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1.
台风次眼墙位于主眼墙外侧,由次对流环和低层切向风次极大值两个基本结构组成。本文通过一系列理想数值试验讨论了不同初始涡旋外围风场结构对次眼墙形成的影响作用以及关键动力学过程。结果表明,次眼墙形成的时间和位置与初始涡旋外围尺度显著相关:随着外围尺度递减,台风从形成完整双眼墙、伪双眼墙到没有双眼墙逐步过渡,次眼墙形成时间推迟且位置更加靠近台风中心。动力学分析发现,初始外围尺度可控制外雨带分布,雨带的非绝热加热主导了主眼墙外围边界层径向入流和绝对涡度径向输送的分布和大小。绝对涡度径向输送和摩擦耗散的相对大小及位置决定了次眼墙低层切向风次极大值出现的可能性和位置。动量强迫对低层切向风次极大值的大小仍有贡献。 相似文献
2.
利用CIMSS/MIMIC资料、雷达资料、国家气象中心台风定位定强资料,通过集成微波图像判断台风双眼墙形成,分析"利奇马"长达33. 5 h的双眼墙结构特征。结果表明:(1)受宫古岛附近岛屿地形影响和螺旋环流结构调整,内外眼墙对流出现两次偏移;(2)当台风强度较强且稳定时,内眼墙环流的偏移不会引起台风强度的变化,反而因台风强度稳定使内眼墙环流重新组织;(3)雷达回波显示内眼墙有3 h周期的生消发展过程,非对称摩擦效应决定了内外眼墙之间的对流交换主要发生在moat区西北部。 相似文献
3.
尽管经典台风强度理论是基于梯度风平衡模型,但是已有的飞机观测资料和数值模拟研究发现,边界层中和眼墙附近存在非梯度风平衡气流,前人数值模拟发现,眼墙附近最大的超梯度风可以达到切向风速的16.7%。大涡模拟可以模拟出滚涡和龙卷尺度涡旋等小尺度系统,这些小尺度系统对梯度风平衡可能产生影响,使用中尺度天气预报模式结合大涡模拟（WRF-LES）对模拟台风内核区域方位角平均的梯度风平衡进行了分析,三个大涡模拟试验的水平分辨率分别为333 m、111 m和37 m,结果表明非梯度风平衡气流并未因为分辨率提高而显著增强或产生结构差异,最大超梯度风出现在边界层顶处最大切向风半径的内侧,达到梯度风速的10.8%~16.1%。进一步分析发现,不同台风中心定位方法会影响非梯度风平衡气流,最小气压方差法和最大切向风法可以得到与前人模拟一致的结构,而气压权重法得到的低层超梯度风中心远离眼墙、靠近台风中心,位涡权重法得到的低层超梯度风的径向范围向内扩大,最小气压方差法和最大切向风法更适合用于梯度风平衡研究中的台风中心定位。 相似文献
4.
利用CIMSS微波卫星产品和多普勒天气雷达资料,分析超强台风利奇马（1909）的长时间双眼墙特征,并采用集合卡尔曼滤波方法同化雷达径向风资料,诊断利奇马双眼墙的三维结构演变特征。结果表明:在双眼墙演变过程初期,受强垂直风切变和中高层干空气入侵的影响,外眼墙对流减弱,呈非对称特征。Sawyer-Eliassen方程诊断结果显示:台风利奇马（1909）内、外眼墙次级环流之间的相互作用不明显,不同于发生眼墙替换过程的台风,其外眼墙处非绝热加热引起的下沉运动发生在内眼的眼心,内眼墙的上升运动并未受到外眼墙次级环流抑制。另外,在强垂直风切变条件下,非对称的外眼墙不能持续增强收缩并取代内眼墙,因此双眼墙结构得以长时间维持。可见,台风利奇马（1909）外眼墙的非对称结构和特殊的次级环流分布是其双眼墙能够长期维持的重要原因。 相似文献
5.
利用不同水平分辨率下的中尺度数值模式WRF模拟1319号超强台风"天兔",以研究模式水平分辨率对台风强度和微结构(包括动力和微物理)的影响。模拟结果表明:不同水平分辨率(1 km、2 km、3 km、4km、5 km)模拟的台风路径差异不大,且均与实况基本相同;不同水平分辨率对台风强度和微结构的模拟效果影响较大,其中以对10 m最大风速、垂直运动和降水强度的影响为最大。将模式水平分辨率提高到1 km有助于改善台风强度和微结构的模拟效果。在较低分辨率下,台风非对称性较明显、眼墙倾斜程度较大和海表水汽通量较小等结构特征共同使得台风强度较小。 相似文献
6.
热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的研究综述 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
热带气旋的眼墙非对称结构与其发展过程密切相关。在热带气旋移动过程中,非对称风场伴随着边界层内非对称摩擦而引起的辐合,影响着热带气旋眼墙内的对流分布。此外,风垂直切变作为影响热带气旋强度的重要因子,将上层暖心吹离表层环流,引起眼墙垂直运动的非对称,导致云、降水在方位角方向的非均匀分布。当存在平均涡度的径向梯度时,罗斯贝类型的波动可以存在于涡旋内核区域,影响眼墙非对称结构。海洋为热带气旋提供潜热和感热形式的能量,是热带气旋发展的重要能量来源,关于海洋如何影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的相关研究较少。文中着重回顾了热带气旋与海洋相互作用的研究成果,并提出海洋影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的机制。海洋对热带气旋最显著的响应特征是冷尾效应,该效应通过降低海表温度,减少海洋向大气输送的潜热和感热,从而影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构。此外,海浪改变海表粗糙度,通过边界层影响移动热带气旋的眼墙结构。 相似文献
7.
台风“梅花”(1109)双眼墙生消过程的卫星资料分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用CIMSS/MIMIC微波、AMSU微波、静止红外、TRMM卫星资料,详细地叙述了“梅花”台风三次双眼墙生消的演变过程,定量分析了这三次过程之间及其与以往研究的异同点,包括双眼墙的生消周期、空间尺度、结构、强度以及所伴随的台风强度变化,在此基础上提出了双眼墙生消的演变模型。结果表明:(1) 螺旋云带型态演变是双眼墙生消过程的外在表现形式:随着台风眼墙与螺旋云带的脱离,螺旋云带自身首尾相连,在原台风眼墙的外围形成另一圈闭合环流,即双眼墙结构形成。外眼墙环流在加强加宽后向内收缩,内眼墙环流减弱并消失,只剩一单圈环流,或外眼墙环流演变为螺旋云带,则双眼墙结构消失;(2) 双眼墙结构持续的时间可以由几小时至数天,这可能与内、外眼墙直径无关,而与台风环流特别是外眼墙结构有关。当外眼墙环流对称化后,内、外眼墙将在数小时内完成眼璧置换过程;(3) 在一个成熟的双眼墙台风中,外眼墙对流发展高度较内眼墙高,内外眼墙之间是类似台风眼的下沉气流控制区;(4) 基于ADT的台风业务定强,可能不能正确地描述双眼墙台风强度的变化特征,而AMSU-A所反映的台风暖心强度,能较好说明双眼墙生消过程中台风强度的剧烈变化。 相似文献
8.
观测发现热带气旋(TC)眼墙附近低层(3 km以下)存在着强烈的上升运动,严重威胁低空观测飞机的安全,由于对实际TC观测的样本非常有限,目前对极端上升运动(大于10 m/s)的了解不多。通过三个水平分辨率自次千米(333 m)至次百米(37 m)大涡数值试验模拟眼墙附近低层上升运动的分布特征。结果表明,TC眼墙附近的最强上升运动主要分布在眼墙处最大风速半径(RMW)内侧,并且主要出现在台风眼墙强对流的一侧。对比不同试验发现,在大涡试验中,随着模式水平分辨率的提高,模式可以模拟出更强的上升运动,且极端上升运动最大频数的分布高度随着水平分辨率的提高而降低。研究表明,与现有观测结果比较,当大涡试验水平分辨率到达111 m时,可以模拟出与实际观测比较相似的极端上升运动空间分布和强度。 相似文献
9.
多平台热带气旋表面风场资料在台风结构分析中的应用 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
本文利用2007-2014年美国海洋和大气管理局的多平台热带气旋表面风场资料(Multiplatform Tropical Cyclone Surface Wind Analysis,MTCSWA)对西北太平洋和南海区域内共210个编号热带气旋进行了统计分析。结果表明,MTCSWA资料中的最大风速(V_(MAX))相较最佳路径强度偏弱10%~15%,对于较弱的台风存在一定的高估。最大风速半径(R_(MAX))与台风强度之间存在一定的线性关系且在不同区域具有不同的分布特征。由于R_(MAX)与台风的强度有关,对于强度达到强热带风暴以上级别的各个海区内台风其结构差异不明显,而对于强度较弱的台风(强热带风暴以下)其最大风速半径具有一定的区域分布差异。对台风各级风圈半径的分析结果显示:7级风圈半径通常是东部大于西部,而10和12级风区半径没有这种现象。利用MTCSWA的内核区高分辨率对1215号超强台风布拉万分析发现,在其内外眼墙置换过程中,内外眼墙之间的距离(R_2-R_1)逐渐减小,内眼墙的风速(V_1)逐渐减小,而外眼墙的风速(V_2)逐渐增加,且在此过程中伴随有台风强度的短暂波动。最后结合MTCSWA资料和数值预报讨论了一种台风结构参数的客观估计方法,其检验结果表明该方法对R_(MAX)和各级风圈半径均有一定的估计能力。 相似文献
10.
利用一个完全可压、非静力及原始方程热带气旋模式(TCM4),通过对f平面和β平面中不同强度的垂直风切变下理想热带气旋的模拟,研究了β效应和垂直风切变对热带气旋强度和结构的影响。结果表明:(1)理想气旋植入相对较弱的垂直风切变之后其强度最终将会进入一种近似常定状态,通过研究这种准常定状态对切变强度的敏感性发现,研究垂直风切变对理想气旋影响,应该讨论理想气旋能否维持在一个特定强度(台风、热带风暴及热带低压等)的极限垂直切变,而不是去讨论决定理想气旋将减弱还是增强的极限垂直风切变值;(2)在f平面下,由于垂直风切变造成涡度平流随高度变化,使得在顺切变前部以及左侧边界层附近产生辐合,伴随着空气的气旋式螺旋上升,外流层对应区域产生辐散,从而使得强对流和强降水发生在顺切变左侧。(3)行星涡度梯度(β效应)也能使涡旋产生一定的非对称性。当考虑β效应和垂直风切变的双重叠加效应时,所产生的非对称性比单纯由β效应或垂直风切变产生的非对称性更大,并且强对流区主要集中在顺切变左前部。(4)热带气旋眼墙替换过程或许可以被预测,因为它们似乎与β效应和环境流(VWS)存在联系。 相似文献
11.
0709号超强台风圣帕(Sepat)的闪电活动特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
利用全球闪电定位网 (WWLLN) 获取的闪电定位资料和中国气象局 (CMA) 提供的台风定位资料, 分析了2007年第9号超强台风圣帕的闪电时空演变特征。分析结果表明: 在热带低压至强热带风暴时期, 台风中心闪电活动频繁, 外围闪电少; 台风成熟时期, 呈现明显的三圈结构; 减弱消散时期, 中心闪电骤减, 几乎为零, 外围闪电密度远远超过中心闪电密度。眼壁闪电和台风总闪电存在阶段性变化。在台风中心最大风速急剧增大的阶段, 眼壁上的闪电两次爆发, 而在第二次眼壁闪电爆发后的两个小时, 中心风速达到最大值, 表明闪电活动有可能对台风增强有指示意义。台风眼壁置换是台风强度发生变化的一个转折点, 也是台风闪电活动发生变化的一个转折点, 从台风眼壁置换开始, 眼壁上闪电数接近于零。闪电次数跟云顶亮温存在显著性相关。结合热带测雨计划任务卫星 (TRMM) 上装载的闪电成像仪 (LIS) 和微波辐射计 (TMI) 资料, 进一步对比分析了台风闪电与强对流区域的关系, 发现闪电易发生在修正极化亮温低于225 K的深对流系统中, 但并不是所有的深对流中都能探测到闪电的发生。WWLLN和LIS探测到闪电发生区域基本一致。 相似文献
12.
利用美国威斯康星大学气象卫星研究合作院提供的集成微波图像资料和联合台风预警中心的最佳路径资料,普查2005—2014年西北太平洋地区具有同心眼墙结构的35个强台风个例。对比分析了有、无同心眼墙及同心眼墙生成快、慢的样本的环境场和自身初始结构差异。结果表明:环境场要素对同心眼墙形成与否具有重要调制作用,环境场相对湿度越大,海温越高,同心眼墙越易生成;而同心眼墙的形成速率与自身结构存在密切关系,初始涡旋尺度越大,同心眼墙生成越快,外眼墙位置距离台风中心越远,眼墙替换时间越长,眼墙替换前后强度变化越明显。 相似文献
13.
Multisatellite data is used to analyze the characteristics of three eyewall replacement cycles (ERCs) during the lifetime of Typhoon Muifa (1109). Spiral rainbands evolutions, concentric eyewall (CE) structure modes, CE durations, and intensity changes are discussed in detail. In addition, an ERC evolution model of Typhoon Muifa is given. There are four main findings. (1) The outer spiral rainband joins end to end to form the outer eyewall after it disconnects from the original (inner) eyewall. The inner eyewall weakens as the outer eyewall becomes axisymmetric and is intensified. The contraction of the outer eyewall causes the inner eyewall to dissipate rapidly. Finally, the ERC ends with an annular eyewall or spiral rainbands. (2) Although the CE duration times of Typhoon Muifa’s three ERCs covered a large range, the CE structures were all maintained for approximately 5 h from the formation of the axisymmetric outer eyewall to the end of the cycle. (3) There is no obvious precipitation reflectivity in the eye or moat region for the subsidence flow. The convection within the two eyewalls is organized as a radially outward slope with increasing height. (4) Typhoon intensity estimation results based on ADT may not explain the intensity variations associated with ERC correctly, while the typhoon’s warm core data retrieved from AMSU-A works well. 相似文献
14.
In this study, the impacts of the environmental temperature profile on the tropical cyclone eyewall replacement cycle are examined using idealized numerical simulations. It is found that the environmental thermal condition can greatly affect the formation and structure of a secondary eyewall and the intensity change during the eyewall replacement cycle. Simulation with a warmer thermal profile produces a larger moat and a prolonged eyewall replacement cycle. It is revealed that the enhanced static stability greatly suppresses convection, and thus causes slow secondary eyewall formation. The possible processes influencing the decay of inner eyewall convection are investigated. It is revealed that the demise of the inner eyewall is related to a choking effect associated with outer eyewall convection, the radial distribution of moist entropy fluxes within the moat region, the enhanced static stability in the inner-core region, and the interaction between the inner and outer eyewalls due to the barotropic instability. This study motivates further research into how environmental conditions influence tropical cyclone dynamics and thermodynamics. 相似文献
15.
Influences of Different PBL Schemes on Secondary Eyewall Formation and Eyewall Replacement Cycle in Simulated Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) 
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下载免费PDF全文 The effects of different planetary boundary layer (PBL) processes on the secondary eyewall formation (SEF) and eyewall replacement cycle (ERC) in Typhoon Sinlaku (2008) are investigated by using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with six different PBL schemes. The SEF and ERC have been successfully simulated with all the six PBL schemes and the mechanism for the SEF and ERC proposed in our previous study has been reconfirmed. It is demonstrated that both the intensification of the storm and the inward-moving outer spiral rainband contribute to the SEF. After the SEF, the associated diabatic heating enhances the secondary eyewall further, and the transfer of moist air from outer region to the primary eyewall is cut off by the secondary eyewall. In such a way, the primary eyewall dies and an ERC completes. It is found that some simulated features of the SEF and ERC, such as the time and location of the SEF and duration of the ERC, do vary from one simulation to another. In order to describe the features of the SEF and ERC quantitatively, a concentric eyewall index (CEI) is defined and a threshold of the CEI is suggested to determine the onset of the secondary eyewall. The differences in the simulated SEF and ERC are discussed and some possible causes are suggested. In addition, based on the CEI threshold and the conservation law of angular momentum, a formula to predict the location of SEF is also proposed and applied to all the six simulations. The success and failure of the formula are then discussed. 相似文献
16.
Lightning activity and its relationship with typhoon intensity and vertical wind shear for Super Typhoon Haiyan (1330) 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Super Typhoon Haiyan (1330), which occurred in 2013, is the most powerful typhoon during landfall in the meteorological record. In this study, the temporal and spatial distributions of lightning activity of Haiyan were analyzed by using the lightning data from the World Wide Lightning Location Network, typhoon intensity and position data from the China Meteorological Administration, and horizontal wind data from the ECMWF. Three distinct regions were identified in the spatial distribution of daily average lightning density, with the maxima in the inner core and the minima in the inner rainband. The lightning density in the intensifying stage of Haiyan was greater than that in its weakening stage. During the time when the typhoon intensity measured with maximum sustained wind speed was between 32.7 and 41.4 ms?1, the storm had the largest lightning density in the inner core, compared with other intensity stages. In contrast to earlier typhoon studies, the eyewall lightning burst out three times. The first two eyewall lightning outbreaks occurred during the period of rapid intensification and before the maximum intensity of the storm, suggesting that the eyewall lightning activity could be used to identify the change in tropical cyclone intensity. The flashes frequently occurred in the inner core, and in the outer rainbands with the black body temperature below 220 K. Combined with the ECMWF wind data, the influences of vertical wind shear (VWS) on the azimuthal distribution of flashes were also analyzed, showing that strong VWS produced downshear left asymmetry of lightning activity in the inner core and downshear right asymmetry in the rainbands. 相似文献
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Based on high-fidelity numerical simulation by using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model, we analyzed the formation and replacement mechanism of the concentric eyewall of Super Typhoon Muifa (1109) from the aspects of the potential vorticity (PV), dynamic/ thermodynamic structure change, sea surface flux, and water vapor content. Observational data and sensitivity tests were also adopted to verify the results. We found that: (1) The abnormal increase of the PV in the rain zone is mainly due to the condensation latent heat. Sufficient water vapor conditions are beneficial to the formation of the outer eyewall structure, and when the environmental water vapor content is larger, the intensity of the outer eyewall becomes greater. (2) After the formation of the typhoon’s outer eyewall, in the area where the outer eyewall is located, the increase of inertial stability contributes to the decrease of the intensity of the inner eyewall. When the intensity of the outer eyewall is larger, the divergence and subsidence motion in the upper layer of the outer eyewall has a greater weakening effect on the intensity of the inner eyewall. (3) The increase of potential temperature of the outer eyewall is mainly due to the condensation latent heat release and the warming of dry air subsidence motion in the moat area. (4) The increase of sea surface heat flux can prolong the concentric eyewall replacement process. 相似文献
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Strong vertical motion(10 m s~(-1)) has profound implications for tropical cyclone(TC) structure changes and intensity. While extreme updrafts in the TC are occasionally observed in real TCs, the associated small-scale features remain unclear. Based on an analysis of the extreme eyewall updrafts in two numerical experiments conducted with the Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model, in which the large-eddy simulation(LES) technique was used with the finest grid spacings of 37 and 111 m, for the first time this study demonstrates that the simulated extreme updrafts that occur mainly in the enhanced eyewall convection on the down-shear left side are comparable to available observations. The simulated extreme updraft exhibits relatively high frequencies in the lower(750 m), middle(6.5 km) and upper(13 km) troposphere, which are associated with different types of small-scale structures.While the lower-level extreme updraft is mainly related to the tornado-scale vortex, the extreme updraft at upper levels is closely associated with a pair of counter-rotating horizontal rolls oriented generally along the TC tangential flow, which are closely associated with the enhanced eyewall convection. The extreme updraft at middle levels is related to relatively complicated small-scale structures. The study suggests that extreme updrafts can be simulated when the grid spacing is about 100 m or less in the WRF-LES framework, although the simulated small-scale features need further verification in both observation and simulation. 相似文献
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The impact of cloud microphysical processes on the simulated intensity and track of Typhoon Rananim is discussed and analyzed in the second part of this study.The results indicate that when the cooling effect due to evaporation of rain water is excluded,the simulated 36-h maximum surface wind speed of Typhoon Rananim is about 7 m s-1 greater than that from all other experiments; however,the typhoon landfall location has the biggest bias of about 150 km against the control experiment.The simulated strong outer rainbands and the vertical shear of the environmental flow are unfavorable for the deepening and maintenance of the typhoon and result in its intensity loss near the landfall.It is the cloud microphysical processes that strengthen and create the outer spiral rainbands,which then increase the local convergence away from the typhoon center and prevent more moisture and energy transport to the inner core of the typhoon.The developed outer rainbands are supposed to bring dry and cold air mass from the middle troposphere to the planetary boundary layer (PBL).The other branch of the cold airflow comes from the evaporation of rain water itself in the PBL while the droplets are falling.Thus,the cut-off of the warm and moist air to the inner core and the invasion of cold and dry air to the eyewall region are expected to bring about the intensity reduction of the modeled typhoon.Therefore,the deepening and maintenance of Typhoon Rananim during its landing are better simulated through the reduction of these two kinds of model errors. 相似文献