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1.
利用2009年石家庄地区的4次机载PMS探测资料,对不同天气条件下大气气溶胶的数浓度、平均直径垂直分布和谱分布及一次晴天条件下的水平分布进行分析。结果表明：PCASP 探头探测的0.1-3.0 μm气溶胶粒子最大数浓度的量级为102-104 cm-3之间,平均值量级为102-103 cm-3之间,平均直径最大值介于0.225-0.717 μm,平均值介于0.148-0.167 μm。晴天条件下,气溶胶的数浓度随高度递减,直径随高度变化不大;逆温层底气溶胶明显积累,气溶胶浓度在大气边界层内明显高于其他层次;阴天轻雾情况下边界层内的气溶胶数浓度大于雨天和晴天,雨天气溶胶浓度最低;晴天气溶胶数浓度的水平分布不均匀;在云中气溶胶浓度明显下降,在云外气溶胶浓度较高。不同天气条件和晴天不同高度情况下,石家庄地区气溶胶谱型呈单峰分布,小于0.3 μm的细粒子对气溶胶的数浓度贡献最大,且随着高度的增加谱宽变窄。 相似文献
2.
北京及周边地区2004年8、9月间大气气溶胶分布特征观测分析 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
对2004年的8、9月间机载PMS系统在北京及周边地区进行的不同天气状况下的8次气溶胶飞行观测资料进行了分析。结果表明,此观测期间,近地层以轻雾、霾为主。气溶胶浓度最大值的量级为102-104cm-3。阴天状况下气溶胶浓度最大,可达12 169 cm-3;晴空时最小,为783 cm-3。平均气溶胶浓度为102-103cm-3;直径最大值主要集中在0.28-0.47μm,平均值集中在0.21-0.31μm;风速较小的晴天和阴天都有可能使气溶胶浓度出现高值。大气有逆温层存在时,逆温层底有气溶胶粒子的明显累积。气溶胶粒子浓度谱为单峰分布。 相似文献
3.
石家庄秋季大气气溶胶物理特征分析 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
利用１９９０年秋季在石家庄地区不同天气条件下飞机观测对流层低层（距地面４０００ｍ以下高度）大气气溶胶的观测资料，分析了气溶胶粒子数密度、质量浓度水平和垂直分布特征及其日变化。结果表明，晴空下，石家庄地区气溶胶源于本地，地面质量浓度为０．１５×１０－９—０．８５×１０－９·ｃｍ－３，高度４０００ｍ以下谱分布特征值逆温层影响气溶胶粒子的向上输送，使其在送温层上下出现不连续分布；气溶胶的日变化表现为上午数密度大于下午，但下午粒子谱变宽；城市效应影响气溶胶粒子分布，城市上空气溶胶粒子数密度比郊区高１５％－３０％。 相似文献
4.
祁连山北坡夏季晴天气溶胶粒子变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2007年7月祁连山区民乐县何庄进行的晴空观测所获得的PMS资料,对祁连山区大气气溶胶粒子的数浓度分布及日变化特征进行了统计分析,并结合相对湿度、风速和风向等气象资料,讨论了气溶胶粒子浓度与气象因子的关系。结果表明,该地区PCASP探测的气溶胶平均数浓度为102~103个·cm-3,FSSP-100探测的粒子平均数浓度为10-2~101个·cm-3,日变化特征表现为早晚大,中午小;FSSP和PCASP探测的气溶胶粒子谱分别呈负指数型和单峰型分布特点,其Junge幂指数谱分布和Deirmendjian广义Γ谱分布的分段拟合,能够更好地显示当地粒子的演变特征;此外,气溶胶粒子不仅与相对湿度、气温之间存在相关性,而且与风向风速亦有明显关系。 相似文献
5.
利用2009年石家庄地区不同季节的3次机载粒子探测系统PMS(Particle Measurement System)的探测资料,结合地面天气形势、风场和探空资料对石家庄地区,晴空背景下大气气溶胶的统计特征、数浓度、平均粒径的垂直分布特征以及谱分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:晴天条件下气溶胶的数浓度随高度递减,粒径随高度变化不大;在数值上,4月16日气溶胶数浓度和粒径最大,其次是10月15日,最小的是6月10日,3次粒径变化幅度都不大;逆温层底层气溶胶明显积累,气溶胶浓度在1.5 km以下大气边界层内明显高于其他层次,逆温层的高度和厚度影响气溶胶的分布;3次不同季节晴天背景下石家庄地区气溶胶谱型基本一致呈单峰分布,小于0.3μm的细粒子对气溶胶的数浓度贡献最大。 相似文献
6.
利用2010年春夏之交石家庄地区11架次的气溶胶和云凝结核(CCN)飞机同步观测资料,对比分析该地区云天和晴天气溶胶粒子的垂直廓线、不同高度气溶胶数谱特征,以及CCN的垂直分布、活化特性等。结果表明:云天气溶胶数浓度均值为1 553.28 cm~(-3),有效直径均值为0.52μm,比晴天数浓度(883.82 cm~(-3))大76%,有效直径(0.37μm)大41%。云天气溶胶数浓度呈指数型递减分布,有效半径在2 500 m以下随高度变化不明显,2 500 m以上随高度逐渐增大。晴天气溶胶数浓度在800～1 500 m内有累积,有效半径随高度没有明显的变化趋势。不同高度上气溶胶谱型基本一致,云天和晴天在气溶胶小尺度端(0.3μm)谱分布是连续的,在0.3μm处数谱均明显下降。云天和晴天CCN数浓度均随高度增大而减小,且各个高度层上云天CCN数浓度均大于晴天。云天CCN活化比率随高度变化不明显,晴天CCN活化比率随高度增大。气溶胶粒子尺度与CCN活化比率之间呈线性正相关。 相似文献
7.
基于CALIPSO卫星2007-2018年的三级平流层气溶胶廓线资料，本文分析西南地区平流层气溶胶的光学特性。结果表明：首先，在地理和季节上西南地区平流层气溶胶浓度较低。在夏季，西南地区平流层气溶胶光学厚度的均值出现最大值0.0007。其次，平流层气溶胶总衰减后向散射值的廓线分布随着高度的增加而减小，在10~11千米高度处出现最大值。这可能是由于对流层顶部和平流层底部之间气溶胶的相互交换。同时，平流层气溶胶总衰减后向散射值的纬向（北纬22.5°-32.5°）分布在七月出现均值最大值为0.0006×10-3 km-1sr-1，而径向分布（东经90°-110°）在一月出现最大值为0.0018×10-3 km-1sr-1。 相似文献
8.
9.
黑河地区沙漠气溶胶浓度和谱分布特征 总被引：22，自引：10，他引：22
本根据黑河地区的观测结果．着重分析了沙漠气溶胶浓度及其谱分布特征。沙漠气溶胶浓度较低，其中细粒子占绝对优势。扬尘时气溶胶浓度显增加，其中粗粒子增加幅度最大．比平时高20倍以上．直径(D）在2.0-10．0μm间的粗粒子浓度比重从晴天的1.9％上升到9．6％。中等降雨对D>4．0μm的沙漠气溶胶粒子的清除效率非常高(>90％)，但对总浓度的清除效果不很明显(42．5％)，尤其是对其中的D<0．4μm的小粒子(32．8％)，因此0．5相似文献
10.
《干旱气象》2016,(3)
2009年秋季利用夏延飞机观测平台对河北中南部雾霾天气条件下的气溶胶及云凝结核CCN进行观测,得到气溶胶、CCN数浓度及尺度的垂直廓线及粒子谱等特征,研究雾霾天大气气溶胶的分布、来源特征以及气溶胶与云凝结核的转化关系。研究发现:霾天气条件下边界层附近的气溶胶垂直分布特征有很大不同。边界层以上气溶胶浓度随高度递减,数浓度量级约101~102个·cm~(-3);边界层附近和近地面气溶胶浓度有峰值出现,近地面数浓度量级达103个·cm~(-3)。气溶胶粒子平均直径范围为0.16~0.18μm。600 m、1 000~2 000 m之间的气溶胶平均粒子谱大体呈单峰分布;3 000~4 000 m、6 000~6 900 m之间的粒子谱呈双峰分布。受气溶胶来源及特性差异的影响,在0.3%过饱和度下,3 000 m以下的气溶胶活化为CCN的比例不到20%,3 000 m以上活化比例高达50%。Hysplit后向轨迹模拟的气团移动轨迹显示,6 000 m以上的大气高层受我国西北地区远距离输送作用影响,沙尘粒子吸湿活化为CCN。低层气溶胶主要受下垫面及近地面污染排放影响,气溶胶尺度相对较小,气溶胶转化为CCN的比例低于高层。CCN浓度随过饱和度的增加呈增大趋势。利用多项式对气溶胶浓度和CCN浓度进行拟合,拟合结果与实测谱吻合较好。 相似文献
11.
The photochemical activation of chlorine by dissolved iron in artificial sea-salt aerosol droplets and by highly dispersed iron oxide (Fe2O3) aerosol particles (mainly hematite, specific surface ~150 m2 g?1) exposed to gaseous HCl, was investigated in humidified air in a Teflon simulation chamber. Employing the radical-clock technique, we quantified the production of gaseous atomic chlorine (Cl) from the irradiated aerosol. When the salt aerosol contained Fe2O3 at pH 6, no significant Cl production was observed, even if the dissolution of iron was forced by “weathering” (repeatedly freezing and thawing for five times). Adjusting the pH in the stock suspension to 2.6, 2.2, and 1.9 and equilibrating for one week resulted in a quantifiable amount of dissolved iron (0.03, 0.2, and 0.6 mmol L?1, respectively) and in gaseous Cl production rates of ~1.6, 6, and 8?×?1021 atoms cm?2 h?1, respectively. In a further series of experiments, the pure Fe2O3 aerosol was exposed to various levels of gaseous hydrogen chloride (HCl). The resulting Cl production rates ranged from 8?×?1020 Cl atoms cm?2 h?1 (at ~4 ppb HCl) to 5?×?1022 Cl atoms cm?2 h?1 (at ~350 ppb HCl) and confirmed the uptake and conversion of HCl to atomic Cl (at HCl to Cl conversion yields of 2–5 %, depending on the relative humidity). The Fe2O3 experiments indicate that iron-induced Cl formation may be important for highly soluble combustion-aerosol particles in marine environments in the presence of gaseous HCl. 相似文献
12.
Both aerosol and rainwater samples were collected and analyzed for ionic species at a coastal site in Southeast Asia over
a period of 9 months (January–September 2006) covering different monsoons. In general, the occurrence and distribution of
ionic species showed a distinct seasonal variation in response to changes in air mass origins. Real-time physical characterization
of aerosol particles during rain events showed changes in particle number distributions which were used to assess particle
removal processes associated with precipitation, or scavenging. The mean scavenging coefficients for particles in the range
10–500 nm and 500–10 μm were 7.0 × 10−5 ± 2.8 × 10−5 s−1 and 1.9 × 10−4 ± 1.6 × 10−5 s−1, respectively. A critical analysis of the scavenging coefficients obtained from this study suggested that the wet removal
of aerosol particles was greatly influenced by rain intensity, and was particle size-dependent as well. The scavenging ratios,
another parameter used to characterize particle removal processes by precipitation, for NH4
+, Cl−, SO4
2−, and NO3
− were found to be higher than those of Na+, K+, and Ca2+ of oceanic and crustal origins. This enrichment implied that gaseous species NH3, HCl, and HNO3 could also be washed out readily. These additional sources of ions in precipitation presumably counter-balanced the dilution
effect caused by high total precipitation volume in the marine and tropical area. 相似文献
13.
基于2010年12月1日—2011年11月30日美国国家航空航天局云—气溶胶激光雷达与红外探测者卫星搭载的激光雷达CALIPSO的监测数据,通过分析消光后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比,得到了华东地区垂直方向上气溶胶粒子的散射能力、尺度、规则程度随高度的变化及其季节变化特征。结果表明:随着高度的增加华东地区大气的散射能力减弱。整层大气不同季节粒子的形状大小不同,春季不规则、大粒径粒子所占比例与其他季节相比较大。夏季较规则、小粒径的粒子较多。各高度层的后向散射系数值分布范围为5×10-4~20×10-4 km-1·sr-1。对不同高度消光后向散射系数、体积退偏比和色比随时间变化的研究表明,春季受沙尘输送的影响,0~4 km大气层中不规则大粒径粒子较多;4~8 km大气层由于所含气溶胶粒子较少,大气散射能力随季节变化不明显;而8~10 km大气层中粒子含量最少,导致大粒径粒子所占比例较高,此外该高度层在秋季不规则、大粒径粒子相对较多,冬季规则、小粒径粒子相对较多。 相似文献
14.
H. E. Fossum B. A. Pettersson Reif M. Tutkun T. Gjesdal 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,144(1):21-40
Aerosol dispersion in the area surrounding an existing biological treatment facility is investigated using large-eddy simulation,
with the objective to investigate the applicability of computational fluid dynamics to complex real-life problems. The aerosol
sources consist of two large aeration ponds that slowly diffuse aerosols into the atmosphere. These sources are modelled as
dilute concentrations of a non-buoyant non-reacting pollutant diffusing from two horizontal surfaces. The time frame of the
aerosol release is restricted to the order of minutes, justifying a statistically steady inlet boundary condition. The numerical
results are compared to wind-tunnel experiments for validation. The wind-tunnel flow characteristics resemble neutral atmospheric
conditions with a Reynolds number, based on the boundary-layer thickness, of Re
δ
≈ 2 × 105. The numerical inflow conditions are based upon the wind-tunnel flow field. The predicted decay of both the mean and root-mean-square
concentrations are in good agreement with experimental data; at 3 m from the ground, the plume mean concentration 200 m downwind
of the source is approximately 2% of the source strength. The numerical data in the near-surface layer (0–50 m from the ground)
correspond particularly well with the wind-tunnel data. Tentative deposition simulations suggest that there seems to be little
difference in the deposition rates of large (1.8 × 10−5 m) and small (3 × 10−6 m) particles in the near-field under the flow conditions considered. 相似文献
15.
Gerson P. Almeida Stephan Borrmann João B. V. Leal Junior 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2014,125(3-4):159-176
Ground-based aerosol instrumentation covering particle size diameters from 25 nm to 32 µm was deployed to determine aerosol concentration and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)-activation properties at water vapor supersaturations in the range of S = 0.20–1.50 % in the remote Brazilian northeast semi-arid region (NEB) in coastal (maritime) and continental (inland) regimes. The instruments measured aerosol number concentration and activation spectra for CCN and revealed that aerosol properties are sensitive with respect to the sources as a function of the local wind circulation system. The observations show that coastal aerosol total number concentrations are above 3,000 cm?3 on average, exhibiting concentration peaks depending on the time of the day in a consistent daily pattern. The variation on aerosol concentration has also influences on the fraction of particles active as CCN. At 1.0 % water vapor supersaturation, the fraction can reach as high as 80 %. Inland aerosol total concentrations were about 1,800–1,900 cm?3 and did not show much diurnal variation. The fraction of particles active as CCN observed inland depend on the history of the air masses, and was much higher when air masses were originated over the sea. It was found that (NH4)2SO4 and NaCl are the major soluble inorganic fraction of the aerosols at the coast. The major fraction of NaCl was present in the coarse mode, while ammonium sulfate dominates the inorganic fraction at the submicron range, with about 10 % of the total aerosol mass at 0.32 µm. Inorganic compounds are almost absent in particles with sizes around 0.1 μm. The study suggests that the air masses with high concentration of CCN originate at the sea. The feasible explanation lies in the fact that the NEB’s beaches have a particular morphology that produces a wide surf zone and creates a large load of aerosols when combined with strong and permanent winds of the region. 相似文献
16.
Quantitative reconstruction of precipitation and runoff during MIS 5a,MIS 3a,and Holocene,arid China
Marine oxygen isotope stage 5a (MIS 5a), MIS 3a, and Holocene were highlighted periods in paleoclimate studies. Many scientists have published a great number of studies in this regard, but they paid more attention to qualitative research, and there was often a lack of quantitative data. In this paper, based on chronological evidence from a paleolake in arid China, MIS 5a, MIS 3a, and Holocene lake area, the precipitation of the drainage area and the runoff of the inflowing rivers of the lake were reconstructed with ArcGIS spatial analysis software and the improved water and energy balance model which was calibrated by modern meteorological and hydrological data in the Shiyang River drainage basin. The results showed that the paleolake areas were 1824, 1124, and 628 km2 for MIS 5a, MIS 3a, and Holocene; meanwhile, the paleoprecipitation and runoff were 293.992–297.433, 271.105–274.294, and 249.431–252.373 mm and 29.103 × 108–29.496 × 108, 18.810 × 108–18.959 × 108, and 10.637 × 108–10.777 × 108 mm, respectively. The quantitative data can help us not only strengthen the understanding of paleoclimatic characteristics but also recognize the complexity and diversity of the climate system. 相似文献
17.
Jambajamts Lkhamjav Hyunho Lee Ye-Lim Jeon Jaemyeong Mango Seo Jong-Jin Baik 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2018,54(4):587-598
The impacts of aerosol loading on surface precipitation from mid-latitude deep convective systems are examined using a bin microphysics model. For this, a precipitation case over north central Mongolia, which is a high-altitude inland region, on 21 August 2014 is simulated with aerosol number concentrations of 150, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, and 4800 cm?3. The surface precipitation amount slightly decreases with increasing aerosol number concentration in the range of 150–600 cm?3, while it notably increases in the range of 600–4800 cm?3 (22% increase with eightfold aerosol loading). We attempt to explain why the surface precipitation amount increases with increasing aerosol number concentration in the range of 600–4800 cm?3. A higher aerosol number concentration results in more drops of small sizes. More drops of small sizes grow through condensation while being transported upward and some of them freeze, thus increasing the mass content of ice crystals. The increased ice crystal mass content leads to an increase in the mass content of small-sized snow particles largely through deposition, and the increased mass content of small-sized snow particles leads to an increase in the mass content of large-sized snow particles largely through riming. In addition, more drops of small sizes increase the mass content of supercooled drops, which also leads to an increase in the mass content of large-sized snow particles through riming. The increased mass content of large-sized snow particles resulting from these pathways contributes to a larger surface precipitation amount through melting and collision-coalescence. 相似文献
18.
Yu. A. Izrael V. M. Zakharov N. N. Petrov A. G. Ryaboshapko V. N. Ivanov A. V. Savchenko Yu. V. Andreev Yu. A. Puzov B. G. Danelyan V. P. Kulyapin 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2009,34(5):265-273
Results of a field experiment on studying solar radiation passing in the visible wavelength range are described with the model aerosol media created in the surface atmosphere. High-efficiency thermocondensation generators were used for creating model aerosol media. The index of refraction and an average size of the aerosol particles formed are close to those characteristic of the natural stratospheric aerosol. The composition and technical characteristics of the equipment complex used in the experiments to control aerosol optical and microphysical parameters and meteorological conditions of the experiment are considered. The Gaussian model of impurity dispersion in the boundary layer is used for the analysis and interpretation of measurement results. It is found that with a number concentration of aerosol particles of ～102–103 cm?3 (which corresponds to the aerosol density in the deposited layer of about 1–10 mg/m2 with the layer thickness along the ray path of about 100 m) the solar radiation attenuation with artificial aerosol layers accounts for 1 to 10%. Model estimates are in satisfactory agreement with the measurement results. 相似文献
19.
Scott Geddes James Zahardis Giuseppe A. Petrucci 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2009,63(3):187-202
The atmospheric processing by ozone of peptide-containing mixed particles was investigated as proxies for biogenic and sea
spray primary organic aerosol. Reactions were performed in a flow reactor and particle composition was monitored by photoelectron
resonance capture ionization aerosol mass spectrometry. Mixed particles containing dipeptides in a saturated organic matrix
of stearic and palmitic acids showed no reaction under ozonolysis at exposure levels of 2.5 × 10−4 atm s O3. However reactions of mixed particles of a dipeptide (Leu-Leu) in an unsaturated matrix (oleic acid) under the same conditions
resulted in a rapid loss of the peptide ion signal, as well as the carrier matrix, and appearance of a number of ion signals
corresponding to secondary products. High molecular weight imides and amides have been identified corresponding to possible
reactions of ozonolysis products and reactive intermediates (i.e. aldehydes, stabilized Criegee intermediates). Additionally,
tautomerisation of the imides to enamines in the particle phase is postulated, with ozonolysis of the enamine followed by
regioselective decomposition of the primary ozonide to form an amide whereby the peptide incorporates an aldehydic group at
the N-terminus. The same general reactivity pattern was observed for mixed particles of diglycine and oleic acid. This behavior
was not observed in solution phase experiments, where the tautomerisation favors the more stable imine form, indicating that
particulate phase reactions of this nature may be dependent on the specific particle physical properties. The implications
of this chemistry with respect the atmospheric aging of cell-derived organic aerosol are discussed. 相似文献
20.
In the 1980s–1990s possible climatic consequences of the nuclear war were assessed in the papers by academician G.S. Golitsyn and other scientists. The assessment was based on the data of modeling of radiation and circulation processes in the atmosphere under different scenarios of ground-based and air nuclear exchange. Perhaps, underground nuclear explosions do not result in considerable climate effects associated with the emission of the large amount of aerosol to the atmosphere. However, they may cause changes in the rock structure at the big depth, in the composition of underground water as well as of liquid and gas hydrocarbons; the migration of radioactive products from the explosion melt cavity to the water and hydrocarbon layers. The incompleteness of nuclear reactions and heat emission in the melt cavity can be indirectly judged by the results of a thermal survey of the Earth surface in the epicentral zone of the explosion. It is demonstrated that a thermal anomaly is formed here, the temperature exceeds the background temperature of the Earth surface by 8–10°C. The possibility of the space monitoring of thermal anomalies using low-orbiting satellites is considered. It is shown that at cloudless weather for the typical size and temperature of thermal anomalies the flux density is about 9 × 10?10?2 × 10?9 W/cm2 at the space vehicle orbit in the spectral band of 8–14 μm; so, these objects can be registered. 相似文献