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1.
Feng-qing Jiang Ru-Ji Hu Shao-Ping Wang Yan-Wei Zhang Li Tong 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,111(1-2):133-148
The spatial–temporal variability of the precipitation extremes defined by eight precipitation indices based on daily precipitation dataset was analyzed using the linear regression method and the Mann–Kendall test. The results indicate that increasing trends in the precipitation amount, rainy days, and the intensity of the extreme precipitation were identified at above 70 % of the total rain stations considered in this study, with more than 30 % of them were significant, while most stations show notable decreasing trend in the annual maximum consecutive no-rain days. Significantly increasing trends of the precipitation extremes are observed mainly in the northern Xinjiang and the north of the southern Xinjiang. Most extreme precipitation indices show a potential regime shift starting from the middle of 1980s. The magnitude of the trends is compatible with their pattern of spatial stability. The generally increasing trends in precipitation extremes are found in this study. 相似文献
2.
基于1981—2018年内蒙古地区103个地面气象观测站的逐日降水资料,运用趋势分析方法,分析近38 a内蒙古降水量、降水日数和降水强度的时空变化特征。结果表明,不同等级降水量和降水日数呈现弱减少趋势,不同等级降水强度年际变化趋势不明显,但是湿润区的各等级降水年际波动最大,干旱区的中雨强度年际波动明显大于其他气候区。各等级降水对总降水的贡献率从大到小依次为小雨、中雨和大雨,但地区分布不均。各气候区小雨日数贡献率均在80%~90%,并且小雨量占比从内蒙古东北部湿润区到西北部的干旱区逐渐上升。内蒙古各等级降水均呈现自东向西递减的空间分布特征,其中降水量和降水日数的高值区主要分布在东北部地区,降水强度的高值区主要分布在东南部地区。2010年以来,内蒙古东北部和中部偏西地区的小雨等级的降水量和小雨日数减少,小雨等级的降水强度增加;在内蒙古西北部各等级降水量和降水强度均增加,大雨等级的降水量、降水日数和降水强度的增加趋势尤为显著。 相似文献
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4.
Based on daily precipitation records at 75 meteorological stations in Hunan Province, central south China, the spatial and temporal variability of precipitation indices is analyzed during 1961–2010. For precipitation extremes, most of precipitation indices suggest that both the amount and the intensity of extreme precipitation are increasing, especially the mean precipitation amount on a wet day, showing a significant positive trend. Meanwhile, both of the monthly rainfall heterogeneity and the contribution of the days with the greatest rainfall show an upward trend. When it comes to rainfall erosivity, most of this province is characterized by high values of annual rainfall erosivity. Although the directions of trends in annual rainfall erosivity at most stations are upward, only 6 of the 75 stations have significant trends. Furthermore, the spatial and temporal variation of dryness/wetness has been assessed by the standardized precipitation index (SPI). The principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the SPI series computed on 24-month time scales. The results demonstrated a noticeable spatial variability with three subregions characterized by different trends: a remarkable wet tendency prevails in the central and southern areas, while the northern areas are dominated by a remarkable dry tendency. 相似文献
5.
In this study, the trends and periodicity in climate extremes are examined in Hunan Province over the period 1960–2013 on the basis of 27 extreme climate indices calculated from daily temperature and precipitation records at 89 meteorological stations. The results show that in the whole province, temperature extremes exhibit a warming trend with more than 50% stations being statistically significant for 7 out of 16 temperature indices, and the nighttime temperature increases faster than the daytime temperature at the annual scale. The changes in most extreme temperature indices show strongly coherent spatial patterns. Moreover, the change rates of almost all temperature indices in north Hunan are greater than those of other regions. However, the statistically significant changes in indices of extreme precipitation are observed at fewer stations than in extreme temperature indices, forming less spatially coherent patterns. Positive trends in indices of extreme precipitation show that the amount and intensity of extreme precipitation events are generally increasing in both annual and seasonal scales, whereas the significant downward trend in consecutive wet days indicates that the precipitation becomes more even over the study period. Analysis of changes in probability distributions of extreme indices for 1960–1986 and 1987–2013 also demonstrates a remarkable shift toward warmer condition and increasing tendency in the amount and intensity of extreme precipitation during the past decades. The variations in extreme climate indices exhibit inconstant frequencies in the wavelet power spectrum. Among the 16 temperature indices, 2 of them show significant 1-year periodic oscillation and 7 of them exhibit significant 4-year cycle during some certain periods. However, significant periodic oscillations can be found in all of the precipitation indices. Wet-day precipitation and three absolute precipitation indices show significant 1-year cycle and other seven provide significant power at the 4-year period, which are mainly found during 1970–1980 and after 1992. 相似文献
6.
利用重庆市1961—2012年34个气象观测站的逐日降水资料,采用EOF分析、线性回归及相关分析的方法对重庆市的降水量时空特征、降水频数特征及降水强度特征进行诊断分析研究,并进行了相关讨论.结果表明:重庆市的年总降水量呈逐年减少的变化特征,并且年总降水量存在空间一致性与重庆市东北地区和其他地区反相变化的空间分布形式;各类持续性降水过程频数的空间分布差异较大,持续性降水过程频数的变化趋势表明短期降水过程(持续2 d)逐年增加而持续较长时间(持续5 d及以上)的连阴雨天气过程减少趋势明显;降水强度分析中发现一般降水(小雨、中雨、大雨)的年总降水量呈下降趋势,是引起重庆市年总降水量减少的主要原因,小雨、中雨降水强度逐年减弱而大雨的强度有弱的增强,较强降水等级(暴雨与大暴雨)的年总降水量呈较弱的上升趋势,降水强度也表现为弱的增强趋势;持续5 d及以上降水过程频数的减少可能与当地500 hPa位势高度场的上升及赤道太平洋海表温度的升高相关,大雨及以上等级降水的强度变化可能与El Niño Modoki现象有关. 相似文献
7.
研究大陆或次大陆尺度日降水长期趋势变化规律,对于检测、理解区域气候和陆地水循环对全球气候变暖的响应特征十分重要。利用美国国家气候资料中心(NCDC)和中国基准气候站、基本气象站网降水观测资料,在对该站点资料进行基本质量控制基础上,选取东亚地区619个站1951～2009年日降水数据,按照百分位阈值对降水进行分级,共分为弱、中、强、极强4个级别,用经纬度网格面积加权平均方法构建区域平均的时间序列,分析了各类降水事件长期变化趋势的时空特征。结果表明:东亚地区近59年平均总降水量表现出不显著下降趋势,降水日数没有出现趋势性变化,平均日降水强度略有减小;区域平均的年降水量、降水日数和日降水强度在中国北方大部、蒙古东部、俄罗斯远东地区南部和日本列岛多呈减少趋势,而在俄罗斯中西伯利亚南部、朝鲜半岛南部和中国长江中下游流域一般表现为增加。从季节上看,近59年东亚区域平均的冬、春季降水量、降水日数和日降水强度均呈增加趋势,而夏、秋季一般呈减少趋势,仅夏季日降水强度略有增加。降水的年内分配出现均匀化趋势。从不同级别降水事件看,近59年来东亚区域平均的各级别降水量均为下降趋势,中降水、强降水和极强降水日数也呈现下降趋势,弱降水日数表现出较明显增加;仅有全区秋季强降水量、日数减少趋势和冬季中降水量、日数增加趋势通过了显著性水平检验。分析还发现,近30年(1980～2009年)东亚地区日降水趋势变化出现了新的特征,主要表现为大部分地区降水日数呈现增加,日降水强度减少,45°N以南多数台站降水量也增加,全区降水有向非极端化方向发展趋势。 相似文献
8.
三江源地区近50年降水变化分析 总被引：26，自引：1，他引：26
利用西北及三江源(黄河、金沙江及澜沧江)地区122个气象观测台站1956—2004年近50年的逐日降水量及月总降水量资料,分析了三江源地区降水变化特征。结果表明:近50年来三江源地区的年降水量呈减少趋势,减少幅度为6.73mm/10a;降水日数的趋势变化呈较为明显的减少趋势,递减率为2.7d/10a;平均降水强度总体呈弱的增强趋势,增强速率平均为0.20mm/d/10a,增强幅度比中国西北地区平均水平强;从4~9月最长无降水日数趋于增长反映出西北地区干旱化的趋势。 相似文献
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土壤湿度年际变化对中国区域极端气候事件模拟的影响研究 I. 基于CAM3.1的模式评估 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
利用NCAR大气模式CAM3.1对中国区域近40年的极端气候事件进行了模拟试验;在此基础上, 利用1961～2000年中国区域452站的逐日最高、最低气温和降水资料, 从气候平均、年际变化和长期变化趋势等方面全面评估了该模式对中国极端气候事件的模拟能力。结果表明:(1)模式对中国区域极端气候指数气候平均态的大尺度空间分布特征具有一定的模拟能力;模式对极端降水指标空间分布的模拟能力较好, 而对极端气温指标的模拟较差;模式对极端气候指标的模拟存在系统性的偏差, 模拟的极端降水的系统性偏差要远大于对极端温度的模拟。(2)模式对极端气温指数的年际变化特征具有较强的模拟能力, 而对极端降水指数的年际变化基本没有模拟能力;模式模拟的各极端降水指标的年际变幅与观测存在较大的偏差。(3)模式较好地模拟出了暖夜和暖昼指数在中国大部分区域的增加趋势, 但变幅较实测偏小;模式对热浪持续指数长期趋势的模拟则相对略差。模式对极端气温指标长期趋势的模拟能力总体优于对极端降水指标的模拟。模式对极端降水频次和中雨日数长期趋势的模拟尚可, 但对持续湿期长期趋势的空间分布模拟较差。研究结果可为该模式用于极端气候的模拟研究提供一定参考。 相似文献
10.
Effects of model resolution and subgrid-scale physics on the simulation of precipitation in the continental United States 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
J. P. Iorio P. B. Duffy B. Govindasamy S. L. Thompson M. Khairoutdinov D. Randall 《Climate Dynamics》2004,23(3-4):243-258
We analyze simulations of the global climate performed at a range of spatial resolutions to assess the effects of horizontal spatial resolution on the ability to simulate precipitation in the continental United States. The model investigated is the CCM3 general circulation model. We also preliminarily assess the effect of replacing cloud and convective parameterizations in a coarse-resolution (T42) model with an embedded cloud-system resolving model (CSRM). We examine both spatial patterns of seasonal-mean precipitation and daily time scale temporal variability of precipitation in the continental United States. For DJF and SON, high-resolution simulations produce spatial patterns of seasonal-mean precipitation that agree more closely with observed precipitation patterns than do results from the same model (CCM3) at coarse resolution. However, in JJA and MAM, there is little improvement in spatial patterns of seasonal-mean precipitation with increasing resolution, particularly in the southeast USA. This is because of the dominance of convective (i.e., parameterized) precipitation in these two seasons. We further find that higher-resolution simulations have more realistic daily precipitation statistics. In particular, the well-known tendency at coarse resolution to have too many days with weak precipitation and not enough intense precipitation is partially eliminated in higher-resolution simulations. However, even at the highest resolution examined here (T239), the simulated intensity of the mean and of high-percentile daily precipitation amounts is too low. This is especially true in the southeast USA, where the most extreme events occur. A new GCM, in which a cloud-resolving model (CSRM) is embedded in each grid cell and replaces convective and stratiform cloud parameterizations, solves this problem, and actually produces too much precipitation in the form of extreme events. However, in contrast to high-resolution versions of CCM3, this model produces little improvement in spatial patterns of seasonal-mean precipitation compared to models at the same resolution using traditional parameterizations. 相似文献
11.
Changes in precipitation exert an enormous impact on human life, and it is of vital importance to study regular patterns of meteorological and hydrological events. In order to explore the changing spatial and temporal patterns of precipitation amounts, precipitation extremes and precipitation concentration in Jiangxi province in southeast China between 1960 and 2008, several precipitation indices series were analysed using the Mann–Kendall test in this study. Our results indicate remarkable differences among the stations with negative and positive precipitation trends at the annual, seasonal and monthly scales, significant increasing trends are mainly found during January, August, winter and summer, while significant decreasing trends mostly are observed during October and autumn. For precipitation extremes, most precipitation indices suggest that both the intensity and the days of extreme precipitation are increasing; the mean precipitation amount, especially, on a wet day shows a significant positive trend. When it comes to precipitation concentration, the monthly rainfall heterogeneity shows an insignificant downward trend, while the contribution of the days with greatest rainfall displays an insignificant upward trend. Furthermore, the long-range persistence is detected for changing process of precipitation amount, extreme precipitation and precipitation concentration using the Rescaled Range Analysis. 相似文献
12.
Tayeb Raziei Jamal Daryabari Isabella Bordi Reza Modarres Luis S. Pereira 《Climatic change》2014,124(1-2):239-253
Spatial patterns of daily precipitation indices and their temporal trends over Iran are investigated using the APHRODITE gridded daily precipitation dataset for the period 1961–2004. The performance and limitations of the gridded dataset are checked against observations at ten rain-gauge stations that are representative of different climates in Iran. Results suggest that the spatial patterns of the indices reflect the role of orography and sea neighborhoods in differentiating central-southern arid and semi-arid regions from northern and western mountainous humid areas. It is also found that western Iran is impacted by the most extreme daily precipitation events occurring in the country, though the number of rainy days has its maximum in the Caspian Sea region. The time series of precipitation indices is checked for long-term trends using the least squares method and Mann-Kendall test. The maximum daily precipitation per year shows upward trends in most of Iran, though being statistically significant only in western regions. In the same regions, upward trends are also observed in the number of wet days and in the accumulated precipitation and intensity during wet days. Conversely, the contribution of precipitation events below the 75th percentile to the annual total precipitation is decreasing with time, suggesting that extreme events are responsible for the upward trend observed in the total annual precipitation and in the other indices. This tendency towards more severe/extreme precipitation events, if confirmed by other datasets and further analyses with longer records, would require the implementation of adequate water resources management plans in western Iran aimed at mitigating the increasing risk of intense precipitation and associated flash floods and soil erosion. 相似文献
13.
APHRODITE高分辨率逐日降水资料在中国大陆地区的适用性 总被引：14，自引：2，他引：12
日本APHRODITE (Asian Precipitation-Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of Water Resources) 研究计划建立了一套高分辨率的逐日亚洲陆地降水数据集 (简称APHRO), 时间从1951年到2007年, 空间分辨率为0.25°×0.25°。本文从气候态、 不同等级降水量分布以及长期变化等方面分析, 通过与中国559个台站观测资料对比, 考察了该降水资料在中国地区的适用性。结果表明: (1) 气候态分布方面, APHRO降水量与台站资料一致, 并且可以准确表征雨带的季节性移动; 但是, 与台站资料相比, 这套资料的降水强度偏小, 而降水频率偏大。 (2) 考察不同等级降水量的分布发现, APHRO资料的暴雨年降水量相对偏少, 而小雨和中雨的年降水量偏多。 (3)APHRO资料揭示的近50年降水量的变化趋势与台站资料大致相同, 并能反映年平均降水频率 “西增东减” 的趋势; 两套资料近50年的年平均降水强度在东南沿海和西北部等区域都呈增加趋势, 但APHRO在华北、 东北和江淮区域的降水强度变化趋势与台站资料差异显著。此外, 在年代际变化方面, APHRO资料对中国东部降水夏季 “南涝北旱” 和 “江南春旱” 强度的描述与台站资料有所不同, 降水量的变化趋势偏弱。 相似文献
14.
全球变暖背景下我国极端小时降水和极端日降水(EXHP、EXDP)气候态及变化趋势的区域差异明显, 其中热带气旋(TC)的影响尚不明确。利用1975-2018年暖季台站小时降水(P)和热带气旋最佳路径等资料, 采用百分位法定义极端小时降水与极端日降水, 并将总降水(All)客观分为热带气旋降水与非热带气旋(nonTC)降水, 分析热带气旋对中国东部All-P、All-EXHP、All-EXDP的气候态和变化趋势以及极端小时降水随温度变化的影响。主要结论如下: (1) TC-P、TC-EXDP、TC-EXHP占其对应总降水之比均从东南和华南沿海向西北内陆递减, 区域平均而言, TC-P占All-P之比与TC-EXHP占All-EXHP之比均约为11%, 而TC-EXDP占AllEXDP之比为15.8%;(2) 热带气旋和非热带气旋降水变化趋势的空间分布差别较大, 热带气旋对长江流域东部总降水增多的贡献高达49%, 并一定程度上改变了降水趋势的空间分布; (3) TC-EXHP强度与温度的关系在约21℃发生改变, 且截然不同于nonTC-EXHP, 华南、东南沿海TC-EXHP强度随温度的变化率明显低于nonTCEXHP, 造成nonTC-EXHP和All-EXHP随温度变化率不同, 且在东南沿海差异显著。 相似文献
15.
Using the hourly precipitation records of meteorological stations in Shanghai, covering a period of almost a century(1916–2014), the long-term variation of extreme heavy precipitation in Shanghai on multiple spatial and temporal scales is analyzed, and the effects of urbanization on hourly rainstorms studied. Results show that:(1) Over the last century, extreme hourly precipitation events enhanced significantly. During the recent urbanization period from 1981 to 2014, the frequency of heavy precipitation increased significantly, with a distinct localized and abrupt characteristic.(2) The spatial distribution of long-term trends for the occurrence frequency and total precipitation intensity of hourly heavy precipitation in Shanghai shows a distinct urban rain-island feature; namely, heavy precipitation was increasingly focused in urban and suburban areas.Attribution analysis shows that urbanization in Shanghai contributed greatly to the increase in both frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events in the city, thus leading to an increasing total precipitation amount of heavy rainfall events. In addition,the diurnal variation of rainfall intensity also shows distinctive urban–rural differences, especially during late afternoon and early nighttime in the city area.(3) Regional warming, with subsequent enhancement of water vapor content, convergence of moisture flux and atmospheric instability, provided favorable physical backgrounds for the formation of extreme precipitation.This accounts for the consistent increase in hourly heavy precipitation over the whole Shanghai area during recent times. 相似文献
16.
Robert Coats 《Climatic change》2010,102(3-4):435-466
The purpose of this study was to quantify the decadal-scale time trends in air temperature, precipitation phase and intensity, spring snowmelt timing, and lake temperature in the Tahoe basin, and to relate the trends to large-scale regional climatic trends in the western USA. Temperature data for six long-term weather stations in the Tahoe region were analyzed for trends in annual and monthly means of maximum and minimum daily temperature. Precipitation data at Tahoe City were analyzed for trends in phase (rain versus snow), decadal standard deviation, and intensity of rainfall. Daily streamflow data for nine gaging stations in and around the Tahoe basin were examined for trends in snowmelt timing, by two methods, and an existing record for the temperature of Lake Tahoe was updated. The results for the Tahoe basin, which contrast somewhat with the surrounding region, indicate strong upward trends in air temperature, a shift from snow to rain, a shift in snowmelt timing to earlier dates, increased rainfall intensity, increased interannual variability, and continued increase in the temperature of Lake Tahoe. Two hypotheses are suggested that may explain why the basin could be warming faster than surrounding regions. Continued warming in the Tahoe basin has important implications for efforts to manage biodiversity and maintain clarity of the lake. 相似文献
17.
1981～2010年北京地区极端降水变化特征 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
采用北京地区20个常规气象站1981~2010年逐日降水数据,对北京地区极端降水的空间分布特征进行了分析。得到以下主要结论:1981~2010年,北京地区极端降水百分位数(第90、95和99个百分位数)阈值表现出较一致的空间分布特征,以第95个百分位数阈值计算的极端降水日数与降水阈值和降水量的分布有较大差异,极端降水量对总降水量的贡献可达30%~37%,极端降水强度分布与极端降水阈值分布相似。近30年,北京地区多数站点的极端降水量、降水日数和降水强度呈下降趋势,极端降水量以上甸子、怀柔、平谷和观象台下降较为明显,可达到40 mm(10 a)–1以上,极端降水强度以顺义、海淀、观象台、大兴和上甸子等站下降较为显著,每10 a降水强度减小趋势可达4 mm d–1,极端降水日数变化分布与极端降水量变化分布类似,极端降水强度变化与降水量和降水日数变化的分布有明显不同。 相似文献
18.
A. V. Chernokulsky F. A. Kozlov O. G. Zolina O. N. Bulygina V. A. Semenov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2018,43(7):425-435
A method for discriminating among different types of precipitation is presented. The method is based on surface observations of precipitation, present and past weather, and the morphological types of clouds. The climatology of showery, nonshowery, and drizzle precipitation in Northern Eurasia is studied using the data of 529 Russian weather stations for the period of 1966–2014. Showery precipitation dominates in Northern Eurasia. In general, showery precipitation has greater temporal (monthly and diurnal) and spatial variability than nonshowery precipitation. The majority of showers are registered in summer (the maximum is in July), whereas the high est total monthly nonshowery precipitation is observed in autumn (the maximum is in October). The daily intensity values of showery and nonshowery precipitation are generally close, the maximum intensity is recorded in July–August. For three-hour in tervals, the shower in tensity is by 1.1–1.5 times higher. The drawbacks of the presented methodology are discussed. 相似文献
19.
中国降水极值变化趋势检测 总被引：215，自引：9，他引：206
利用中国２９６个分布均匀的测站的逐日降水资料,研究了中国过去４５ａ中降水量、降水频率、降水强度等方面的极值变化趋势。结果表明,总体上讲,中国年降水量、１日和３日最大降水量以及不同级别的强降水总量没有发现明显的极端化倾向,但伴随着降水日数极端偏多的区域范围越来越小的变化趋势,平均降水强度极端偏高的区域范围表现为扩大的趋势。中国降水极值变化还反映出明显的区域性特点。在中国东部,平均降水强度极值出现的范围趋于扩大。如华北地区在年降水量明显趋于减少的同时,年降水量极端偏多的范围减少,１日和３日最大降水量、日降水≥５０ｍｍ和１００ｍｍ的暴雨日数极端偏多的情况也趋于减少,而平均降水强度极值显著增加。在年降水明显趋于增多的西北西部地区,降水日数的极值变化趋势不明显,但年降水量、１日和３日最大降水量以及日降水≥１０ｍｍ的降水总量极端偏多的区域范围均反映出趋于增加的变化趋势。 相似文献
20.
Unnikrishnan C. K. Rajeevan M. Vijaya Bhaskara Rao S. 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2017,129(3-4):949-963
The spatial and temporal trends of 11 (7) temperature (precipitation) extreme indices are examined for the Loess Plateau Region (LPR) and its southeast and northwest sub-regions based on daily observations at 214 meteorological stations. Results show widespread significant warming trends for all the temperature extremes except for the diurnal temperature range (DTR) and the lowest daily maximum temperature in each year (TXn) during 1961–2010. When regionally averaged, a significant warming trend is detected for all the indices except for DTR and TXn in the past 50 years. Compared with the entire LPR, a significant warming trend is detected for all the indices except for DTR and TXn over the southeast sub-region of LPR; while it is observed for all the indices over the northwest. The trends for these indices are generally stronger in the northwest than in the southeast in the past 50 years. In contrast, for precipitation indices, only a small percentage of areas show significant drying or wetting trends and, when regionally averaged, none of them displays significant trends during the past 50 years. On the sub-regional scale, however, a larger percentage of areas show significant drying trends for precipitation indices generally over the southeast relative to the entire LPR, and noticeably, the sub-regional average heavy precipitation (R10mm) and wet day precipitation (PRCPTOT) display significant decreasing trends during the past 50 years; whereas only a slightly larger percentage of areas show significant wetting trends for these indices over the northwest compared with the entire LPR, and when sub-regionally averaged, none of the indices have significant trends during the past 50 years. 相似文献