the characteristic event with a strike-slip faulting, the character istics of near fault ground motion is strongly dependent on the rupture directivity. If the distance between the sites and fault was given, the ground motion in the forward direction (Site A) is much larger than that in the backward direction (Site C) and that close to the fault (Site B). The SH waves radiated from the fault, which corresponds to the fault-normal component plays a key role in the ground motion amplification. Corresponding to the sites A, B, and C, the statistical analysis shows that the ratio of their aPG is 2.15:1.5:1 and their standard deviations are about 0.12, 0.11, and 0.13, respectively. If these results are applied in the current probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA), then, for the lower annual frequency of exceedance of peak ground acceleration, the predicted aPG from the hazard curve could reduce by 30% or more compared with the current PSHA model used in the developing of seismic hazard map in the USA. Therefore, with a consideration of near fault ground motion caused by the rupture directivity, the regression model used in the development of the regional attenuation relation should be modified accordingly. 相似文献
12.
Seismic hazard assessment of Tehran,Iran with emphasis on near-fault rupture directivity effects 
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下载免费PDF全文 Many destructive earthquakes happened in Tehran, Iran in the last centuries. The existence of active faults like the North Tehran is the main cause of seismicity in this city. According to past investigations, it is estimated that in the scenario of activation of the North Tehran fault, many structures in Tehran will collapse. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate the near field rupture directivity effects of this fault into the seismic hazard assessment of important sites in Tehran. In this study, using calculations coded in MATLAB,Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis(PSHA) is conducted for an important site in Tehran. Following that, deaggregation technique is performed on PSHA and the contribution of seismic scenarios to hazard is obtained in the range of distance and magnitude. After identifying the North Tehran fault as the most hazardous source affecting the site in 10000-year return period, rupture directivity effects of this fault is incorporated into the seismic hazard assessment using Somerville et al.(1997) model with broadband approach and Shahi and Baker(2011) model with narrowband approach. The results show that the narrowband approach caused a 27% increase in the peak of response spectrum in 10000-year return period compared with the conventional PSHA. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate the near fault rupture directivity effects into the higher levels of seismic hazard assessment attributed to important sites. 相似文献
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Deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analyses should be complementary, in the sense that probabilistic analysis may be used to identify the controlling deterministic design‐level earthquake events, and more sophisticated models of these events may then be developed to account for uncertainties that could not have been included directly in the probabilistic analysis. De‐aggregation of the tentative uniform hazard spectra (UHS) in Hong Kong resulting from a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) indicates that strong and major distant earthquakes, rather than moderate local earthquakes, make the largest contribution to the seismic hazard level within the natural‐period range longer than 0.3 s. Ground‐motion simulations of controlling events located 90 and 340 km from Hong Kong, taking into account uncertainties in the rupture process, reveal that the tentative UHS resulting from the PSHA may have significantly underestimated the mid‐to‐long period components. This is attributed mainly to the adoption of double‐corner source‐spectrum models in the attenuation relationships employed in the PSHA. The results of the simulations indicate clearly that rupture directivity and rupture velocity can significantly affect the characteristics of ground motions, even from such distant earthquakes. The rupture‐directivity effects have profound implications in elongating the second corner period where the constant velocity intersects the constant displacement, thus increasing the associated displacement demand. However, demands for acceleration and velocity are found to be not sensitive to the presence of the directivity pulses. Ground pulses resulting from forward rupture directivity of distant earthquakes have longer predominant periods than the usual near‐fault directivity pulses. These long‐period pulses may have profound implications for metropolises, such as Hong Kong and others in Southeast Asia, having large concentration of high‐rise buildings. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Potential sources are simplified as point sources or linear sources in current probabilistic seismic hazard analysis (PSHA) methods. Focus size of large earthquakes is considerable, and fault rupture attitudes may have great influ-ence upon the seismic hazard of a site which is near the source. Under this circumstance, it is unreasonable to use the simplified potential source models in the PSHA, so a potential rupture surface model is proposed in this paper. Adopting this model, we analyze the seismic hazard near the Chelungpu fault that generated the Chi-Chi (Jiji) earthquake with magnitude 7.6 and the following conclusions are reached. 1 This model is reasonable on the base of focal mechanism, especially for sites near potential earthquakes with large magnitude; 2 The attitudes of poten-tial rupture surfaces have great influence on the results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and seismic zoning. 相似文献
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基于数值格林函数法的近场强地震动数值模拟方法,以1994年Northridge地震断层面上位错量的不均匀分布模式和该地区的地层剪切波速度结构为震源模型和计算模型,做了两个方面的模拟研究:(1)直立走滑断层(断层倾角为90°)情况下,模拟分析了有限断层单侧破裂模式和双侧破裂模式对强地震动特征——破裂方向性和上盘效应的影响;(2)对于倾斜断层(倾角为45°),模拟分析了正断层、逆断层和走滑断层情况下,单侧破裂模式对其强地震动主要特征——破裂方向性效应和上盘效应的影响.结果表明:断层的破裂方式直接影响着地表地震动峰值和矢量分布;在近场区无论直立断层还是倾斜断层,其地表地震动峰值分布所表达的破裂方向性效应显著,位于破裂传播前方的地震动强度大,反映了波前被压缩的趋势,破裂后方地震强度明显变小;倾斜断层引起的上盘效应明显,NS向分量和竖向分量的地表地震动峰值的最大值出现在上盘靠近断层迹线处,EW向分量的峰值在断层迹线两侧呈不对称分布,且逆断层引起的地震动峰值最大,走滑断层的次之,正断层的最小. 相似文献
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Characteristics of amplitude and duration for near fault strong ground motion from the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan Earthquake 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A great number of free-field ground motion records are obtained during the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake. Records from 130 near fault free-field stations within 55 km to the causative fault surface are used as database, and characteristics of earthquake peak ground acceleration, velocity, displacement and duration are analyzed. According to this study, near fault ground motions are strongly affected by distance to fault, fault rupture directivity, site condition, as well as thrust of hanging wall. Compared with empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations used in China, US and Japan, the PGAs and PGVs recorded in this earthquake are not as large as what we have expected for a large earthquake as magnitude 7.6. However, the largest PGV and PGD worldwide were recorded in this event, which are 292 cm/s and 867 cm, respectively. Caused by nonlinear site effects of soil, peaks and corresponding ratios on E-class site were markedly different from those on other sites. Just as observed in historic earthquakes, fault rupture directivity effects caused significant differences between peaks of ground motion of two horizontal components, but took very slight effects on the duration of ground motion. The significant velocity pulses associated with large PGVs and PGDs, as well as large permanent displacements, which may result from the large thrust of the hanging wall, became the outstanding character of this event. Based on this study, we point out that 3D waveform modeling is needed to understand and predict near fault ground motion of large earthquakes. 相似文献
17.
《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2008,(12)
The Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 is the most destructive earthquake in China in the past 30 years in terms of property damage and human losses. In order to understand the earthquake process and the geo-morphological factors affecting the seismic hazard, we simulated the strong ground mo-tion caused by the earthquake, incorporating three-dimensional (3D) earth structure, finite-fault rupture, and realistic surface topography. The simulated ground motions reveal that the fault rupture and basin structure control the overall pattern of the peak ground shaking. Large peak ground velocity (PGV) is distributed in two narrow areas: one with the largest PGV values is above the hanging wall of the fault and attributed to the locations of fault asperities and rupture directivity; the other is along the north-western margin of the Sichuan Basin and caused by both the directivity of fault rupture and the ampli-fication in the thick sediment basin. Rough topography above the rupture fault causes wave scattering, resulting in significantly larger peak ground motion on the apex of topographic relief than in the valley. Topography and scattering also reduce the wave energy in the forward direction of fault rupture but increase the PGV in other parts of the basin. These results suggest the need for a localized hazard as-sessment in places of rough topography that takes the topographic effects into account. Finally, had the earthquake started at the northeast end of the fault zone and ruptured to the southwest, Chengdu would have suffered a much stronger shaking than it experienced on 12 May, 2008. 相似文献
18.
采用美国南加州地震委员会(SCEC)Steven Day博士提供的三维有限差分断层瞬态破裂动力学模型(3D-FDM),以1976年唐山M_S7.8地震为例,从简化的断层双侧破裂模式出发,对该地震发震断层的动态破裂过程及近断层地表运动特征进行了仿真模拟和计算.研究区域为围绕发震断层200 km×140 km×40 km(深度)的长方形块体组成,模拟计算的空间分辨率和时间分辨率分别为200 m和0.012 s,形成的空间网格节点数为1051×701×201.在DELL小型上作站上,我们实现了对源程序的移植和并行计算.同时,通过引进计算机可视化技术,对模拟数据进行了3D/4D解释分析.另外,在对源程序修改过程中,实现了对京津唐地区三维地壳速度结构的嵌入,在一定程度上增强了对地震波传播以及地面运动模拟的真实性,并讨论了地震破裂的方向性对近断层地表运动的影响.最后根据初步研究结果结合京津唐地区活动断层构造特征,对唐山M_S7.8级主震后随之而来的1976滦县M_S7.1级余震及宁河M_S6.9级余震的动态触发机制提出了新的解释.由于受主震破裂方向性作用的影响,使得主震对后续两个较大余震产生的动态应力变化的峰值在断层的走滑方向上较大,为2～3 MPa,在逆冲方向上较小,为0.1～0.2 MPa.即唐山主震的发生使得其周边的应力场有一个瞬态的应力调整,唐山主震对后续余震的发生有促发作用. 相似文献
19.
The Wenchuan earthquake of 12 May 2008 is the most destructive earthquake in China in the past 30 years in terms of property
damage and human losses. In order to understand the earthquake process and the geo-morphological factors affecting the seismic
hazard, we simulated the strong ground motion caused by the earthquake, incorporating three-dimensional (3D) earth structure,
finite-fault rupture, and realistic surface topography. The simulated ground motions reveal that the fault rupture and basin
structure control the overall pattern of the peak ground shaking. Large peak ground velocity (PGV) is distributed in two narrow
areas: one with the largest PGV values is above the hanging wall of the fault and attributed to the locations of fault asperities
and rupture directivity; the other is along the northwestern margin of the Sichuan Basin and caused by both the directivity
of fault rupture and the amplification in the thick sediment basin. Rough topography above the rupture fault causes wave scattering,
resulting in significantly larger peak ground motion on the apex of topographic relief than in the valley. Topography and
scattering also reduce the wave energy in the forward direction of fault rupture but increase the PGV in other parts of the
basin. These results suggest the need for a localized hazard assessment in places of rough topography that takes the topographic
effects into account. Finally, had the earthquake started at the northeast end of the fault zone and ruptured to the southwest,
Chengdu would have suffered a much stronger shaking than it experienced on 12 May, 2008.
Supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant Nos. EAR 0738779 and OCE 0727919), the National Basic Research Program
of China (Grant No. 2004CB418404), and partially by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 40521002) 相似文献