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ON WESTERLY WIND BURSTS IN EQUATORIAL WESTERN PACIFIC BEFORE AND DURING THE ONSET AND INITIAL DEVELOPMENT PHASES OF ENSO* 
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下载免费PDF全文 By means of NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset,the origins of westerly wind anomalies at low level over equatorial western Pacific Ocean before and during the onset and initial development phase of ENSO are explored.Evidences show that westerly anomalies in the equatorial western Pacific(140-180°E) are characterized by two remarkable enhancements in the spring and summer of the year when El Nine emerges.The enhancements are not only.to some extem.due to the eastward propagation of low-level westerlies in equatorial Indian Ocean.but also predominantly resulting from Ihe intense convergence of the meridional wind from both hemispheres.The latitudinal convergence leads to the local intensification of zonal pressure gradient so as to cause the reinforcement and bursts of westerly wind over warm pool.Besides,by virtue of the effect of earth rotation,the northeasterlies(southeasterlies) from the Northern(Southern) Hemisphere turn into northwesterlies(southwesterlies) progressively in the near-equatorial zone.which directly strengthens the westerly velocity.Comparing the contributions of the meridional wind from both hemispheres to westerly wind bursts,is seems that southeasterlies from the Southern Hemisphere are much stronger and more stable than northwesterlies of Northern Hemisphere.It is evident that the southeasterlies to the east of Australia originate from the southern mid-and high latitudes and are in close association with the Southern Oscillation. 相似文献
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利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°的月平均再分析资料、NOAA卫星观测的OLR资料和中国气象局台风年鉴资料,对2014年8月西北太平洋和南海无TC生成的原因进行了诊断分析,结果表明：极地冷空气南侵,造成8月上中旬副热带高压偏东偏南,下旬冷空气减弱,副热带高压偏西偏南,致使副热带高压南侧偏东信风与赤道西风的汇合区位置异常偏南;马斯克林高压偏弱,导致索马里急流和东印度洋越赤道气流也弱,印度半岛中低层季风低压或季风槽极其不活跃。澳大利亚高压路径偏东或偏西和势力偏弱,则南海南部越赤道气流亦弱。8月上中旬台风主要源地的海表温度明显偏低,不能酿成低层高温高湿的大气;月内西北太平洋和南海大气的对流活动很弱,层结较稳定、风速垂直切变大,均不利于TC发生发展。在南海到菲律宾以东洋面低层为弱的正涡度区和负散度区,有辐合上升运动,但垂直速度很小,不能满足TC尺度的环流发生和发展;南亚高压和副高南侧东风扰动造成对流层高层为弱上升区,不能形成高空辐散机制,不利于上升气流维持和加强。故此,8月在异常偏南的ITCZ中生成的4个热带扰动最终均未能发展成台风。 相似文献
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基于美国哥伦比亚大学Lamont—Doherty地球观象台LDEO（Lamont—DohertyEarth Observatory）海表温度资料和NCEP／NCAR再分析风场资料,分析了1997／1998年El Nino3期间西太平洋暖池海表温度和西风距平的时间演变特征,同时也分析了东太平洋暖池海表温度和北风距平的时间演变特征。结果表明,1997／1998年El Nino3事件期间,西太平洋暖池海表温度变化及异常西风和东太平洋暖池海表温度变化及异常北风都与Nino3指数变化密切相关。将东、西太平洋暖池及异常北风、西风一并结合起来考虑,进一步研究了1997／1998年El Nino3事件发生、发展的可能机制：异常西风驱动西太平洋暖池东端暖水向东伸展直接有利于赤道东太平洋海表温度增加;异常西风激发东传的暖Kelvin波对东太平洋的冷上升流有抑制作用,从而有利于赤道东太平洋海表温度增加;东传的异常西风可以通过埃克曼漂流效应将赤道两侧的海表暖水向赤道辐合从而加强了赤道附近的下沉流,也有利于赤道东太平洋赤道附近海表温度增加。几乎与此同时,北风距平通过产生北风吹流将东太平洋暖池暖水由北向南输送至赤道附近直接导致Nino3区海表温度增加。上述增温因素的叠加作用共同导致了1997／1998年El Nino事件迅速发生、异常强大。 相似文献
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利用观测分析资料和SINTEX-F海气耦合长时间(70年)数值模拟结果,分析了印度洋海温年际异常与热带夏季季节内振荡(BSISO)各种传播模态之间关系及其物理过程。结果表明,印度洋海温年际异常与热带BSISO关系密切,当印度洋为正(负)偶极子情况,中东印度洋北传BSISO减弱(加强);当印度洋为正(负)海盆异常(BWA)情况,印度洋西太平洋赤道地区(40°E -180°)东传BSISO加强(减弱)。印度洋海温年际变化通过大气环流背景场和BSISO结构影响热带BSISO不同传播模态强度的年际变化。在负(正)偶极子年夏季,由于对流层大气垂直东风切变加强(减弱),对流扰动北侧的正压涡度、边界层水汽辐合加强更明显(不明显),导致形成BSISO较强(弱)的经向不对称结构,因此北传BSISO偏强(减弱)。印度洋BWA模态通过影响赤道西风背景以及海气界面热力交换,导致赤道东传BSISO强度产生变化。在正BWA年夏季,赤道地区西风较明显,当季节内振荡叠加在这种西风背景下,扰动中心的东侧(西侧)风速减弱(加强)更明显,海面蒸发及蒸发潜热减弱(加强)更明显,导致扰动中心的东侧(西侧)海温升高(降低)幅度更大,从而使边界层产生辐合(辐散)更强、水汽更多(少),因此赤道东传BSISO偏强;而在负BWA年,赤道地区西风背景减弱,以上物理过程受削弱使赤道东传BSISO偏弱。 相似文献
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The midlatitude westerlies are one of the major components of the global atmospheric circulation. They play an important role in midlatitude weather and climate, and are particularly significant in interpreting aeolian sediments. In this study, we analyzed the behavior and the possible mechanism involved in the change of the westerlies, mainly in terms of the jet stream position, in the mid-Pliocene warm period(3.3 to 3.0 million years ago) using simulations of 15 climate models from the Pliocene Model Intercomparison Project(Plio MIP). Compared to the reference period, the mid-Pliocene midlatitude westerlies generally shifted poleward(approximately 3.6 of latitude in the Northern Hemisphere and 1.9 of latitude in the Southern Hemisphere at 850 h Pa level) with a dipole pattern. The dipole pattern of the tropospheric zonal wind anomalies was closely related to the change of the tropospheric meridional temperature gradient as a result of thermal structure adjustment.The poleward shift of the midlatitude westerly jet corresponded to the poleward shift of the mean meridional circulation.The sea surface temperatures and sea ice may have affected the simulated temperature structure and zonal winds, causing the spread of the westerly anomalies in the mid-Pliocene between the atmosphere-only and coupled atmosphere–ocean general circulation model simulations. 相似文献
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复杂地形下雷暴增强过程的个例研究 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
本文基于多普勒雷达变分同化分析系统（VDRAS）反演的对流层低层热力和动力场,并结合多种稠密观测资料,对北京地区2009年7月22日一次弱天气尺度强迫下雷暴在山区和平原增强的机理进行了较深入的分析。研究结果表明：雷暴过程受大尺度天气系统影响不明显,对流前期地面弱冷锋,是此次雷暴新生的触发机制,高层冷平流、低层偏南暖湿气流的稳定维持和对流不稳定能量的聚集是本次雷暴增强的必要条件。雷暴从河北北部移进北京西北山区后,在下山和到达平原地区时,经历了两次明显的发展增强阶段。雷暴第一阶段下山增强,地形强迫起着主要作用,具体表现在三个方面：（1）地形斜坡使得雷暴冷池出流下山加速与稳定维持的偏南气流形成了强的辐合区;（2）地形抬升使得偏南暖湿入流强烈地上升,从而加剧了对流的发展;（3）地形抬高了冷池出流高度,使得出流与近地面偏南气流构成随高度顺转的低层垂直风切变,低层暖空气之上有冷平流叠加,使得雷暴前方的动力和热力不稳定增强。雷暴第二阶段在平原地区再次增强的主要原因是：组织完好的雷暴到达平原地区后,其冷池与低层暖舌在城区（朝阳地区）的对峙,产生了强的扰动温度梯度;强的冷池出流与势力相当的偏南暖湿气流相互作用产生了强的辐合上升气流,并与下沉气流在较长时间内共存;冷池出流形成的负涡度与低层切变产生的正涡度达到近似平衡状态。运用RKW理论,三者导致雷暴前方低层的辐合抬升最强,最有利于雷暴的维持发展。 相似文献
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1979年7、8月东亚地区赤道缓冲带的结构及其活动 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文利用美国华盛顿气象中心发布的1979年7、8月逐日格点风资料(范围35°S—35°N、85°—145°E),分析了东亚赤道缓冲带结构及其活动特征。结果表明东亚赤道缓冲带为对流层中低层不对称暖性系统,其内为负涡度、辐散下沉区;并发现7、8月它的活动是不相同的,7月缓冲带活动在1°N—1°S赤道附近,8月稳定在2°N以北地区。文中指出7、8月赤道缓冲带活动不相同是由于在这个期间西太平洋副热带高压第二次季节性北跳,经向大尺度环流产生一次明显的调整造成的。 相似文献
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赤道东太平洋海温异常对东亚上空西风带强度影响的诊断分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过对两个冬季个例的诊断分析,讨论了赤道东太平洋海表具有不同温度时,沃克环流与哈得来环流的三维结构以及它们在角动量和热量输送中的作用。阐述了赤道东太平洋海温异常对东亚西风强度影响的物理过程。 相似文献
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纬向切变线暴雨落区的精细化分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
应用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对纬向切变线的暴雨落区进行精细化分析。结果表明:虽然低层切变线的位置对暴雨落区很重要,但不是判断暴雨落区的唯一依据。影响系统的空间结构及冷暖空气的相互作用对暴雨落区的精细化预报至关重要。当东北地区有冷空气入侵,山东省为一致东北风时,除了与切变线对应的暴雨区,还有因锋面抬升作用造成的地面东北风中的暴雨区;而当东北地区为暖低压,850 hPa冷中心盘踞山东省时,切变线南侧西南暖湿气流强盛,此时暴雨区位于切变线南侧和地面静止锋之间的鲁南地区;风场辐合中心往往和高湿舌对应,高湿舌前部和风场辐合中心附近是暴雨落区。 相似文献
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西太平洋副热带高压的年际变率受热带多个关键海区的海-气相互作用过程调控, 但彼此间的因果关联和影响机制尚不清楚。为揭示西太平洋副热带高压的年际变率与热带海温及大气环流异常之间的内在关联特性, 定义了三个关键海区以及赤道纬向西风区的特征指数, 并分别与西太平洋副热带高压强度、脊线指数进行了交叉小波和相干小波分析。研究发现:西太平洋副热带高压指数存在显著的2~3年和准5年的周期振荡, 20世纪八九十年代后, 由于暖池区海温及赤道纬向西风区的Hadley环流强迫加强, 致使副热带高压特征指数的2~3年周期振荡加强; 从位相关系看, 先是西太平洋副热带高压减弱南撤导致纬向西风加强, 其后影响赤道东太平洋海温升高, 同时暖水向东传, 使赤道中太平洋以及暖池区海温逐渐升高, 在Hadley环流作用下使副高加强北抬。基于上述西太平洋副热带高压的年际变率与热带海温及大气环流异常变化相关性诊断研究, 进一步探讨了造成这种相关性的影响机理和因果关联, 为揭示西太平洋副热带高压年际变率与热带海温及大气环流异常的相关性做探索研究。 相似文献
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Through the use of the hourly wind, air temperature and humidity, sea surface temperature data measured on board the observing vessel Moana Wave and buoy in the warm pool of western Pacific during the IOP of TOGA COARE, we compute the fluxes over sea surface and analyze the characteristics of the variation ofthe latent heat flux with sea surface temperature. During weak rather than strong wind periods a maximum valueof latent heat flux appears at some points of SST, which is caused mainly by the variations of wind, then by the humidity difference between air and sea and the transfer coefficient with SAT. Using correlation analysis. we also analyze the relationship between the fluxes and meteorological elements during weak wind periods. wester lywind burst periods, and convective disturbed periods etc. The main conclusions are that the latent heat flux ismainly determined by wind, sensible heat flux by the potential temperature difference between air and sea and the momentum flux by wind. The precipitation affects the sensible heat flux through the potential temperature difference and wind. 相似文献
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The responses of sea surface temperature (SST) in the western equatorial Pacific warm pool to the west erly wind bursts (WWBs) play an important role in the relationship between WWB and ENSO. By using da ta collected from eight buoys of TOGA (Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere)-COARE (Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment), the heat balances of the upper ocean in the western equatorial Pacific around 0°. 156°E during two WWB events were calculated according to Stevenson and Niiler＇s (1983) method. In both events, SST increased before and after the WWBs, while decreased within the WWBs. The SST amplitudes approximated to l℃. Although sometimes the horizontal heat advections may become the biggest term in the heat balance, the variation of SST was dominated by the surface heat flux. On the other aspect, some different features of the two events are also revealed. The two cases have different variation of mixed layer depth. The depth of mixed layer is almost double in the first case (35 m to 70 m), which is caused by Ekman convergence, while only 10m increments due to entrainment in the second one. There are also differences in the currents structure. The different variations of thermal and currents struc ture in the mixing layers accounted for the different variation of the heat balance during the two events, es pecially the advection and residue terms. The seasonal variation of SST in this area is also investigated sim ply. The first WWB event happened just during the seasonal transition. So we considered that it is a normal season transition rather than a so-called anomaly. That also suggested that the seasonal distinction of the WWB is worthy of more attention in the researches of its relationship to ENSO. 相似文献
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关于ENSO本质的进一步研究 总被引：28，自引：5，他引：23
基于ENSO是热带太平洋海气相互作用产物的科学观点,一系列的分析研究表明:赤道太平洋次表层海温异常(SOTA)有明显的年际变化(循环),并且与ENSO发生密切相关;ENSO的真正源区在赤道西太平洋暖池,赤道西太平洋暖池正(负)SOTA沿赤道温跃层东传到东太平洋,导致El Nino(La Nina)的爆发;在暖池正(负)SOTA沿赤道温跃层东传的同时,将有负(正)SOTA沿10°N和10°S两个纬度带向西传播,从而构成SOTA的循环;热带太平洋SOTA年际循环的驱动者主要是由异常东亚季风所引起的赤道西太平洋纬向风的异常.进而,可以提出关于ENSO本质的一种新理论,即ENSO实质上主要是由异常东亚季风引起的赤道西太平洋异常纬向风所驱动的热带太平洋次表层海温距平的年际循环.
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热带太平洋和印度洋热源对大气影响的季节变化特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文利用1970—1979年COADS2°×2°格点月平均资料,计算了30°S—30°N热带太平洋和印度洋洋面上的有效长波辐射、感热和潜热通量以及它们的季节变化和年变化。结果指出:在冬季半球热带海洋外侧有大量的长波辐射、感热和潜热向大气输送,输送通量的季节变化大;热带太平洋地区西北部热通量的季节变化最大,赤道洋面地区热通量的年变化最小,潜热是洋面上热量输送的最大项,季节变化也最大;感热的输送量虽不及有效长波辐射,但其季节变化与有效长波辐射的变化相当;赤道地区是有效长波辐射和潜热通量的低值区,暖池地区是有效长波辐射的低值中心,靠近秘鲁海域的东南赤道太平洋是感热通量的负值区;热带太平洋西北部和阿拉伯海、孟加拉湾地区的热通量及年、季变化与亚洲季风有密切的关系,同时对我国和南亚地区的气候有重要的影响。 相似文献
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利用常规地面高空观测资料、地面自动站资料、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料、卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达资料等,对2017年秋季发生在河北省中部的一次由飑线引发的雷暴大风天气进行分析。结果表明：本次雷暴大风过程发生在高空冷涡底部,槽后冷空气与低层暖平流叠加配合地面冷锋的有利天气背景下,由飑线回波直接造成。环境条件中水汽和热力达到了中国华北地区产生强雷暴大风的平均值,大气温度直减率和垂直风切变比夏季更适宜,但能量不如夏季充足。飑线的强度、形态与夏季产生雷暴大风的雷达回波特征无异,但依据低层径向速度大值区预警秋季飑线大风需提高阈值。秋季飑线过程中地面同样伴随风场辐合、雷暴高压等中尺度系统,冷池密度流作用有利于地面大风产生。 相似文献
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The structure of planetary scale low frequency phenomena in the tropics is studied, and an attempt is made to de-termine its influence and interactions with phenomena at higher latitudes.In the tropics, it is found that the majority of the variance in the zonal wind structure is made up in wave num-bers 1 and 2. During warm events in the Pacific Ocean, when the Southern Oscillation Index is negative, almost all of the variance resides in the gravest mode which undergoes a 40o eastward phase shift. Meanwhile, the second logitudinal mode almost disappears. On the other hand, the meridional wind field possesses maximum amplitude at higher wave numbers. However, near the equator, the amplitude is small with extreme values occurring in the subtropics. The difference in scale and the location of extrema of the meridional and zonal wind components indicate that the tropical atmosphere is responding to two different driving mechanisms,Correlation analyses between variations of the zonal wind at reference points along the equator with variations of component elsewhere show that there are strong logitudinal connections. The strongest correlations between the tropics and higher latitudes exist in the region of the equatorial westerlies. In fact, stronger correlations occur between variations in U anywhere along the equator and the middle latitudes to the north and south of the equatorial wester-lies than to the latitudes immediately to the north and south of the reference points. We interpret this “remote” corre-lation pattern as indicating a two-stage teleconnection process which emphasizes the importance of the equatorial tropical westerlies of the Pacific Ocean as a “corridor” of communication between the low and high latitudes. The regionality of the correlations confirms, to some extent, recent theoretical development regarding trapped equatorial modes. Finally, time lagged correlations from plus and minus six months between variations of U and OLR indicate that the interactions between the extratropics and low latitudes possess an organized sequence. The extratropical in-fluence appears to propagate into the tropics followed by an eastward propagation along the equator. Finally, a propagation from the tropics to the extratropics in the upper troposphere occurs in the eastern Pacific Ocean. The time-lagged correlation sequence does not appear to be symmetric about the equator. 相似文献
20.
利用地面气象常规观测资料、区域自动站观测资料、雷达及卫星资料和NCEP 1°×1°的逐6h再分析资料,对2018年5月13日攀西地区南部的飑线天气过程的形成机制进行分析。结果表明:飑线发生在高空槽前,高空槽逐渐东移推动冷性气流沿背风坡东移,然后与前方低层暖空气汇合抬升形成对流;露点锋触发了飑线天气过程的形成;产生飑线天气区域的大气具有上干下湿、不稳定能量高、垂直风切变强、高层风速大和形成之前存在逆温层的特点;高空急流和动量下传对飑线的发生和加强具有促进作用;地形对飑线的形成和天气现象的分布有影响。 相似文献