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1.
Summary Daily precipitation totals for five consecutive winters (1995–99) were obtained for 127 stations in Devon and Cornwall to
explore spatial variations in rainfall. This dataset was assembled with the explicit aim of assessing the appropriateness
of current arrangements for daily rainfall forecasts in the SW Peninsula of England. Firstly, the extent to which fundamental
geographic variables determine precipitation was investigated by correlating each station’s mean wet day amount (WDA) and
percentage of wet days (PERWET) with altitude, latitude, longitude and distance from the coast. Altitude emerged as the most
important control on precipitation, with a two-variable multiple linear regression model containing altitude and latitude
being able to explain 39.3% (29.8%) of the variance in WDA (PERWET) values. The main spatial modes of variability in the region’s
precipitation field were identified by using S mode principal components analysis (PCA). Six PCs were statistically significant
and explained 83.4% of the geographic variance in precipitation over Devon and Cornwall. The components were interpreted physically
by examining the synoptic flow environment (pressure and wind anomalies) on days with high positive and negative PC scores.
Explaining 25.1% of the variance, the most important pattern (PC1) depicts a location’s degree of exposure or shelter in a
moist, unstable W–NW airflow. The higher PCs describe modes of variability that accentuate rainfall in East Devon (PC2), Cornwall
(PC3), Dartmoor and Bodmin Moor (PC4), South Devon (PC5), and North Cornwall and NW Devon (PC6) relative to other areas of
the Peninsula. Finally, a winter precipitation regionalisation was derived by applying agglomerative hierarchical cluster
analysis to the PC loadings of the significant components. In most cases, the six coherent precipitation regions do not reflect
the familiar administrative or topographic areas used for forecasting, suggesting that forecasts issued on such a basis are
likely to be insufficiently detailed and misleading. 相似文献
2.
In this study, regional patterns of precipitation in Marmara are described for the first time by means of Ward’s hierarchical cluster analysis. Daily values of winter precipitation data based on 19 meteorological stations were used for the period from 1960 to 2012. Five clusters of coherent zones were determined, namely Black Sea-Marmara, Black Sea, Marmara, Thrace, and Aegean sub-regions. To investigate the prevailing atmospheric circulation types (CTs) that cause precipitation occurrence and intensity in these five different rainfall sub-basins, objective Lamb weather type (LWT) methodology was applied to National Centers of Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) reanalysis of daily mean sea level pressure (MSLP) data. Precipitation occurrence suggested that wet CTs (i.e. N, NE, NW, and C) offer a high chance of precipitation in all sub-regions. For the eastern (western) part of the region, the high probability of rainfall occurrence is shown under the influence of E (SE, S, SW) atmospheric CTs. In terms of precipitation intensity, N and C CTs had the highest positive gradients in all the sub-basins of the Marmara. In addition, although Marmara and Black Sea sub-regions have the highest daily rainfall potential during NE types, high daily rainfall totals are recorded in all sub-regions except the Black Sea during NW types. 相似文献
3.
Daily precipitation totals at 55 sites were used to investigate geographic variability in winter (DJF) rainfall over Cumbria, NW England, over an 11-year period. Winter is the wettest season (>800?mm in the mountainous Lake District), with rainfall mechanisms closely linked to North Atlantic forcing. The Lamb weather type catalogue was used to identify rainfall distributions under different wind directions. Precipitation magnitude over Cumbria is much more sensitive to a change in wind direction than the geographic pattern in rainfall, with southwesterly (easterly) winds producing the highest (lowest) spatially averaged daily rainfall totals of 8.2?mm (0.6?mm). S-mode principal components analysis was used to identify the main patterns of precipitation variability. Three principal components (PCs) were retained as being statistically significant (cumulative explained variance for unrotated PCs?=?84.3%), with a correlated PC structure (direct oblimin rotation) best describing the spatial variance in rainfall. PC 1 has a very high index of strength (variance measure?=?40.9), indicating that there is one dominant rainfall pattern. PC 1 shows a gradient between wetter conditions in southwest Cumbria and over the central Lake District and drier conditions in NE Cumbria, and is usually caused by active zonal west to southwest flows. Almost of equal importance to PC 1 is PC 3 (variance measure?=?39.3), which has a more uniform rainfall distribution than PC 1 and is usually caused by fronts stalling over the region. PC 2, which shows an east to west decline in rainfall totals, is much less important than PCs 1 and 3 (variance measure?=?18.6). PC 2??s rainfall pattern can be caused by easterly flows with high pressure over Scandinavia and low pressure over the Continent, or by strong southwesterly flows, with depressions often centred over Scotland. Finally, cluster analysis was carried out to identify precipitation regions for all days and for each wind direction. Clusters were found to be largely stable to changes in wind direction, with stations in the central Lake District often clustered together, thus highlighting the importance of orographic enhancement of rainfall in this region. 相似文献
4.
Summary Variability of rainfall in the semi-arid regions can cause problems in evaluating experimental trials. To describe the spatial rainfall patterns over a large experimental station, rainfall was monitored during the 1986 and 1987 rainy seasons using 18 raingages over the 500 ha experimental station of ICRISAT Sahelian Center, in Niger, West Africa. Average relative variability of individual rain storms, defined as the percentage deviation from the mean, varied from 2 to 62%, while the variability over the rainy season was 17.1%. Isohyetal patterns of individual rain storms as well as seasonal totals showed distinct coherence in the spatial pattern over the station. The effects of total volume, duration, direction and intensity of storms and the time of year on the spatial correlations were analyzed. Storm value showed a large influence on the correlation decay with distance. Correlations in the W — E and SW — NE directions were higher in comparison to those in the N — S and NW — SE directions. Point rainfall measurements were better correlated with the network average rainfall than with the rainfall recorded at the meteorological station. Variograms among raingages revealed that the distance of independence was approximately 1 000 m for almost all storms. Use of a network of raingages over agricultural experiment stations reduces the average relative variability of areal rainfall estimates and provides a means to develop simple relations for estimation of point rainfall for individual applications.With 8 Figures 相似文献
5.
华西秋雨起止与秋冬季节大气环流转换 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
根据1961—2010年平均的逐候NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、1979—2008年平均的逐候CMAP降水资料以及1961—2010年逐候平均的中国553个台站降水资料,讨论了华西秋雨起止日期与秋冬季大气环流转换特征的关系。结果表明,华西地区降水年变化表现为明显的夏、秋双峰特征,8月4—8日(第44候)为双峰间的低谷,10月8—12日(第57候)以后降水降至年平均以下。由此,将华西秋雨建立和结束日期分别确定为8月9—13日(第45候)和10月8—12日(第57候)。华西秋雨的建立对应于东亚夏季风开始向冬季风转变,其标志性环流调整特征是江南地区的西南风转为东南风。东亚经向海平面气压梯度在8月9—13日(第45候)由南高北低转为南低北高,造成850 hPa江南地区的西南风转为东南风,该东南风与来自孟加拉湾的热带西南季风交汇于华西地区,形成风向和水汽的辐合,使得华西地区的降水在夏峰之后再次增强,华西秋雨由此建立。华西秋雨的结束则对应于孟加拉湾热带西南季风结束和东亚冬季风完全建立,其标志性环流调整特征是孟加拉湾地区的西南风转为东北风。随着东亚纬向海平面气压梯度由北向南依次发生东高西低向东低西高的转变,东亚冬季风也逐步向南推进,9月8—12日(第51候)东北冬季风到达江南地区,10月8—12日(第57候)进一步推进到南海地区,此时来自孟加拉湾的热带西南季风消失,造成华西地区完全受大陆冷高压控制,东亚季风经圈环流也转为冬季型哈得来环流,东亚冬季风完全建立,华西秋雨也随之结束。因此,华西秋雨起止可能与东亚夏季风、南亚夏季风向冬季风的转变时间不同步有关,东亚季风与南亚季风的共同作用使得华西秋雨成为亚洲夏季风在中国大陆上的最后一个雨季。 相似文献
6.
Summary The climatology and variability of summer convection and circulation over the tropical southwest Indian Ocean is investigated using satellite imagery, routine synoptic observations, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) data, sea surface temperatures (SST) and areal averaged rainfall departures. OLR has a –0.90 correlation with rainfall departures and the OLR minimum (ITCZ) in January and February lies across the 10°S latitude, extending further south near Madagascar. The intensity of ITCZ convection is greatest in the longitudes 20–35°E over northern Zambia and is considerably reduced over the SW Indian Ocean. Spatial correlations are analyzed for standardized departures of OLR, rainfall and SST. The correlations change sign in a coherent fashion, creating a climatic dipole between southern Africa and the SW Indian Ocean. Interannual trends are examined through analysis of January–February zonal and meridional wind indices constructed from significantly correlated variables at Zimbabwe, Madagascar and Mauritius. Circulation variability is dominated by quasi-decadal cycles and a trend of inereasing westerly winds. Zonal wind shear alternates from easterly (barotropic) to westerly and together with SST appears to regulate the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclogenesis. Areally averaged rainfall departures exhibit 6.25 year cycles in NE Madagascar and 12.5 and 18.75 year cycles in SW Madagascar and Zimbabwe, respectively. Summer rainfall and meridional winds in NE Madagascar and Zimbabwe are out of phase and negatively correlated in most summers. The presence of synoptic weather systems is assessed using daily Hovmoller-type satellite imagery composites. Convective structure is dominated by transient waves in the 10°–20°S latitude band, with periods of 15–20 days common. The waves are more prominent in summers with increased easterly shear and contribute to fluctuations in rainfall over SE Africa.With 8 Figures 相似文献
7.
Poor daytime and night-time micrometeorological conditions are issues that influence the quality of environmental conditions and can undermine a comfortable human lifestyle. The sky view factor (SVF) is one of the essential physical parameters used to assess the micrometeorological conditions and thermal comfort levels within city streets. The position of the visible sky relative to the path of the sun, in the cardinal and ordinal directions, has not been widely discerned as a parameter that could have an impact on the micrometeorological conditions of urban streets. To investigate this parameter, different urban streets that have a similar SVF value but diverse positions of visible sky were proposed in different street directions intersecting with the path of the sun, namely N–S, NE–SW and NW–SE. The effects of daytime and night-time micrometeorological variables and human thermal comfort variables on the street were investigated by applying ENVI-met V3.1 Beta software. The results show that the position of the visible sky has a greater influence on the street’s meteorological and human thermal comfort conditions than the SVF value. It has the ability to maximise or minimise the mean radiation temperature (Tmrt, °C) and the physiological equivalent temperature (PET, °C) at street level. However, the visible sky positioned to the zenith in a NE–SW or N–S street direction and to the SW of a NW–SE street direction achieves the best daytime micrometeorological and thermal comfort conditions. Alternatively, the visible sky positioned to the NE for a NW–SE street direction, to the NW and the zenith for a NE–SW street direction and to the zenith for a N–S street direction reduces the night-time air temperature (Ta, °C). Therefore, SVF and the position of the visible sky relative to the sun’s trajectory, in the cardinal and ordinal directions, must be considered during urban street planning to better understand the resultant micrometeorological and human thermal comfort conditions. 相似文献
8.
1985年1—3月南极长城站风的特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
中国南极长城站建在南极乔治岛上,即62°12′59″S,58°57′52″W。该地属亚南极气候,既受南极大陆冷气团的侵袭,也受到极地海洋气团的影响。该站建于1985年2月20日,但从考察队登陆后,1月1日起就开展了气象观测。本文利用建站初期1—3月的资料,分析长城站地面风和高空风的特征。 在登陆初期,地面风资料使用手持轻便风向风速仪,每天于当地时间08,14,20时观测。1月23日后,架起10m高测风铁塔,使用电接风向风速仪,自动记录24h风的变化。经对比观测校验,轻便风向风速仪观测风速系统性偏小。高空风是用小球测风气球观测的,由于当地天气条件恶劣,能见度差,观测次数受到限制。在这次夏季考察中,我们只获得10次高空风探测资料。 相似文献
9.
Summary The summer monsoon rainfall over Orissa, a state of eastern India, shows characteristic intraseasonal and interannual variability,
due to interaction of basic westerly flow with orography and the synoptic scale monsoon disturbances including low-pressure
systems and cyclonic circulations extending upto mid-tropospheric level (LPSC). These systems normally develop over the north
Bay of Bengal and move west-northwestwards along the monsoon trough. The essence of this study is to find out the main features
of the intraseasonal variability of daily monsoon rainfall over Orissa in relation to synoptic systems like LPSC and its implication
on the interannual variation of rainfall. For this purpose, the actual and mean daily rainfall data of 31 uniformly distributed
stations, six homogeneous regions and Orissa as a whole during monsoon season (June–September) over a period of 20 years (1980–1999)
are subjected to auto-correlation and power spectrum analyses. The actual and average daily scores of significant EOFs and
actual daily occurrence along with daily probability of occurrence of the LPSC influencing rainfall over Orissa during the
same period are also subjected to auto-correlation and power spectrum analyses.
The intraseasonal variation of monsoon rainfall over Orissa and different homogeneous regions is dominated by the synoptic
mode (3–9 days) of variation due to the similar mode of variation in the occurrence of LPSC influencing the rainfall. The
seasonal rainfall and hence the interannual variation depends on the intraseasonal variation of rainfall modulated with the
synoptic mode of variation in the occurrence of the LPSC. The occurrence of LPSC over the northwest (NW) Bay/NW and adjoining
northeast (NE) Bay and its subsequent movement and persistence over Orissa and east Madhya Pradesh & Chhattisgarh in synoptic
mode (3–6 days) alongwith absence of similar mode in the occurrence of the LPSC over NE Bay, Gangetic West Bengal (GWB) in
the north and west central (WC) Bay to the south leads to excess rainfall over different homogeneous regions and Orissa as
a whole. The reverse is the case in deficient years over Orissa and all homogeneous regions except southwest Orissa. The occurrence
of the LPSC over GWB in synoptic mode (about 5 days) alongwith absence of synoptic mode in the occurrence of the LPSC over
NW Bay leads to deficient rainfall year over southwest Orissa.
Correspondence: U. C. Mohanty, Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi Hauz Khas, New Delhi
110016, India 相似文献
10.
运用2001年和2002年7个热带气旋 (TC) 登陆华南前后的38个日降水量、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料以及卫星云图, 经普查和分析将TC造成的降水区划分为纬向型、经向型、NE—SW向型3种; 对各型高、中、低层中的主要气象因子作了详细分析, 如高层流场、中层副热带高压、低层急流和切变线或辐合线、整层水汽通量散度以及季风云涌等, 在此基础上归纳概括出了这些降水型各自前24 h的大尺度环境场特征概略模型图, 并对其强降水形成机理尽可能地给出了解释, 为TC登陆前后的超短期降水预报提供某种参考方法。 相似文献
11.
Summary The structure and variability of the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in the SW Indian Ocean in the austral summer is investigated. The ITCZ is identified by satellite microwave (SSMI) precipitable water (PW) values > 5 g cm–2, minimum outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) values < 220 W m–2 and the pattern of convergence in the low level (850 hPa) winds. According to OLR climatology, the ITCZ lies over 15°S latitude to the west of Madagascar (40–50°E), but near 10°S to the east of 60°E. Inter-annual and intra-seasonal variability is induced by the interaction of the convective NW monsoon and subsident easterly trades. Symptoms of the structure and variability are presented using tropical cyclone (TC) tracks, axes of PW exceedences and OLR, 850hPa wind and PW fields in the period 1988–1990. The shape and intensity of the ITCZ is modulated by the strength of the NW monsoon off east Africa and by standing vortices in the SW Indian Ocean. The topography of Madagascar imparts a distinctive break in convective characteristics, and distinguishes the SE African ITCZ from its maritime counterpart.With 6 Figures 相似文献
12.
Interannual variability of both SW monsoon (June-September) and NE monsoon (October-December) rainfall over subdivisions of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Rayalaseema and Tamil Nadu have been examined in relation to monthly zonal wind anomaly for 10 hPa, 30 hPa and 50 hPa at Balboa (9°N, 80°W) for the 29 year period (1958-1986). Correlations of zonal wind anomalies to SW monsoon rainfall (r = 0.57, significant at 1% level) is highest with the longer lead time (August of the previous year) at 10 hPa level suggesting some predictive value for Coastal Andhra Pradesh. The probabilities estimated from the contingency table reveal non-occurrence of flood during easterly wind anomalies and near non-occurrence of drought during westerly anomalies for August of the previous year at 10 hPa which provides information for forecasting of performance of SW monsoon over Coastal Andhra Pradesh. However, NE monsoon has a weak relationship with zonal wind anomalies of 10 hPa, 30 hPa and 50 hPa for Coastal Andhra Pradesh, Raya 相似文献
13.
利用乌鲁木齐市2011～2012年08时、20时L波段(1型)雷达探测的高空资料建立了乌鲁木齐大气边界层气象要素数据库,分析了乌鲁木齐边界层内气温、风向、风速和相对湿度的垂直分布及其时间变化特征。结果表明：边界层内温度廓线的日变化和季节变化比较显著,各月均有逆温出现,且08时较20时更易出现逆温,冬季08时逆温层厚度较厚且强度最大。边界层内夏、冬两季风速随高度变化波动较大,春、秋两季变化较小。近地层春、夏、秋三季08时盛行西南偏南风,冬季盛行偏东风和西南风;20时春季盛行东北风,夏秋盛行偏北风和西北风,冬季则盛行东风和东北偏东风。08时、20时风向均随高度的增加呈明显的向右偏转趋势,且日风向的变化具有明显的“山谷风”特点。08、20时的相对湿度冬季最大,夏季最小,且随高度增加,春、夏两季08、20时相对湿度的变化较大。 相似文献
14.
Summary In 2002, India had experienced one of the most severe droughts. The severe drought conditions were caused by the unprecedented
deficient rainfall in July 2002, in which only 49% of the normal rainfall was received. One of the major circulation anomalies
observed during July 2002, was the active monsoon trough over Northwest (NW) Pacific and enhanced typhoon activity over this
region. The present study was designed to examine the long-term relationships between Tropical Cyclone (TC) activity over
NW Pacific and monsoon rainfall over India in July.
A statistically significant negative correlation between TC days over NW Pacific and July rainfall over India was observed.
Spatial dependence of the relationship revealed that TCs forming over NW Pacific east of 150° E and moving northwards have
an adverse effect on Indian monsoon rainfall. It was observed that TCs forming over the South China Sea and moving westwards
may have a positive impact on monsoon rainfall over India. Enhanced TC activity over NW Pacific during July 2002 induced weaker
monsoon circulation over the Indian region due to large-scale subsidence. 相似文献
15.
Philippe Philippe Alain M. Dabas Christian Haeberli Pierre H. Flamant 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,106(3):483-505
The flow structure at the intersection between the Rhine and the Seez valleys nearthe Swiss city of Bad Ragaz has been documented by means of wind and pressuremeasurements collected from 9 September to 10 November 1999 during the MesoscaleAlpine Programme (MAP) experiment. To understand better the dynamics of theageostrophic winds that develop in this part of the Rhine valley, some key questionsare answered in this paper including the following: (i) How does air blow at theintersection of the Rhine and Seez valleys? and (ii) what are the dynamical processes(mechanical or thermal) driving the flow circulations in the valleys? Statistical analysis of the wind and pressure patterns at synoptic scale and at the scaleof the valley shows that five main flow patterns, SE/S, NW/W, NW/N, NW/S, SE/N(wind direction in the Seez valley/wind direction in the Rhine valley) prevail. The SE/S regime is the flow splitting situation. It is mainly driven by a strong pressure gradient across the Alps leading to foehn, even though some nocturnal cases are generated bylocal thermal gradients. The NW/W and NW/N regimes are mechanically forced bythe synoptic pressure gradient (as the flow splitting case). The difference between thetwo regimes is due to the synoptic flow direction [westerly (northerly) synoptic flowfor the NW/W (NW/N) regime], showing that the Rhine valley (particularly from BadRagaz to Lake Constance) is less efficient in channelling the flow than the Seez valley.The NW/S (occurring mainly during nighttime) and SE/N (occurring mainly duringdaytime) regimes are mainly katabatic flows. However, the SE/N regime is also partlyforced at the synoptic scale during the foehn case that occurred between 18 October and 20 October 1999, with a complex layered vertical structure. This analysis also shows that, contrary to what was observed in a broad section of theupper Rhine valley near Mannheim, very few countercurrents were observed near BadRagaz where the valley width is much smaller. 相似文献
16.
Spatial and temporal relationships between global land surface air temperature anomalies and Indian summer monsoon rainfall 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Summary Using the 60 year period (1931–1990) gridded land surface air temperature anomalies data, the spatial and temporal relationships between Indian summer monsoon rainfall and temperature anomalies were examined. Composite temperature anomalies were prepared in respect of 11 deficient monsoon years and 9 excess monsoon years. Statistical tests were carried out to examine the significance of the composites. In addition, correlation coefficients between the temperature anomalies and Indian summer monsoon rainfall were also calculated to examine the teleconnection patterns.There were statistically significant differences in the composite of temperature anomaly patterns between excess and deficient monsoon years over north Europe, central Asia and north America during January and May, over NW India during May, over central parts of Africa during May and July and over Indian sub-continent and eastern parts of Asia during July. It has been also found that temperature anomalies over NW Europe, central parts of Africa and NW India during January and May were positively correlated with Indian summer monsoon rainfall. Similarly temperature anomalies over central Asia during January and temperature anomalies over central Africa and Indian region during July were negatively correlated. There were secular variations in the strength of relationships between temperature anomalies and Indian summer monsoon rainfall. In general, temperature anomalies over NW Europe and NW India showed stronger correlations during the recent years. It has been also found that during excess (deficient) monsoon years temperature gradient over Eurasian land mass from sub-tropics to higher latitudes was directed equatowards (polewards) indicating strong (weak) zonal flow. This temperature anomaly gradient index was found to be a useful predictor for long range forecasting of Indian summer monsoon rainfall.With 12 Figures 相似文献
17.
Based on hourly rainfall observational data from 442 stations during 1960–2014, a regional frequency analysis of the annual maxima(AM) sub-daily rainfall series(1-, 2-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 24-h rainfall, using a moving window approach) for eastern China was conducted. Eastern China was divided into 13 homogeneous regions: Northeast(NE1, NE2), Central(C), Central North(CN1, CN2), Central East(CE1, CE2, CE3), Southeast(SE1, SE2, SE3, SE4), and Southwest(SW).The generalized extreme value performed best for the AM series in regions NE, C, CN2, CE1, CE2, SE2, and SW, and the generalized logistic distribution was appropriate in the other regions. Maximum return levels were in the SE4 region, with value ranges of 80–270 mm(1-h to 24-h rainfall) and 108–390 mm(1-h to 24-h rainfall) for 20- and 100 yr, respectively.Minimum return levels were in the CN1 and NE1 regions, with values of 37–104 mm and 53–140 mm for 20 and 100 yr,respectively. Comparing return levels using the optimal and commonly used Pearson-III distribution, the mean return-level differences in eastern China for 1–24-h rainfall varied from-3–4 mm to-23–11 mm(-10%–10%) for 20-yr events, reaching-6–26 mm(-10%–30%) and-10–133 mm(-10%–90%) for 100-yr events. In view of the large differences in estimated return levels, more attention should be given to frequency analysis of sub-daily rainfall over China, for improved water management and disaster reduction. 相似文献
18.
LOW-FREQUENCY SUMMER MONSOON IN INDONESIA-NORTHERN AUSTRALIA AND ITS RELATION TO CIRCULATIONS IN BOTH HEMISPHERES* 
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下载免费PDF全文 In terms of the expansion by extended empirical orthogonal function(EEOF) with data of ECMWF/WMO and of outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) furnished by the NOAA polar-orbiting satellite,a study is made of November 1981 to March 1982 low-frequency(30-60 day) summer monsoon activity in the Indonesian-North Australian zone(INAZ) together with its relation to atmospheric circulations in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Results show that at 850 hPa the southward blowing low-frequency NE(SW) wind from the eastern Asian coast changes, after crossing the euqator, to summer NW(SE) monsoon in the INAZ, which, when converging with(diverging from) the western-Australian enforced low-frequency SW(NE) wind, brings about strengthened(weakened) convection in the summer monsoon area and its eastward advance, with corresponding low-frequency variation shown in 850 hPa geopotential height. These outcomes are similar to those from the study of non-filtered actual observations, leading to the conclusion that the component of low-frequency variation illustrates major features characteristic of the variation in the tropical circulation. 相似文献
19.
Summary This study presents a flow climatology for Greece based on a survey of climate and synoptic weather types, and a five-year trajectory climatology. Isobaric back trajectories at the 850 and 700 hPa levels were calculated daily at 0 and 12 Z for the years 1983–1987 for the Aliartos, Greece EMEP station, using the Air Resources Laboratory (ARL) trajectory model. Trajectories were classified by direction and speed to examine monthly, seasonal and annual variability in flow characteristics. The main features of the flow are similar from year to year. Dominant transport sectors are NW and W, followed by N, SW and NE. Four-day back trajectories from NW and W usually originate from beyond 2,400 km, while those from other directions tend to originate closer to Greece. Cases of most rapid transport occur in January and December. Potential pollutant source regions are identified corresponding to preferred trajectory directions and distance ranges.With 6 Figures 相似文献
20.
Summary The meteorological structure of flood-producing weather systems affecting northern Madagascar is examined using ECMWF data. Daily rainfall in the austral summer is used to select 16 cases for a composite analysis of flood events in the period 1987–1992. Anomaly maps demonstrate a pair of convective vortices over SE Africa and the SW Indian Ocean which converge over northern Madagascar. Thermodynamic variables indicate an eastward shift of unstable moist conditions from SE Africa. A surge of monsoon northwesterlies and upper tropical easterlies are key features of flood producing systems over NW Madagascar.With 8 Figures 相似文献