共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 312 毫秒
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利用CRTM (Community Radiative Transfer Model) 快速辐射传输模式对NOAA-K系列卫星的AMSU-A通道亮温进行正演模拟,重点研究云粒子类型、云高、云厚度等云参数对微波亮温模拟的影响。结果表明:改变云粒子类型时,云水和雨水对模拟亮温影响较大,模拟亮温值比晴空高1 K;霰、雪、冰、雹等固态粒子对模拟亮温的影响较小,模拟亮温值略低于晴空无云情况;云层光学厚度较大时,各通道亮温受云层影响的情况取决于权重函数峰值高度和云顶高度的配置;多个高度存在云时,若最上层云较厚 (2 km),光学厚度大,相应通道亮温取决于最上层云,较低层云对亮温不产生影响;云层变薄,光学厚度减小,高度低于云层或略高于云顶的通道亮温随云层厚度的变化明显,若通道高度远高于云顶,云层厚度的变化对于其亮温模拟的影响很小。 相似文献
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基于MODIS云产品的AIRS云相态的识别和云量产品的检验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
选用中国中东部(95～130 °E, 20～60 °N)午后同一时刻相对应的AIRS与MODIS各15景样本数据,将MODIS在红外波段上四种基于亮温的云识别算法对AIRS晴空像元和云像元中不同的云相态进行区分,分别统计出AIRS不同类型像元中这四种云识别算法的亮温差异,根据AIRS在晴空、水云和冰云三种不同相态下亮温的差异,确定出其阈值,实现AIRS晴空和云相态识别。在此基础上,对AIRS不同云相态下反演的有效云量进行检验和改进。结果表明:运用亮温阈值法对AIRS进行云相态识别能够较好地反映AIRS的晴空和云相态特征,云相态分布与MODIS云相态产品对应效果较好,特别在云边缘区域。对AIRS不同云相态下反演的有效云量进行对比和误差分析后发现:当水云有效云量较高、冰云有效云量较低时,AIRS反演的有效云量误差较大。在误差分析的基础上,提出了AIRS有效云量的偏差订正算法,对AIRS反演的有效云量具有一定改进,为AIRS云产品的应用提供参考依据。 相似文献
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利用2005年9月东亚中低纬地区的63个时次的TRMM卫星资料,分析了降水云和非降水云的红外辐射特征。结果显示:10.8μm通道大部分非降水像元的亮温大于280 K,晴空像元的亮温更高;大部分降水像元的亮温小于280 K,降水越强亮温越低,强降水的亮温在260 K以下。非降水像元的分裂窗通道亮温差(BTD45)总的来说都高于1.5 K;降水像元的BTD45总的来说都小于3.0 K,强降水像元BTD45较低,一般在2.0 K以下。在此基础上,分析了中低纬度夏季6次的不同类型的大尺度短时强降水数据,得到了中低纬度夏季强降水过程中非降水云和降水云对应的红外辐射特征,并以此为依据,提出BTD45为3.0 K和10.8μm通道亮温260 K为降水识别阈值,二者结合,可以得到较好的降水判识结果。 相似文献
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红外测温传感器在旋转平台控制下定时对全天空进行扫描,拼接全天空红外辐射亮温图像。利用天空中的云点与非云点在红外波段中表现出的不同特性,考虑不同仰角方向天空中云点与非云点的温度差异,结合地面环境参数,实时拟合天顶到水平区间内晴空时刻的温度阈值函数,利用阈值分割方式得出全天空云分布及云量信息。该方法可以有效减少地面环境参数及太阳光照对云图的影响,能够全天实时运行。将利用该方法获取的数据分别与人工观测数据及典型天气条件下可见光测云结果进行对比,结果表明该系统在云量观测方面具有一定的先进性和准确性。 相似文献
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有云环境下MODIS亮温资料的变分同化Ⅰ——方案设计与理想试验 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
云对红外辐射传输过程有十分重要的影响,在资料同化过程中考虑云的作用,不仅可以改进大气参数的同化效果,还可以利用红外资料调整部分云参数,减小云参数的初始误差。在GRAPES-3DVAR（Global and Regional Assimilation and Prediction Enhanced System,全球/区域同化预报系统）基础上,增加云水含量、云冰水含量和云量作为同化系统控制变量,针对晴空、部分有云和完全有云等环境对MODIS（Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,即中分辨成像光谱仪）的16个气象通道亮温进行了同化理想试验,结果表明当背景场模拟的亮温低于观测亮温时,分析场通过增温、减湿、减少云水含量、云冰水含量、云量可以达到升高模拟亮温的目的;反之可以降低模拟亮温;晴空环境下对温度、比湿的调整符合MODIS仪器的设计特点;有云环境下对云层以下的影响减弱。理想试验证实了在红外辐射资料同化过程中将云参数和大气参数同时作为同化系统控制变量,可以利用红外资料调整云参数和常规气象要素场,提高资料的利用率。 相似文献
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经典变分同化基于误差服从高斯分布理论,在同化受云影响的红外探测器通道亮温时,需进行云检测或只同化权重函数峰值位于云顶之上的通道亮温。在云检测过程中需对亮温进行严格的质量控制以剔除"离群值",导致丢失大量有用数据。文中基于带约束项非高斯模型的广义变分对高光谱大气红外探测器(Atmospheric Infra-Red Sounder,AIRS)受云影响亮温进行了初步的同化研究。在执行过程中,首先,动态选择AIRS通道形成通道子集。其次,把云参数(有效云量和有效云顶气压)作为辐射传输模式输入变量参与变分同化极小化迭代并用于通道子集亮温模拟。同化试验结果表明,对于高云,基于Cauchy-估计的变分同化反演结果最好,而对于中云和低云,基于Huber-估计得到了较好的同化反演结果。然而,在反演模式高层温度时,基于Fair-估计反而得到了较差的结果,但其对于湿度反演效果较为理想,其结果可能与Fair-估计分布的固有特点有关。带约束项广义变分同化方法对受云影响亮温的同化效果比经典变分方法的好,但依赖于M-估计的选取。 相似文献
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同化IASI资料对台风“红霞”和“莫兰蒂”预报的影响研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：2
红外高光谱大气探测仪IASI可提供高精度的大气垂直温度和湿度信息,能够探测台风结构特征,有效弥补台风影响区域观测资料稀缺的不足。以WRFDA三维变分同化系统为基础构建IASI同化试验平台,实现McNally提出的MW云检测方法,并调整参数形成大阈值的LMW云检测方法,以超强台风“红霞”（1506）和“莫兰蒂”（1614）为试验个例,对IASI观测资料进行同化对比试验。对于台风“红霞”,MW云检测方案对于高层通道299保留的观测数目仅为大阈值LMW云检测的16.2%和WRFDA系统默认的MMR云检测的9.2%,对于底层通道921分别为3.3%和2.6%。但是MW试验分析场强度最强,获得的72 h台风路径预报最接近真实路径,路径误差最小。两个台风个例试验结果相似,表明有效的云检测过程能提高IASI资料同化分析场的准确性,同化IASI资料有利于改善台风预报技巧。 相似文献
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应用2007年4月30日20时至5月1日03时的FY-2C红外亮温资料、地面云观测资料以及地理海拔高度资料,详细分析了无云条件下红外亮温与地理海拔高度之间的关系特征。通过建立夜间无云条件下红外亮温与地理海拔高度之间对应关系的标准数据库,以此为判据实现了有云区和无云区的分离,云检测个例结果表明正确率可达88%;将无云区误判为有云区的百分比为4%,同时将有云区误判为晴空区的百分比是8%。在云区的云检测正确率为82%;在无云区的云检测正确率达到92%。在业务化应用和适用性分析中,以5月1日00时资料建立的判据,分别对5月2日至5日00时整个区域进行云检测试验,分析结果表明其总体准确率与5月1日00时的基本接近但稍高,达到92%。在云区的判识正确率提高到93%,从而导致总体准确率稍微提高;而在无云区的判识效果与5月1日00时的一致为92%。 相似文献
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“珍珠”台风卫星红外通道亮温的数值模拟 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
热带地区云的覆盖率高, 卫星辐射资料特别是红外通道的数值模拟容易受到云的影响, 提高台风等热带天气系统卫星亮温资料的模拟能力, 有助于热带地区数值模式的检验以及提高卫星资料直接同化的水平。首先, 利用天气研究和预报模式(Weather Research and Forecasting Model, 简称WRF) 对 “珍珠” 台风的三维气象场, 包括云结构特征, 进行了模拟, 并诊断分析了总云量、云顶气压等物理量; 然后, 结合快速辐射传输模式 (fast radiative transfer model for TOVS, 简称RTTOV) 8.7版对 “珍珠” 台风的高分辨率红外辐射探测仪3型 (High Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder, 简称HIRS/3) 红外辐射亮温进行了模拟, 并且比较了有云和无云条件下的模拟结果。结果表明, 如果不考虑云的影响, RTTOV模式无法模拟出台风的结构特征; 结合三维云特征的模拟量, RTTOV模式可以较好地模拟出HIRS/3第4～10、13～19通道的辐射亮温。加入云结构特征对峰值能量高度在云层以下的红外通道的模拟有正面影响, 该方案既可以作为检验模式模拟的一种手段, 同时也表明红外资料在热带天气系统的资料同化领域具有潜在的应用能力。 相似文献
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Using infrared sensors to detect ice clouds in different atmospheric layers is still a challenge. The different scattering and absorption properties of longwave and shortwave infrared channels can be utilized to fulfill this purpose.In this study, the release of Suomi-NPP Cross-track Infrared Sounder(Cr IS) full spectrum resolution is used to select and pair channels from longwave(～ 15 μm) and shortwave(～4.3 μm) CO_2 absorption bands under stricter conditions, so as to better detect ice clouds. Besides, the differences of the weighting function peaks and cloud insensitive level altitudes of the paired channels are both within 50 h Pa so that the variances due to atmospheric conditions can be minimized. The training data of clear sky are determined by Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite(VIIRS) cloud mask product and used to find the linear relationship between the paired longwave and shortwave CO_2 absorption channels. From the linear relationship, the so-called cloud emission and scattering index(CESI) is derived to detect ice clouds. CESI clearly captures the center and the ice cloud features of the Super Typhoon Hato located above 415 h Pa. Moreover, the CESI distributions agree with cloud top pressure from the VIIRS in both daytime and nighttime in different atmospheric layers. 相似文献
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Lorenzo Tomassini Olivier Geoffroy Jean-Louis Dufresne Abderrahmane Idelkadi Chiara Cagnazzo Karoline Block Thorsten Mauritsen Marco Giorgetta Johannes Quaas 《Climate Dynamics》2013,41(11-12):3103-3126
An overview of radiative climate feedbacks and ocean heat uptake efficiency diagnosed from idealized transient climate change experiments of 14 CMIP5 models is presented. Feedbacks explain about two times more variance in transient climate response across the models than ocean heat uptake efficiency. Cloud feedbacks can clearly be identified as the main source of inter-model spread. Models with strong longwave feedbacks in the tropics feature substantial increases in cloud ice around the tropopause suggestive of changes in cloud-top heights. The lifting of the tropical tropopause goes together with a general weakening of the tropical circulation. Distinctive inter-model differences in cloud shortwave feedbacks occur in the subtropics including the equatorward flanks of the storm-tracks. Related cloud fraction changes are not confined to low clouds but comprise middle level clouds as well. A reduction in relative humidity through the lower and mid troposphere can be identified as being the main associated large-scale feature. Experiments with prescribed sea surface temperatures are analyzed in order to investigate whether the diagnosed feedbacks from the transient climate simulations contain a tropospheric adjustment component that is not conveyed through the surface temperature response. The strengths of the climate feedbacks computed from atmosphere-only experiments with prescribed increases in sea surface temperatures, but fixed CO2 concentrations, are close to the ones derived from the transient experiment. Only the cloud shortwave feedback exhibits discernible differences which, however, can not unequivocally be attributed to tropospheric adjustment to CO2. Although for some models a tropospheric adjustment component is present in the global mean shortwave cloud feedback, an analysis of spatial patterns does not lend support to the view that cloud feedbacks are dominated by their tropospheric adjustment part. Nevertheless, there is positive correlation between the strength of tropospheric adjustment processes and cloud feedbacks across different climate models. 相似文献
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准确估算青藏高原的云辐射效应,对分析该地区的近地面感热通量十分重要。本文首先利用加权平均方法,分别将中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)、测云雷达(CPR)和云与地球辐射能量系统(CERES)的像元数据进行融合。利用这些数据,分析了青藏高原上多云个例(2017年5月5日)与少云个例(2017年8月2日)情况下的可见光通道和热红外通道的信号、云参数和大气长短波辐射强迫等的差异。研究表明,少云时高原地区的大气顶大气长波辐射强迫为108.3 W·m-2,多云时为104.5 W·m-2。同时少云个例中塔里木盆地的大气顶大气长波辐射强迫为200.7 W·m-2,表明该辐射强迫受到地表热力状况影响较大。深厚与浅薄云区的云顶高度相差不大,但多云个例中深厚云区的短波辐射强迫是浅薄云区的2倍多,这一比例远大于长波。这表明短波辐射强迫对云厚度较敏感。最后,本文分析了CERES观测的大气顶长短波辐射分别与MODIS热红外和可见光通道之间的关系,结果表明它们存在很好的相关性(相关系数超过0.95),MODIS的可见光通道可以用于估算大气顶的短波辐射量,而MODIS的热红外通道只可用来估算云区的大气顶长波辐射量。 相似文献
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S. H. Franchito V. Brahmananda Rao R. Ramos da Silva 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》1998,69(1-2):23-38
Summary A parameterization of shortwave and longwave radiation fluxes derived from detailed radiative transfer models is included in a global primitive equation statistical-dynamical model (SDM) with two bulk atmospheric layers. The model is validated comparing the model simulations with the observed mean annual and seasonal zonally averaged climate. The results show that the simulation of the shortwave and longwave radiation fluxes matches well with the observations. The SDM variables such as surface and 500 hPa temperatures, zonal winds at 250 hPa and 750 hPa, vertical velocity at 500 hPa and precipitation are also in good agreement with the observations. A comparison between the results obtained with the present SDM and those with the previous version of the model indicates that the model results improved when the parameterization of the radiative fluxes based on detailed radiative transfer models are included into the SDM.The SDM is used to investigate its response to the greenhouse effect. Sensitivity experiments regarding the doubling of CO2 and the changing of the cloud amount and height are performed. In the case 2×CO2 the model results are consistent with those obtained from GCMs, showing a warming of the climate system. An enhancement of the greenhouse effect is also noted when the cloud layer is higher. However, an increase of the cloud amount in all the latitude belts provokes an increase of the surface temperature near poles and a decrease in all the other regions. This suggests that the greenhouse effect overcomes the albedo effect in the polar latitudes and the opposite occurs in other regions. In all the experiments the changes in the surface temperature are larger near poles, mainly in the Southern Hemisphere.With 8 Figures 相似文献
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The cloud variations under subtropical high(STH) conditions during summers over a ten-year period are studied using combined data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction.The results reveal that clouds mainly experience an isolated evolution in the STHs,which is designated in this study by the 1540 gpm geopotential lines at 850 hPa.In the STH domain throughout the Northern Hemisphere,the average amount of total clouds exceeds 30%.Low clouds dominate in the STH domain,contributing over 60%of total cloud amount within the Pacific subtropical high and over 40%within the Atlantic subtropical high.The prevalence of low clouds in above regions is determined by the circulation pattern around 150°-180°E and 850 hPa,which suppresses both the upward development of the cloud tops and the water vapor divergences near the surface.Furthermore,clouds present great geographical incoherence within the STH domain.In the eastern STHs,the amount of middle and low clouds increases to peak in the early morning and decreases to a trough in the afternoon,while the amount of high clouds remains stable throughout the day.Conversely,in the western STHs,the diurnal amplitude of low and middle clouds is less than three,while high clouds dramatically reach the maximum in the afternoon and drop to the minimum in the evening.Among the nine cloud categories,stratocumulus clouds with greater optical thickness account for the most under STH conditions,no matter their occurrence or amount,causing more shortwave cloud radiative forcing to cool the local atmosphere and surface as a consequence. 相似文献
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Using two pairs of coincident long-term satellite derived cloud and earth radiation budget data sets (Nimbus-7 ERB/Nimbus-7
Cloud Climatology and ERBE Scanner/ISCCP-C2), estimates are made of the sensitivity of the top of the atmosphere radiation
budget to interannual variations in the total cloud amount. Both sets of analyses indicate that the largest net warming due
to interannual cloud cover changes occurs over desert regions, while the largest net cooling occurs in areas of persistent
marine stratiform cloud. There is generally a large amount of cancellation between the large shortwave cooling and longwave
warming effects in tropical convection regions. However, the Nimbus-7 analysis identifies an area of net warming in the tropical
eastern Pacific Ocean which is shown to be associated with the 1982–83 ENSO event. In the zonal mean the Nimbus-7 data sets
indicate that interannual cloud cover changes lead to a net warming at low latitudes and net cooling polewards of 25° in both
hemispheres. In contrast, the analysis of the ERBE and ISCCP data sets indicates net cooling everywhere except for the Northern
Hemisphere equatorwards of 20 °N. For the spatial average between 60 °N and 60 °S the ratio of the shortwave and longwave
effects is 0.94 in the Nimbus-7 analysis (i.e. clouds cause a small net warming) and 1.21 in the ERBE-ISCCP analysis (i.e.
a net cooling). Given their improved spatial and temporal sampling the analysis using the ERBE and ISCCP data sets should
be the more reliable. However, the large differences between the two analyses still raises some issues concerning the confidence
with which the sign of the effect of clouds on the radiation budget at these time scales is currently known.
Received: 24 October 1995 / Accepted: 8 August 1996 相似文献
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气候模式中云的次网格结构对全球辐射影响的研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用一种用于大尺度天气、气候模式的随机云产生器(SCG)和独立气柱近似(ICA)辐射算法,研究了次网格云的水平结构以及垂直重叠结构对全球辐射场的影响.比较了水平非均匀云(IHCLD)和水平均匀云(HCLD)的辐射场差异以及云的最大.随机重叠(MRO)和一般重叠(GenO)的辐射场差异.结果显示,与HCLD相比,IHCLD一方面可增加地面净短波辐射通量,纬向平均最大值(约1W/m~2)和次大值(约0.6 W/m~2)分别位于高纬度低云密集地区和对流旺盛的热带地区;另一方面可增加大气顶的净长波辐射通量,纬向平均最大值(0.3 W/m~2)出现在热带地区.不同的重叠结构对短波和长波辐射收支也有很大的影响.MRO和GenO的短波辐射通量差异在热带辐合带最大.达到30-40W/m~2,在高纬度低云带的纬向平均也可达到5W/m~2左右;长波辐射通量差异具有相似的地区分布,但量值相对较小.不同重叠结构可以造成大气上下层的辐射加热率差异,影响大气热力层结.云的水平和垂直结构对有云区域辐射收支的影响将改变大气热力、动力状况以及水汽条件,从而影响模拟的气候系统的演变.文中采用单向云-辐射计算,排除了与气候系统其他过程复杂的相互作用,从而使其结果具有一定的普适性,可为不同大尺度模式进行次网格云辐射参数化提供参考. 相似文献
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Quantifying the radiative forcing due to aerosol–cloud interactions especially through cirrus clouds remains challenging because of our limited understanding of aerosol and cloud processes. In this study, we investigate the anthropogenic aerosol indirect forcing (AIF) through cirrus clouds using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5 (CAM5) with a state-of-the-art treatment of ice nucleation. We adopt a new approach to isolate anthropogenic AIF through cirrus clouds in which ice nucleation parameterization is driven by prescribed pre-industrial (PI) and presentday (PD) aerosols, respectively. Sensitivities of anthropogenic ice AIF (i.e., anthropogenic AIF through cirrus clouds) to different ice nucleation parameterizations, homogeneous freezing occurrence, and uncertainties in the cloud microphysics scheme are investigated. Results of sensitivity experiments show that the change (PD minus PI) in global annual mean longwave cloud forcing (i.e., longwave anthropogenic ice AIF) ranges from 0.14 to 0.35 W m–2, the change in global annual mean shortwave cloud forcing (i.e., shortwave anthropogenic ice AIF) from–0.47 to–0.20 W m–2, and the change in net cloud forcing from–0.12 to 0.05 W m–2. Our results suggest that different ice nucleation parameterizations are an important factor for the large uncertainty of anthropogenic ice AIF. Furthermore, improved understanding of the spatial and temporal occurrence characteristics of homogeneous freezing events and the mean states of cirrus cloud properties are also important for constraining anthropogenic ice AIF. 相似文献