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《干旱气象》2010,(4)
云是气候变化的重要因子之一,为了探究甘肃天水市地区的云量的变化特征,用境内7个气象站1951～2007年近60a的云量观测资料分析总、低云量变化特点及与相关气候因子的关系。结果表明,自1951年以来该地平均总云量稳定性较好,平均低云量以0.25成/10a的速度递增。各级降水日数及云量相关性较显著。不同时段的降水量随云量变化比较明显。年平均总云量增加1成,年降水量增加156mm,春季平均总云量增加1成,降水量增加25mm;夏季平均总云量增加1成,降水量增加75mm;秋季平均总云量增加1成,降水量增加35mm;冬季总云量增加1成,降水量增加3.8mm。平均云量与气温的相关性时段性较强,云量增加1成,春季和夏季的平均气温分别降低0.6℃和0.5℃,秋季和冬季的气温与平均云量线性相关不显著。云量对日照的影响最为直接,云量增加1成,春季总日照时数减少102.2h,夏季减少90.8h,秋季减少87.7h,冬季减少65.3h。平均云量与相对湿度呈显著正相关,云量增加1成,夏季平均相对湿度增加4%,春、秋、冬季增加3%。 相似文献
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太湖北岸太阳辐射的影响因子研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
利用2 a的太阳辐射资料,对太湖北岸城乡的太阳辐射特征进行了对比分析。发现:(1)城市太阳总辐射较郊区明显偏低,偏低幅度达到13 %以上。(2)太阳辐射量最小值一般发生在冬季,但最强太阳辐射却不一定发生在夏季。这正好与6月中下旬到7月上中旬江南梅雨相对应。(3)太阳辐射率随云量增加而降低,5成云以下太阳辐射率变化不大,天空云量达到5成以上时对太阳辐射有较强的阻挡作用。晴到少云天气,霾的严重程度对太阳辐射率影响较大,重度霾太阳辐射率不到无霾日的75 %。(4)降水对太阳辐射影响很大,但降水量级对太阳辐射的影响却很小。气温与太阳辐射的关系很小,但白天平均气温＜0 ℃和≥30 ℃时太阳辐射率却最大。太阳辐射随日照减少而降低,但在日照时数为0时仍有太阳辐射率存在。太阳辐射基本上随能见度的增加而增加。在晴朗少云的天气里,由于能见度的影响太阳辐射率最大值是最小值的1.53倍。 相似文献
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《干旱气象》2020,(2)
利用1994—2009年国际卫星云气候计划ISCCP中D2卫星观测月平均云数据集,从不同区域、不同云类角度出发,详细分析中国地区云量、云水路径、云光学厚度的时空分布特征。结果表明:(1)中国地区大部分水云分布在四川盆地至东南沿海一带,而大部分冰云分布在北方和青藏高原地区,其中卷云覆盖最广、云量最大,其次为卷层云、水高层云、水积云,而冰云中低云云量最小。(2)水云中层积云、雨层云和冰云中深对流云总云量、云水路径和云光学厚度均较大,云水含量丰富,对四川盆地至东南沿海一带降水贡献较大。(3)不同云类的总云量季节变化明显,不同区域表现不一,多数水云尤其是雨层云在北方和高原地区夏多冬少,而在西南和东南地区冬多夏少;冰云季节变化的地域性差异较小,多数区域高积云和高层云冬多夏少,卷层云和深对流云夏多冬少,表明冬季对流减弱使得冰云集聚且向中低层发展,而夏季温度升高、对流增强使得水云集聚并向高层发展。(4)水云中层云和雨层云的云水路径有明显的季节变化,且地域性特征明显,尤其是东南地区,表现为双峰型分布,峰值分别在2月和11月;冰云的云水路径在北方地区夏季达到峰值,而在南方地区冬季达到峰值。 相似文献
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本文利用卫星CloudSat同时结合了与其同轨道的卫星CALIPSO(Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations)2007至2009年3年的观测资料,将东亚地区划分为六个研究区域,着重研究了东亚地区云垂直分布的统计特征.结果表明:东亚地区不同高度的云量之和具有明显的季节变化趋势,夏季最大,春秋次之,冬季最小.海洋上空的单层云量最大值出现在冬季,而在陆地上空则出现在夏季.从云出现概率来看,东亚地区单层云出现的概率在春、夏、秋、冬季节依次为52.2%,48.1%,49.2%和51.9%,而多层(2层和2层以上)云出现的概率在春、夏、秋、冬季节分别为24.2%,31.0%,19.7%,15.8%.云出现的总概率和多层云出现的概率,在六个区域都呈现出夏季最大,冬季最小;对4个季节都呈现出东亚南部比东亚北部大,海洋上空比陆地上空大的特点,表明云出现的总概率的季节变化主要由多层云出现的概率的变化决定.东亚地区云系统中最高层云云顶的高度,在夏季最高,为15.9 km,在冬季最低,为8.2 km;在东亚南部和海洋上空较高,平均为15.1 km;在东亚北部较低,平均为12.1 km,且呈现东亚南北部之间差异较大的特点.东亚地区云系统的云层厚度基本位于1 km到3 km之间,且夏季大,冬季小;对同一季节,不同区域的云层厚度差别较小;当多层云系统中的云层数目增加时,云层的平均厚度减少,且较高层的云层平均厚度大于较低层的.云层间距的概率分布基本呈单峰分布,出现峰值范围的云层间距在1到3 km之间,各区域之间没有明显差别,季节变化也不大.本文的研究为在气候模式中精确描述云的垂直结构提供了有用的参数化依据. 相似文献
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准确估算云量是了解青藏高原云参数时空特征的基础。通过相关分析、回归分析、趋势分析方法,分析了近21年来青藏高原云分布的动态变化。利用MODIS云量日产品（MOD08＿D3）数据和ERA5再分析资料,分析了青藏高原不同阶段云量分布和云参数的时空特征。结果表明,高云区云量中心位于墨脱县（77.3%）,林芝（72.5%）地区云量最大,青藏高原日平均云量在过去21年间减少了0.04%。季节分布上,夏季出现水云的概率最高（31.7%）,春季出现冰云的概率最高（26.5%）。每年出现的冰云比水云高2%左右。在全球变暖背景下,青藏高原上空水汽含量呈减少趋势,云水含量呈逐渐增加趋势。年平均云水含量比大气总水汽含量高约0.01 cm,云水总含量增加约0.04 cm。本研究为理解云水资源对全球气候变化和青藏高原地区水循环的影响提供了依据。 相似文献
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四川地区云和空中水资源分布与演变 总被引：6，自引：3，他引：3
利用1971～2000年台站云降水资料和NCEP再分析资料,分析了四川地区云和空中水资源的分布与演变。研究发现:四川地区平均总云量为7.2成,低云量4.7成,全年阴天日数193.5天,降水日数154.0天,小到中雨日147.1天;全年大气可降水量为181.7kg.m-2。云有明显的季节变化特征,总云量夏季最高,春季次之,冬季最低,低云量夏季最高,秋季次之,冬季最低。大气可降水量夏季最大,秋季次之,冬季最少。云和小到中雨日的空间分布具有明显的地域性,且夏季分布与全年分布显著不同。在高原上,总云和低云、降水日、小到中雨日呈相反的变化趋势,总云在平均状态附近波动略有减少,而低云、降水日、小到中雨日在平均状态附近波动略有增加;在盆地内,云和降水日的演变趋势相同,总云量、低云量、降水日、小到中雨日都在线性减少。30年来四川地区大气可降水量线性变化则略有增多。 相似文献
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赵勇 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2013,7(6):1-7
基于1961-2008年天山区域24站云量的逐日资料,使用相关和M原K检验等统计方法,分析中国天山区域云量的时空变化特征及其与降水的关系。结果表明：（1）春季、秋季和冬季,伊犁河谷以北总云量最多,夏季则在中天山和东天山的部分区域最多,低云量在夏季占总云量的比重最大;（2）区域平均总云量在春季和秋季呈减少趋势;低云量在各季节均呈增加趋势,尤其在冬季和夏季;（3）总云量的年代际变化不明显,而低云量自20世纪90年代至今,都处在高值期。（4）低云量在春季、夏季和秋季,均在20世纪90年代,而冬季在2000年左右发生了由少到多的气候突变;总云量未发生明显的气候突变。（5）总云量和低云量均和同期降水有较好的相关性。春季低云量和夏季降水,相关系数可达0.52。 相似文献
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中国大陆卫星反演云参数的评估 总被引：29，自引：6，他引：29
该文选取１９８３年７月和１９８４年１月份代表夏季和冬季，利用中国地面气象月报的云量资料以及多年平均的地面观测云气修资料，与中国大陆地区ＩＳＣＣＰ卫星反演的去量和云状资料进行了对比分析。参照大气环流和云天气气候特征，从卫星得到的从云状是比较合理的，但干旱沙漠地区的高云量的估计不足，低云估计偏多。 相似文献
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This paper describes the statistical characteristics and temporal variability of the urban heat island (UHI) intensity in Buenos Aires using 32-year surface meteorological data with 1-h time intervals. Seasonal analyses show that the UHI intensity is strongest during summer months and an “inverse” effect is found frequently during the afternoon hours of the same season. During winter, the UHI effect is in the minimal. The interannual trend and the seasonal variation of the UHI for the main synoptic hours for a longer record of 48?years are studied and associated to changes in meteorological factors as low-level circulation and cloud amount. Despite the population growth, it was found a negative trend in the nocturnal UHI intensity that could be explained by a decline of near clear-sky conditions, a negative trend in the calm frequencies and an increase in wind speed. Urban to rural temperature differences and rural temperatures are negatively correlated for diurnal and nocturnal hours both for annual and seasonal scales. This result is due to the lower interannual variability of urban temperatures in comparison to rural ones. 相似文献
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利用1983年7月～2001年9月国际卫星云气候计划ISCCP D2的月平均资料，对西北不同区域不同类型云的云量和云水路径的时空分布及其与降水的关系进行了研究。结果表明:高原气候区是各种云出现最多的地区，特别是积状云的云量明显高于其他两区，但这些云的云水路径值低；西北地区大多数云云量的高值区出现在天山山区、北疆地区、陕西东南部和青藏高原的部分地区。高云和部分中云云量空间分布特征与降水有着较好的一致性:沿着天山—昆仑山—祁连山一带以及陕南和／或陇南地区是高值区，低值区在塔里木盆地—内蒙古西部戈壁沙漠—黄土高原西北部一带；绝大多数云类春夏季节云量维持较高，秋冬季节云量较少。云水路径值较大的层状云类的云量多寡与降水多寡相一致；积状云类和层积云类云量多少与降水没有一定的关系，在降水偏少时，这类云的云量大多与降水正常时相近，有些云的云量甚至比降水偏多时还要多。 相似文献
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利用白银市区2003年3月～11月所采集的到达地面的太阳紫外辐射数据,分析了白银市区紫外辐射的月、日变化规律以及气象因子对紫外辐射的影响程度。分析结果表明,一年中,夏季的紫外线辐射最大,春季次之,秋季偏弱,冬季最弱;一日中,早晚时段辐射量小,中午时段辐射量大：云、气温、湿度等气象要素与紫外线辐射强度密切相关,尤其是云对紫外线有很大衰减作用。 相似文献
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A. B. Bhattacharya B. K. Datta R. Bhattacharya 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1994,50(1-2):83-92
Summary The electrical effects due to monsoon clouds in conjunction with the VLF atmospherics data have been extensively analyzed. The cloud distribution and rainfall pattern during the SW monsoon period are examined. The diurnal curves of rainfall show that the maximum rain generally occurs in the afternoon hours between 13 to 18 IST. The coefficient of variation (CV) of monsoon rainfall plotted against rainfall amount reveals that CV decreases with increasing rainfall amounts upto about 40 inches. The differences in the mean dry bulb temperature as well as mean relative humidity values at the standard levels between strong and weak monsoon are studied. The monthly median of the hourly average together with the respective upper and lower decile values of atmospherics have been considered. Also, the frequency dependence of afternoon maximum (or late afternoon minimum) to morning minimum in the sferics level is taken into account to determine the seasonal variation. During monsoon months the sferics level with higher cloud amount (4 okta) increases considerably but the width of the sferics is reduced. The results are interpreted by considering the activity of the sources involved at such times.With 10 Figures 相似文献
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K. -G. Karlsson 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》1997,57(3-4):181-195
Summary A method to estimate monthly cloud conditions (monthly cloud frequencies) from multispectral satellite imagery is described. The operational cloud classification scheme SCANDIA (the SMHI Cloud ANalysis model using DIgital AVHRR data), based on high resolution imagery from the polar orbiting NOAA-satellites, has been used to produce monthly cloud frequencies for the entire year of 1993 and some additional months in 1991, 1992, 1994 and 1995. Cloud analyses were made for an area covering the Nordic countries with a horizontal resolution of four km. Examples of seasonal, monthly and diurnal variation in cloud conditions are given and an annual mean for 1993 is presented.Comparisons with existing surface observations showed very good agreement for horizontal cloud distributions but approximately 5% smaller cloud amounts were found in the satellite estimations. The most evident problems were encountered in the winter season due to difficulties in identifying low-level cloudiness at very low sun elevations. The underestimation in the summer season was partly fictious and caused by the overestimation of convective cloud cover by surface observers.SCANDIA results were compared to ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) cloud climatologies for two selected months in 1991 and 1992. ISCCP cloudiness was indicated to be higher, especially during the month with anticyclonic conditions where a cloudiness excess of more than 10% were found. The regional variation of cloud conditions in the area was found to be inadequately described by ISCCP cloud climatologies. An improvement of the horizontal resolution of ISCCP data seems necessary to enable use for regional applications.The SCANDIA model is proposed as a valuable tool for local and regional monitoring of the cloud climatology at high latitudes. More extensive comparisons with ISCCP cloud climatologies are suggested as well as comparisons with modelled cloudiness from atmospheric general circulation models and climate models. Special studies of cloud conditions in the Polar areas are also proposed.With 14 Figures 相似文献
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Areal differences in diurnal variations in summer precipitation over Beijing metropolitan region 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Using hourly rain-gauge measurements for the period 2004?C2007, differences in diurnal variation in summer (June?CAugust) precipitation are investigated in four distinct areas of Beijing: the urban area (UA), suburban area (SA), north mountainous area (NMA), and south mountainous area (SMA), which are distinguished empirically based on underlying surface conditions and verified with a statistical rotated empirical orthogonal function. The diurnal cycles and spatial patterns in seasonal mean precipitation amount, intensity, and frequency in the four areas are compared. Results show that the four areas have distinct diurnal variation patterns in precipitation amounts, with a single peak observed in UA and NMA in the late afternoon, which are 80?% and 121?% higher than their daily average, respectively, and two peaks in SA during the late afternoon and early morning with magnitudes exceeding the daily mean by 76?% and 29?%, respectively. There are also two peaks in SMA: a weaker nocturnal diurnal peak and an afternoon peak. The minimum amounts of rainfall observed in the forenoon in UA, SA, and SMA are 53?%, 47?%, and 57?% lower than the daily mean in each area, respectively, and that observed in the early morning in NMA is 50?% lower than the daily mean. The diurnal variations in precipitation intensities resemble those for precipitation amount in all four areas, but more intense precipitation is observed in SA (2.4?mm/h) than in UA (2.2?mm/h). The lowest frequency for the whole day is observed in UA, whereas the highest frequency occurs in the mountainous areas in the daytime, especially in the late afternoon in SMA. Diurnal variations in surface air temperature and divergence fields in the four areas are further investigated to interpret the physical mechanisms that underlie the spatial and temporal differences in summer diurnal precipitation, and the results indicate the possible dominance of the local circulation arising from mountain?Cvalley wind and the differences in underlying surface heating between the urban, suburban, and mountainous areas of Beijing. 相似文献
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Two main sources for global cloud climatologies are visual surface observations and observations made by spaceborne sensors. Satellite observations compared with surface data show in most cases differences ranging from − 15% up to − 1%, depending on sensor and observation conditions. These differences are partially controlled by sensors' cloud detection capabilities — a higher number of spectral bands and higher spatial resolution are believed to allow discrimination of clouds from land/ocean/snow background. A Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) produces images of the atmosphere in 36 spectral bands with a spatial resolution of 250–1000 m, thus having a capacity for cloud detection far more advanced than other operating sensors. In this study, instantaneous MODIS cloud observations were compared with surface data for Poland for January (winter) and July (summer) 2004. It was found that MODIS observed 4.38% greater cloud amount in summer conditions and 7.28% in winter conditions. Differences were greater at night (7–8%) than in daytime (0.5–7%) and correlations ranged between 0.577 (winter night) and 0.843 (winter day, summer day and night). 相似文献