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1.
将100mg纯AgI粉末置于一个气氛炉的汽化管内加热到1600℃使之汽化,再利用高压空气将气态AgI爆冲到一个容积为2m~3的金属容器里,骤冷后形成AgI气溶胶。用碳支持膜对形成的AgI气溶胶粒子自然沉降取样,然后用X射线衍射仪和电镜检测其成分和粒子尺度。检测表明:粉末状纯AgI经汽化—冷凝产生的气溶胶其成分仍为纯AgI,粒子尺度在0.84～34.6nm,峰值直径约为2.17nm。为了验证产生的纳米纯AgI气溶胶在冰核化中是否具有成冰核活性,用15L混合云室分别在云室中有冷雾和无冷雾两种条件下定量注入纳米纯AgI气溶胶,检测了它们在不同温度下的成冰核效率,检测结果是:在云室中有-10℃冷雾时,成核率为1.1×10~(11)个·g~(-1),在云室中-10℃无冷雾时,成核率约为3.4×10~(10)个·g~(-1)。 相似文献
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碘化银焰剂是人工影响天气作业中重要的冷云催化剂,目前国内使用的碘化银焰剂有多种配方,有必要对它们的成冰性能进行统一评估。本研究采用1m^3等温云室,对我国人影作业中使用的7种碘化银焰剂(编号为1~7号)进行了统一检测。结果表明:7种焰剂成核率的量级按每克催化剂计算在10^(10)~10^(13)g^(-1)(-8^-18℃)之间,用指数函数拟合能较好地反映成核率随温度的变化;在低温段(≤-16℃),各焰剂成核率较高,不同焰剂之间的成核率差异相对于高温段(>-16℃)要小;在高温段,3、4、7号焰剂也具有较高的成核率,成冰性能要好于其他焰剂;7种焰剂的核化速率不同,-8℃时90%的冰核完成核化的时间在7.8~18min之间,推断该温度下的成核机制以接触核化等慢过程为主。 相似文献
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为深入认识当前人工影响天气作业中广泛使用的AgI焰剂的成冰特性, 利用电子显微镜对含AgI焰剂产生的人工冰核粒子尺度特征进行分析研究。利用环境场扫描电镜对焰剂颗粒的尺度分布和形态学特征进行研究, 利用场发射高分辨透射电镜纳米区域的X射线成分分析 (EDS) 对实验样品的颗粒结构特点和主要组成成分进行研究。实验结果表明:不同配方焰剂燃烧产生的颗粒谱分布特征有明显差异, 所取5种焰剂产生的颗粒平均谱分布, 其直径在0.02~0.50 μm之间的粒子数占98.96%, 即产生粒子绝大部分都可直接参加云内的成冰核化过程, 但其谱宽、峰值直径, 分布特征都不相同。透射电镜结果表明:焰剂颗粒的主要组成是KCl, 其表面附着AgI小颗粒, 该结构特征可能更有利于焰剂颗粒的成冰核化。利用中国气象科学研究院1 m3等温冷云室对AgI焰剂阈温对比实验表明:5种焰剂的成冰阈温在-3.5~-4.4 ℃范围内, 不同焰剂配方的阈温不同, 最大相差1 ℃。焰剂成冰核化速率主要由颗粒的大小 (均立方根直径) 决定, 同时受到谱宽、主峰位置等多种分布特征量影响, 改进配方时应综合考虑。同时, 由于高于-4.4 ℃时, 焰剂产生颗粒接触过冷水滴缺少活性, 即含AgI焰剂不适于云中较暖区的催化。 相似文献
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三七炮弹是进行人工增雨和防雹作业所需碘化银催化剂的主要载体之一,炮弹中碘化银催化剂的成核率数据是人工影响天气作业设计和指挥中进行催化剂作业剂量测算的重要参考,因此,对人工影响天气业务中使用的三七炮弹的碘化银成核率进行检测非常重要。2013年11—12月中国气象局人工影响天气中心利用新建的1200 L等温云室和钢板式20 m3专用爆炸室等设备,对目前人工影响天气业务中使用的两个厂家三七炮弹 (样品1、样品2) 的碘化银成核率进行国内首次统一检测。检测结果表明:两厂家炮弹成核率检测结果的拟合值量级均为109~1012/(g·AgI)(检测温度-6℃至-20℃),样品2成核率明显高于样品1。将本次检测结果与国内历次三七炮弹检测结果相比发现,两样品在负温高温段的成核率值均高于以往检测结果,其中,在具有指示意义的-10℃下的成核率,两样品均比以往检测结果要高2~3个量级。不同检测实验中成核率检测结果存在较大差异的现状说明,采用同一平台开展成核率统一检测十分必要。 相似文献
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为了研究生物冰核Snomax的成核性能,在静态等温云室中对Snomax的成核性能进行测试分析,得出其成核率、核化速率、成核阈温等性能参数,结果表明在-4～-18℃,Snomax成核率在108/g～1011/g范围内变化,不同温度、过冷水含量、冰核浓度对Snomax催化产生的冰晶形态有重要影响。此外,对比分析测试了AgI焰剂与Snomax的成核性能,试验结果表明AgI焰剂成核率比Snomax高出3～4个数量级,但亲水性Snomax冰核蛋白具有更快的核化速率和环境友好性。通过对比两种冰核的成核特性,分析了生物冰核在人工影响天气作业中可能的应用。 相似文献
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《干旱气象》2016,(3)
2009年秋季利用夏延飞机观测平台对河北中南部雾霾天气条件下的气溶胶及云凝结核CCN进行观测,得到气溶胶、CCN数浓度及尺度的垂直廓线及粒子谱等特征,研究雾霾天大气气溶胶的分布、来源特征以及气溶胶与云凝结核的转化关系。研究发现:霾天气条件下边界层附近的气溶胶垂直分布特征有很大不同。边界层以上气溶胶浓度随高度递减,数浓度量级约101~102个·cm~(-3);边界层附近和近地面气溶胶浓度有峰值出现,近地面数浓度量级达103个·cm~(-3)。气溶胶粒子平均直径范围为0.16~0.18μm。600 m、1 000~2 000 m之间的气溶胶平均粒子谱大体呈单峰分布;3 000~4 000 m、6 000~6 900 m之间的粒子谱呈双峰分布。受气溶胶来源及特性差异的影响,在0.3%过饱和度下,3 000 m以下的气溶胶活化为CCN的比例不到20%,3 000 m以上活化比例高达50%。Hysplit后向轨迹模拟的气团移动轨迹显示,6 000 m以上的大气高层受我国西北地区远距离输送作用影响,沙尘粒子吸湿活化为CCN。低层气溶胶主要受下垫面及近地面污染排放影响,气溶胶尺度相对较小,气溶胶转化为CCN的比例低于高层。CCN浓度随过饱和度的增加呈增大趋势。利用多项式对气溶胶浓度和CCN浓度进行拟合,拟合结果与实测谱吻合较好。 相似文献
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电子显微镜观测AgI水溶胶的颗粒谱 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为了解AgI水溶胶在人工降雨实验中的成冰能力,我们用电子显微镜对AgI水溶胶中的AgI粒子的谱分布进行了观测。结果表明:不同配方AgI水溶胶的颗粒谱分布略有差别,但同一配方不同浓度的AgI水溶胶的颗粒谱分布几乎没有差别。若取不同配方、不同浓度的九种AgI水溶胶样品的平均谱分布,则直径大于0.05μ的粒子占总粒子数的3％。如果假定这些粒子在低温下都能起冰核作用,则1克AgI的最高成核率为10~(14)/克。然而,当在播撒过程中AgI水溶胶的雾滴对AgI粒子的分散不利时,AgI成核率将低于此值;如果假定AgI水溶胶的粒子以冻结水滴的形式使云晶化,水滴冻结将引起冰晶繁生作用,这将会使AgI的成核率高于上述的估算值。 相似文献
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北京及周边地区2003年夏秋季气溶胶和云滴分布特征 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
对2003年夏秋季利用机载PMS在北京及周边地区进行的不同天气状况下6次气溶胶粒子探测资料进行了分析.结果表明,北京及周边地区气溶胶粒子的分布,在不同天气背景时有较大差别.粒子平均浓度的最大值为3.46×102cm-3,最大粒子浓度为5.26×103cm-3,相差一个量级;粒子平均最大直径为1.392μm,最大直径为2.75μm.粒子平均浓度的最小值为25.7cm-3.在有雾的天气条件下,气溶胶粒子浓度在近地层基本随高度的增加而减小,粒子尺度变化较为复杂.在阴雨天气情况下,气溶胶粒子浓度和尺度都有增加的现象.另外,逆温层底存在明显的气溶胶粒子累积.0℃层以下气溶胶粒子呈单峰分布,0℃层以上气溶胶出现双峰结构.小云粒子一直是多峰结构,峰值直径分别在3.5μm、12.5μm、23.5μm处. 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(4):227
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
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《大气科学进展》2014,(6)
正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献