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1.
熊秋芬  苟尚  张昕 《高原气象》2016,(4):1060-1072
为了更全面地了解温带气旋的结构和形成原因,利用常规高空、地面观测、NCEP的1°×1°再分析资料和FY-2E水汽图像等资料,分析了2014年6月6 10日发生在华北及东北温带气旋的强度和移动路径、环流背景及结构和成因等。结果表明:(1)在发展阶段,地面气旋中心气压变化不大,但以逆时针旋转的路径移动;当地面气旋中心与高层低涡中心在同一垂直轴线上时,气旋停止发展。(2)以异常路径移动的气旋发生在500 h Pa大尺度环流多次调整的背景下。当气旋上游贝加尔湖至我国新疆南部的高压脊发展时,气旋初生;当气旋下游日本岛东部至鄂霍次克海高压脊发展时,气旋发展。(3)当正相对涡度随高度向西倾斜、气旋中心上空对流层低层正相对涡度首先加大、且其西侧的冷锋锋区增强、随后气旋中心上空整层正相对涡度增大时,地面气旋处于发展过程中;当高低层正相对涡度垂直重合、且对流层低层冷锋锋区减弱,则气旋停止发展。(4)对流层上层具有高值位涡的干空气逐渐进入地面气旋中心上空的湿区时,高位涡所携带的高空正涡度平流辐散作用使得低层辐合加强、绝对涡度增大,引起地面气压下降。(5)气旋中心上空的对流层中层暖平流和高层较大的正涡度平流使得垂直上升速度增强,气旋逐步发展;地面气旋中心总是沿中低层暖平流和其下游高低层微差涡度平流较大的区域移动。  相似文献   

2.
张晓红  罗静  陈兴  靳莉莉  邱旭敏 《气象》2016,42(6):716-723
利用NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料,对2013年5月25-27日一次江淮气旋的形成发展及其引发的暴雨过程进行了诊断分析。结果表明:高空明显的正涡度平流、低层暖平流以及与辐合辐散区相对应的垂直运动是导致气旋发展的重要物理因子。气旋发展过程和湿位涡正压项及斜压项有很好的对应关系,气旋的增强阶段伴随对流层低层mpv_1的增大及mpv_2值的减小;高层湿位涡下传;使近地面大气斜压性增强,从而在低层诱生出气旋性环流。气旋的形成发展过程与对流层正涡度柱的形成相对应,与湿位涡的空间结构及其演变有密切的联系。气旋引发的暴雨位于气旋移动路径的左前方(东北象限),该区域低层强辐合中心和正涡度中心的耦合,加剧水汽和能量的辐合,为暴雨维持提供了条件。  相似文献   

3.
通过分析1210号台风“达维”的路径和强度等发现,“达维”以台风强度登陆长江以北首先与副热带高压以及台风“苏拉”有重要关系;其次与动力因子有关,低空急流的风速增大和连通带的变长、环境风垂直风切变减弱、对流层高层的强的辐散中心和对流层低层的强的辐合中心以及对流层低层的正涡度中心变强,这些动力因子的变化导致了“达维”在海上强度的增强或维持;还与热力因子有关,较高的海表温度、对流层低层的水汽通量和水汽通量散度增强,也有利于“达维”强度的增强或维持。  相似文献   

4.
通过分析1210号台风达维的路径和强度等概况发现:达维在登陆之前北上的过程中强度基本保持增强的趋势,是1949年以来首个以台风强度登陆长江以北的台风。从环境场和海洋等方面对这个现象进行了初步研究,结果表明:达维以台风强度登陆长江以北首先与副热带高压以及台风苏拉有重要关系,其次与动力因子有关,低空急流的风速增大和连通带的变长、环境风垂直风切变减弱、对流层高层的强的辐散中心和对流层低层的强的辐合中心以及对流层低层的正涡度中心变强,这些动力因子的变化导致了达维在海上强度的增强或维持。还与热力因子有关,较高的海表温度、对流层低层的水汽通量和水汽通量散度增强,这些热力因子也都有利于达维强度的增强或维持。  相似文献   

5.
一次台风变性并入东北冷涡过程的动力诊断分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
梁钊明  王东海 《大气科学》2015,39(2):397-412
台风北移变性并入东北冷涡是造成东北地区夏季大范围暴雨的主要形式之一, 但其中的热动力结构变化特征及其物理机制尚不清晰。本文利用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)的再分析资料对一次台风变性并入东北冷涡过程进行动力诊断分析, 分析结果显示:冷涡冷空气的不断侵入以及台风移动形成的相对冷平流使得台风暖心结构消亡, 其低层低压辐合和高层高压辐散结构消失, 变性并入东北冷涡后气旋整层偏冷, 低层出现冷中心。台风变性并入东北冷涡过程中, 冷涡中心附近高空急流南侧的反气旋切变抑制气旋直接往高空发展, 而急流轴左侧的热动力分布特征有利于垂直涡度的发展, 变性后的气旋环流向冷涡的移近有利于急流轴维持倾斜, 从而促进气旋向高空冷涡倾斜发展。同时, 冷空气在气旋低层附近堆积导致等假相当位温线发生倾斜, 造成垂直涡度在气旋中层倾斜发展。台风变性并入东北冷涡后, 高空冷涡槽底的正垂直涡度平流促进气旋由中层直接向高层发展, 而高空冷涡槽底急流促进正垂直涡度平流的维持。气旋高空环流的发展反过来削弱了东北冷涡的高层环流, 导致高空冷涡中心出现北撤。  相似文献   

6.
季亮  费建芳 《大气科学》2009,33(6):1297-1308
选取1997年第11号台风“温妮”为研究个例, 通过中尺度模式MM5模拟再现了该台风登陆后经历初期减弱、 变性及变性后再次发展的演变过程。采用Davis et al.(1996) 提出的片段位涡反演方法, 提取具有副热带高压物理意义的位涡扰动, 采用片段位涡反演的方法, 改变模式积分初始时刻台风东部副热带高压强度, 并引入Ertel等熵面位涡收支方程, 深入分析不同强度的副热带高压环流系统在登陆台风结构演变的过程中等熵面位涡的守恒性, 以及守恒性与非守恒性相对作用的大小。研究表明: 台风北上深入内陆的过程中, 高空槽大值位涡源源不断的输送使得对流层低层西北侧位涡增长, 台风中心上空的辐散形势有利于台风强度的再次增强。由于摩擦和非绝热加热的存在, 对流层位涡局地变化主要决定于位涡的水平平流 (守恒项)、 位涡的垂直平流、 加热的垂直微分 (非守恒项) 的分布。台风经历变性及再增强的过程中, 其影响范围内位涡守恒性经历了先减弱后增强的过程, 非守恒项中位涡的垂直平流能较好地描述对流层中层位涡局地变化趋势, 而加热的垂直微分则在对流层低层和高层表现良好。副高强度的加强使台风加速北上, 加快了台风变性速度, 高层位涡的向下输送明显提前且强度增强, 位涡守恒性的破坏、 重建也相应提前, 位涡垂直平流的整层负值减小, 加热垂直微分对对流层低层位涡增长的正贡献加强, 且持续时间更长。  相似文献   

7.
超强台风“桑美”(2006)近海急剧增强特征及机理分析   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
应用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对超强台风“桑美”(2006)在中国近海急剧增强的特征及机理进行分析。结果表明, “桑美”台风强度变化与南亚高压、副热带高压的强度变化呈反相变化关系;介于-4~4 m/s弱的200 hPa和850 hPa高低层环境风垂直切变是“桑美”台风急剧增强的必要条件;台风中心附近对流层高层辐散的增强、中心附近正涡度的增大和正涡度柱向对流层中上层伸展导致“桑美”台风急剧增强,对流层中层辐散和涡度的增大与台风的减弱密切相关;“桑美”台风急剧增强过程中,对流层高层动能的下传是对流层低层动能补充的重要途径之一;“桑美”台风近海急剧增强具有前兆性,急剧增强对风垂直切变、850 hPa角动量和动能区域平均值变化的响应时间大约为18 h,这些可为提前预测我国近海台风的强度急剧变化提供参考。  相似文献   

8.
一次双台风影响下暴雨过程的中尺度涡旋模拟分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
储海  杨引明  刘梦娟 《气象》2017,43(11):1309-1325
本文对上海地区一次双台风环境影响的暴雨过程进行数值模拟及分析,探讨了强降水过程中大气中低层的涡旋特征及发展机理。结果表明:(1)暴雨过程处于双台风、大陆高压的共同影响下,中低层伴随有较明显的中尺度低涡发展。(2)与涡旋相关的局地垂直涡度由低层开始发展,先期涡度发展集中于850 hPa以下,之后向大气中上层发展增强,涡旋尺度强度也随之发展,最终形成在对流层下半部具有闭合式气旋性环流的深厚涡旋。(3)影响局地涡度变化的水平平流项、垂直平流项、散度制造项和倾斜项对不同时间、不同高度的涡度作用各不相同,其中散度制造项是中低层涡度的主要来源,垂直平流项的输送作用对中上层的涡度发展有重要作用,倾斜项对涡旋发展移动也有部分贡献。(4)通过敏感性试验考察了对流潜热反馈的贡献,发现潜热释放过程通过加热改变大气温压场结构,从而维持并改变局地涡度倾向的中低层辐合及对流上升运动,对涡旋的发展和移动起了重要影响。  相似文献   

9.
由台风低压倒槽引发的山东暴雨过程研究   总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3  
赵宇  崔晓鹏  王建国 《气象学报》2008,66(3):423-436
2004年8月26-28日发生在山东省的大到暴雨过程主要是由"艾莉"台风减弱的低压和西风带冷空气远距离相互作用造成的,台风倒槽的发展与低空东南气流的加强及台风低压外围热量和动量的向北输送密切相关.采用双向三重嵌套网格非静力模式MM5对这一过程进行了数值模拟,研究了台风倒槽的中尺度结构特征,并通过涡度收支探讨了台风倒槽及中尺度低涡发生发展的物理过程.结果表明,强降水是在台风倒槽顶部强风中心与弱风中心之间的强辐合作用下触发的,台风倒槽的增强和中尺度低涡的形成是低空急流及其动力作用的结果,降水的非绝热加热也起着重要作用.涡度方程的收支诊断表明,对流层低层的散度项、对流层中层的水平平流项和铅直输送项是正涡度的主要贡献者,在同一等压面上散度项和水平平流项的作用是相反的.对流层中层铅直输送项的贡献为正,扭转项为负贡献,涡度变化的总趋势是它们相互作用的净结果.等压面上相对涡度的变化趋势并不是均匀的,中尺度低涡的东南象限相对涡度局地变化较强,这是强降水发生在此的重要原因.低层正涡度的增加是由水平辐合引起的,而高层正涡度的增加是涡度由低层向高层垂直输送的结果.因此台风倒槽的发展和中尺度低涡的形成主要是由于低层的涡度制造,另一方面来自中低层涡度的垂直输送.  相似文献   

10.
干侵入对陕西“2008.07.21”暴雨过程的影响分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了2008年7月21日发生在陕西西南部一次暴雨过程的大尺度环流背景和水汽条件,运用相对湿度、风矢量、湿位涡和垂直涡度等多种物理量场,研究了该暴雨过程中干侵入的机制和特征,以及对暴雨发生、发展和维持的影响.结果表明,此次强降水过程是在高空槽和低空气旋的有利形势下产生的.水汽主要来源于孟加拉湾,持续的高层辐散、低层辐合的环流配置保证了低层源源不断的水汽辐合并抬升凝结,有利于转化为降水.受高空低槽发展东移的影响,干侵入在垂直层次上表现为由对流层中高层向低层的注入,水平方向上主要表现为由西向东的侵入,其中在103°E以西地区存在较强的下沉运动是干侵入的载体.应用湿位涡与倾斜涡度发展理论分析表明,当对流层中高层具有高值位涡的干空气侵入到低层时,由于湿位涡守恒特性,引起倾斜涡度发展,进而导致低层垂直涡度的急剧发展,有利于上升运动将水汽向上层输送,冷暖空气相遇,产生此次暴雨过程.  相似文献   

11.
In this study,the effect of vertical wind shear(VWS)on the intensification of tropical cyclone(TC)is investigated via the numerical simulations.Results indicate that weak shear tends to facilitate the development of TC while strong shear appears to inhibit the intensification of TC.As the VWS is imposed on the TC,the vortex of the cyclone tends to tilt vertically and significantly in the upper troposphere.Consequently,the upward motion is considerably enhanced in the downshear side of the storm center and correspondingly,the low-to mid-level potential temperature decreases under the effect of adiabatic cooling,which leads to the increase of the low-to mid-level static instability and relative humidity and then facilitates the burst of convection.In the case of weak shear,the vertical tilting of the vortex is weak and the increase of ascent,static instability and relative humidity occur in the area close to the TC center.Therefore,active convection happens in the TC center region and facilitates the enhancement of vorticity in the inner core region and then the intensification of TC.In contrast,due to strong VWS,the increase of the ascent,static instability and relative humidity induced by the vertical tilting mainly appear in the outer region of TC in the case with stronger shear,and the convection in the inner-core area of TC is rather weak and convective activity mainly happens in the outer-region of the TC.Therefore,the development of a warm core is inhibited and then the intensification of TC is delayed.Different from previous numerical results obtained by imposing VWS suddenly to a strong TC,the simulation performed in this work shows that,even when the VWS is as strong as 12 m s-1,the tropical storm can still experience rapid intensification and finally develop into a strong tropical cyclone after a relatively long period of adjustment.It is found that the convection plays an important role in the adjusting period.On one hand,the convection leads to the horizontal convergence of the low-level vorticity flux and therefore leads to the enhancement of the low-level vorticity in the inner-core area of the cyclone.On the other hand,the active ascent accompanying the convection tends to transport the low-level vorticity to the middle levels.The enhanced vorticity in the lower to middle troposphere strengths the interaction between the low-and mid-level cyclonical circulation and the upper-level circulation deviated from the storm center under the effect of VWS.As a result,the vertical tilting of the vortex is considerably decreased,and then the cyclone starts to develop rapidly.  相似文献   

12.
A heavy rainfall event that occurred in Shandong Province in 26 28 August 2004 was caused mainly by Typhoon Acre and cold air activities related to a westerly trough. The event was triggered by an inverted typhoon trough, which was closely associated with the intensification of the low-level southeasterly flow and the northward transport of heat and momentum in the periphery of the typhoon low. A numerical simulation of this event is performed using the nonhydrostatic mesoscale model MM5 with two-way interactive and triply-nested grids, and the structure of the inverted typhoon trough is studied. Furthermore, the formation and development mechanism of the inverted typhoon trough and a mesoscale vortex are discussed through a vorticity budget analysis. The results show that the heavy rainfall was induced by the strong convergence between the strong and weak winds within the inverted typhoon trough. Dynamic effects of the low-level jet and the diabatic heating of precipitation played an important role in the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex. The vorticity budget analysis suggests that the divergence term in the low troposphere, the horizontal advection term, and the convection term in the middle troposphere were main contributors to positive vorticity. Nonetheless, at the same pressure level, the effect of the divergence term and that of the adveetion term were opposite to each other. In the middle troposphere, the vertical transport term made a positive contribution while the tilting term made a negative contribution, and the total vorticity tendency was the net result of their counteractions. It is found that the change tendency of the relative vorticity was not uniform horizontally. A strong positive vorticity tendency occurred in the southeast of the mesoscale vortex, which is why the heavy rainfall was concentrated there. The increase of positive vorticity in the low (upper) troposphere was caused by horizontal convergence (upward transport of vorticity from the lower troposphere). Therefore, the development of the inverted typhoon trough and the formation of the mesoscale vortex were mainly attributed to the vorticity generated in the low troposphere, and also the vertical transport of vorticity from the low and middle troposphere.  相似文献   

13.
采用NCEP/NCAR再分析月平均资料和NOAA全球逐日降水资料,首先利用EOF方法分析了南海夏季风的垂直结构时空变化特征,然后初步探讨了南海夏季风垂直结构对中国夏季降水的影响和机制。(1) 南海夏季风的垂直结构有明显的年际和年代际变化特征。EOF第一模态型主要表现为南海夏季风垂直结构的年际变化特征,为对流层低层西南风和对流层高层东北风同时增强(同时减弱)(简称“低层-高层同时增强”和“低层-高层同时减弱”)两种典型结构变化;EOF第二模态主要表现为南海夏季风垂直结构的年代际变化,为对流低层(高层)西南风(东北风)由下向上的增强到减弱变化和相反的对流层低层(高层)西南风(东北风)减弱到增强的变化(简称“低层强弱-高层强弱”和“低层弱强-高层弱强”)的两个不同年代(时段)的垂直结构变化。(2) 南海夏季风垂直结构变化通过改变对流层低层、高层的环流异常变化来影响中国东部夏季降水的异常变化。南海夏季风呈“低层-高层同时增强”垂直结构时,南海低纬热带季风环流异常加强,长江流域低层辐散、高层辐合及异常下沉运动,其南侧的华南地区和北侧的东北地区是低层辐合、高层辐散和异常上升运动,导致华南降水异常偏多、长江流域降水偏少、北方降水偏多;在“低层-高层同时减弱”年,则相反。南海夏季风呈“低层弱强-高层弱强”垂直结构时,我国东部地区自华南到东北,分别是低层辐合(辐散)、高层辐散(辐合)的有利于上升(下沉)运动的环流条件,华南、江淮地区降水增多,江南、东北地区降水减少;对“低层强弱-高层强弱”时段,则相反。   相似文献   

14.
冬季西伯利亚高压动力结构的研究   总被引:16,自引:1,他引:16  
本文研究了冬季西伯利亚高压建立时期的动力结构。研究得到,在高压建立前期,对流层中以正涡度为主。低层和高层有弱的辐合,中层是辐散;相应在700hPa以下是上升,以上是下沉。但当反气旋发展时,高层为正涡度和辐合气流,低层为负涡度和辐散气流,整层为下沉运动。这表明对流层中、上层的强质量辐合是导致西伯利亚高压发展的一个重要因子。涡度方程的诊断表明,西伯利亚高压区负涡度的出现和加强是对流层中、上层负涡度平流和低层散度项的作用。 另外,西伯利亚高压热平衡计算表明,对流层有深厚的冷却层(热汇)。这种非绝热冷却将在对流层中导致深厚的下沉运动,从而引起中高层的辐合,低层的辐散,有利于高压的加强。因而西伯利亚高压是在动力和热力因子共同作用下形成的。  相似文献   

15.
Recurvature dynamics of a typhoon   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
Summary In this paper we present some recent work on typhoon prediction with a high resolution global model. The emphasis of this paper is on typhoon recurvature. Here we include examples of successful typhoon recurvature track forecasts made from a very high resolution global spectral model. The main objective of this study however is to go beyond the forecasts, i.e. to interrogate the history tapes and to diagnose residue-free budgets of the divergence and vorticity. The premise of this paper is that the recurvature of the typhoons depends on both the usual advection of vorticity by the layer mean winds and the advection of divergence in the outflow layers of the storm.The region immediately outside the heavy rain area of the storm experiences large values of divergent outflows which contribute a significant advection of divergence. Through the Dine's compensation this region must, in consort, experience an enhancement of low level convergence and of deep convection, thus contributing to the storm motion. We distinguish two facets of storm motion and recurvature, one based on the conventional steering that invokes the advection of vorticity by a vertical integrated flow, the other is the generation mechanism proposed here. During recurvature the storm appears to move in a direction which is influenced by the rotational and the divergent flow dynamics. Increased vertical resolution in the outflow layer is shown to resolve stronger amplitudes in the outflow layer divergence and thus to contribute to improved forecasts of recurvature. A number of processes seem to simultaneously evolve, these include the strong advection of divergence part of the wind, enhancement of cumulus convection over this region, an enhancement of lower tropospheric convergence, generation of vorticity of the lower troposphere and the attendant recurvature.With 16 Figures  相似文献   

16.
应用常规观测、海口多普勒回波及NCEP1×1°再分析等资料,对2008年10月12~15日海南特大暴雨成因进行诊断分析,并揭示了暴雨过程中的多普勒回波特征。结果表明:导致海南岛产生强降水的主要原因是热带低压移动缓慢和弱冷空气的低层入侵;当冷暖空气交绥,大气温湿结构发生突变,θse面陡立造成对流系统斜压发展,激发位势不稳定能量释放。正差动假相当位温平流意味着低层暖湿空气的平流大于高层,加强了层结对流不稳定发展;在斜压扰动作用下,对流层中层正差动涡度平流和低压东侧的暖平流破坏了海南岛的准地转平衡,动力强迫和热力强迫共同作用激发了次级环流,导致暴雨区上空的垂直运动的发展,促使暴雨增强。充沛的水汽输送及水汽的强烈辐合,为暴雨发生的有利水汽条件。多普勒径向速度揭示了暴雨区低层冷平流高层暖平流、风向风速的垂直切变大的垂直结构以及持续性的强烈辐合等等特征,回波停滞和"列车效应"使降水增幅,降水回波的性质差异,可造成强降水区域分布的不同。  相似文献   

17.
In this paper, statistics were analyzed concerning correlation between the storm rainfall far from typhoon and non-zonal upper-level jet stream. The results show that the jet stream at 200 hPa is constantly SW (90.2 %) during the period in which storm rainfall occurs. Rainfall area lies in the right rear regions of the jet axes. While the storm intensifies, the jet tends to be stronger and turn non-zonal. With the MM4 model, numerical simulation and diagnosis were carried out for Typhoon No.9711 (Winnie) on August 19 to 20, 1997. The distant storm rainfall is tightly correlative to the jet and low-level typhoon trough. The divergence field of jet is related to the v component. The upper level can cause the allobaric wind convergence at low level. This is the result of the form of low-level typhoon trough and the strength of the storm. By scale analysis, it is found that there is a branch of middle scale transverse inverse circulation in the right entrance regions behind the jet below the 300-hPa level, which is very important to the maintenance and strengthening of storm rainfall. This branch of inverse circulation is relative to the reinforcement of jet's non-zonal characteristics. From the field of mesoscale divergence field and non-zonal wind field, we know that the stronger symmetry caused by transverse circulation in the two sides of the jet, rainfall’s feedback and reinforcement of jet’s non-zonal characteristics had lead to positive feedback mechanism that was favorable of storm rainfall’s strengthening.  相似文献   

18.
利用NCEP FNL 1 °×1 °的全球再分析资料、FY-2F卫星相当黑体亮温TBB资料、中国自动站与CMORPH降水产品融合的逐时降水资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,重点分析了台风Lekima(2019)发展演变过程中的动热力结构变化和水汽分布特征与浙江极端强降水之间的关系。台风Lekima(2019)近海急剧加强为具有特殊双眼壁结构的超强台风,登陆前后环境水平风垂直切变维持较小值是主导台风高强度维持的重要原因。浙江上空维持着强盛的低层辐合和高层辐散场,高低层辐散风的高强度维持使得次级环流抽吸作用强,低层旋转风和辐散风对水汽、动量和热量的输送和分布起到显著的再分配作用,而中层的辐散风风向和风速变化对螺旋云带中的中尺度对流性降水具有重要的指示意义。登陆前后台风低层东北侧(超)低空急流和中层的辐合线是此次浙江台风暴雨的关键点,业务中需密切关注登陆前后台风东北侧的低空急流的影响区域及其变化。此外,700 hPa上非地转湿Q矢量散度场能较好指示未来1小时短时强降水的落区和强度变化,同时结合垂直速度场和低层水汽辐合场来综合判断台风降水落区的效果更佳。   相似文献   

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