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1.
利用1961—2010年多种海、气观测资料,分析了东部型(EP)和中部型(CP)ENSO事件海温异常的非对称性及可能原因,并讨论了两类ENSO事件的非对称性对大气环流的可能影响。结果表明,海温异常非对称性包括空间分布非对称、强度非对称以及持续性非对称。从动力学角度来看,虽然不同事件发展衰减阶段主导的动力作用不尽相同,但就两类事件强度非对称性而言,海洋垂直对流项起关键性的作用。此外,研究发现,无论是通过海温强迫直接影响的赤道地区或是通过遥相关影响的赤道外地区,大气非对称响应都表现出与海温异常非对称较强的一致性,其中东部型ENSO的非对称性分布与事件暖位相分布相似,而中部型ENSO的非对称性分布与事件冷位相分布相似,且东部型ENSO非对称性差异大于中部型ENSO。 相似文献
2.
两类ENSO对中国北方冬季平均气温和极端低温的不同影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用1961-2012年观测、再分析资料以及全球大气环流模式数值试验,探讨了中国北方冬季平均气温对于不同类型（即东部型和中部型）ENSO事件的气候响应,并分析了不同类型ENSO对极端低温事件的可能影响,重点关注了北大西洋涛动（NAO）在其中的桥梁作用。结果表明,ENSO信号能通过调制北大西洋地区的大气环流改变欧亚中高纬度地区的纬向温度平流输送和西伯利亚高压的强度,进而影响中国北方冬季气温,由于不同类型ENSO事件海温分布的差异,这种影响具有明显的非线性特征。在两类厄尔尼诺和东部型拉尼娜事件冬季,北大西洋涛动均呈现负位相,不利于北大西洋的暖湿空气向欧亚大陆输送,西伯利亚高压偏强,因而中国北方地区较气候态偏冷。中部型厄尔尼诺和东部型拉尼娜事件冬季气温负异常的显著区域分别位于东北大范围地区、内蒙古河套附近;东部型厄尔尼诺事件冬季显著的冷异常信号仅局限于黑龙江北部与大兴安岭地区;而中部型拉尼娜事件冬季虽伴随北大西洋涛动正位相,但其空间结构向西偏移,对下游中国北方地区气温的直接影响并不显著,可能受局地信号干扰较大。数值试验再现了北大西洋涛动以及中国北方冬季气温对不同类型ENSO的响应,进一步佐证了上述结论。此外,两类厄尔尼诺事件冬季中国东北地区日平均气温容易偏低,极端低温事件的发生频次增多;而两类拉尼娜事件对极端低温的影响较弱。 相似文献
3.
利用1963—2013年Hadley中心月平均海表温度资料,以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,根据两类厄尔尼诺事件发生时北半球冬季赤道太平洋地区海温异常的不同空间分布特征,即赤道中太平洋CP型和东太平洋EP型海温异常空间分布,从寻找与之相似的空间型角度出发,设计了一组新的海温异常指数I_(CP)和I_(EP)。与以往ENSO指数相比,新指数组I_(CP)和I_(EP)不仅表示了空间上相互独立的海温异常分布,而且在相同的研究时段内,因时间域上相互独立而能更好地表征和区分两类El Ni?o/La Ni?a事件。据此,采用该新指数组探讨了与中部型和东部型海温异常事件相关的热带太平洋的主要海气耦合特征。结果表明,与传统的东部型El Ni?o事件发生时最大暖海温中心位于赤道东太平洋地区不同,中部型El Ni?o事件,异常增暖中心位于赤道中太平洋。中部型时异常Walker环流的上升支向西偏移,异常降水集中于热带中太平洋,不似东部型时异常限定于赤道东太平洋地区。不论哪类事件,海洋性大陆均可受到影响,即CP或EP型El Ni?o发生时,海洋性大陆区域降水偏少。但比较而言,中部型ENSO对海洋性大陆区域的影响更大。 相似文献
4.
构建描述两种ENSO类型的新指数 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用英国气象局哈得来中心的1950—2011年月平均海表温度资料,采用联合回归-经验正交函数分解方法得到东部太平洋型ENSO(东部型ENSO)和中部太平洋型ENSO0中部型ENSO)的热带太平洋海温分布特点,进而定义了计算相对简单的东部型ENSO指数(I_(EP))和中部型ENSO指数(I_(CP))来分别描述两类ENSO。研究结果表明:首先,构建的I_(EP)和I_(CP)的相关性很小,接近正交,而且I_(EP)和I_(CP)能够反映两类ENSO不一致的偏度和周期,因此,这对指数能够清楚地区分两类ENSO。其次,I_(EP)和I_(CP)这两个指数可以描述厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件成熟期主要海表温度异常区的位置。再次,应用I_(EP)和I_(CP)从随机事件概率统计的角度给出两类厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件较为严格的定义,以便实时有效地监测两类ENSO。最后,利用新指数对两类ENSO的特征进行研究发现,强厄尔尼诺事件一般属于东部型,而强拉尼娜事件则为中部型,并且中部型拉尼娜事件发生的前期是东部型厄尔尼诺,此外,ENSO的发生演变机制在1976/1977年前后发生了改变。 相似文献
5.
本文对1950～2001年1月份的大气风场和大洋流场做了联合复EOF（Empirical Orthogonal Function）分解,用以探讨1月份两类ENSO（El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation）的海气环流及耦合情况,所得结果主要有:该分解第1、2模态空间场分别相应于东部型、中部型ENSO,前者在赤道太平洋东部和中部都有海温动力异常,并以东部异常最强,后者仅在中部存在此异常,两模态的时间系数都与ENSO有很好相关,为此第1、2模态可分别称为东部型、中部型ENSO的风场流场（异常）模态。东部型ENSO模态具有3～6年的年际变化和13～14年的年代际变化,中部型则有明显的7年年际变化和12、17年的年代际变化,两者中约13年的周期与冬季北太平洋NPGO（North Pacific Gyre Oscillation）的周期相同。东、中部型El Ni?o期间,沃克环流上升支分别从印尼东移至赤道西、中太平洋,并有所减弱;南、北支哈得莱环流则分别位于日界线以东及该线附近,且均有所加强,从而使南、北太平洋副热带高压偏强;而在5°S的南美沿岸则分别有垂直运动上升和下沉异常。在海气耦合上,两类ENSO模态在赤道中太平洋均存在西风异常与海洋赤道Kelvin波和Rossby波的波包解耦合,而海温动力异常对大气的影响则都起到负反馈作用,从而有利于ENSO的维持和稳定。 相似文献
6.
利用哈得来中心海表温度（HadISST）和美国马里兰大学海洋同化（Simple Ocean Data Assimilation,SODA 2.2.4）数据集,分析了1979-2015年赤道太平洋地区海表温度异常的偏度特征;并通过诊断混合层热量收支平衡方程着重探讨了非线性项在不同类型ENSO发展衰亡过程中起的不同作用。研究结果表明,中部型厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜事件的偏度很弱,且符号相反、强度相当,而东部型厄尔尼诺的偏度为很强的正值,即ENSO的强度非对称性主要来自东部型厄尔尼诺的贡献,中部型厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜的海表温度异常呈现准对称特征。在ENSO事件的发展阶段,非线性项对东部型厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜均有很强的正贡献,而对中部型厄尔尼诺的正贡献相对较弱,这会促进东部型厄尔尼诺强度的增强而抑制拉尼娜振幅的发展,从而有利于ENSO强度非对称性的产生;在ENSO事件的衰亡阶段,非线性项对拉尼娜维持正贡献但强度大为减弱,对东部型厄尔尼诺和中部型厄尔尼诺的衰减则分别起促进和抑制作用,这可能是东部型厄尔尼诺衰减速度较快而中部型厄尔尼诺衰减速度较慢的重要原因之一。 相似文献
7.
利用1961—2013年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和Had ISST月平均海表面温度资料,分析了夏半年热带太平洋中部型海温异常与热带印度洋海盆模(Indian Ocean Basin M ode,IOBM)的特征,并研究了不同位相配置时二者对同期中国东部气候的共同影响。结果表明:1)太平洋中部型海温异常指数与印度洋海盆模指数几乎相互独立。太平洋中部型海温异常与IOBM同位相变化(记为PPNN事件)和反位相变化(记为PNNP事件)时,热带印太地区海温异常分别呈三级型和偶极型分布。2)不同位相配置对中国东部地区降水异常的影响及其影响机制存在显著差异:当发生PPNN事件时,水汽从海洋性大陆(Maritime Continent,MC)地区向江淮流域输送;热带海温异常引起大气产生Gill型响应,维持了中国东部的环流异常;M C地区通过经向三圈异常垂直环流引起江淮流域降水异常增多。发生PNNP事件时,Gill型环流响应中心西移,长江流域降水偏少,水汽辐散;同时MC地区对流层低层准定常Rossby波能传播也有利于长江流域扰动的维持。这些结果对深刻认识中国东部地区夏半年降水异常成因和印度洋/太平洋海温异常不同分布的作用具有重要意义。 相似文献
8.
ENSO空间形态变异对ENSO-IOD关系年代际减弱的可能作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于1979—2017年哈得来中心的逐月海表温度资料（HadISST）和美国环境预报中心/美国大气研究中心（NCEP/NCAR）提供的大气环流再分析数据,研究了北半球秋季厄尔尼诺和南方涛动（ENSO）与印度洋偶极子（IOD）关系的年代际变化特征及其可能原因。结果显示,ENSO-IOD关系存在显著的年代际变化:21世纪初期前,二者呈显著正相关,厄尔尼诺（拉尼娜）年秋季常对应显著的印度洋偶极子正（负）异常;21世纪初期以后,ENSO-IOD关系显著减弱,统计上不显著。进一步研究表明,ENSO空间型态的变异对于该关系的年代际减弱起重要作用。在第二时段（2004—2017年）,中部型厄尔尼诺事件和东部型拉尼娜事件频发,中部型厄尔尼诺事件与印度洋偶极子强度的关系与其纬向位置密切相关,与其强度的线性关系较弱;而东部型拉尼娜事件,由于海温距平位置偏东（位于赤道东太平洋冷舌区）,在偏低的气候态海温作用下,其引起的大气局地响应很弱,对印度洋的遥强迫作用较弱,因而对印度洋偶极子强度的影响也较弱。在二者的共同作用下,ENSO-IOD的关系发生了年代际减弱。 相似文献
9.
利用海表温度再分析资料、NCEP/NCAR大气环流再分析资料以及MPI-ESM1-2-LR气候模式PI-Control试验输出数据等,通过对不同强度的厄尔尼诺-南方涛动(El Nino-Southern Oscillation, ENSO)事件所对应的印度洋偶极子(Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD)事件的分析,探讨了ENSO对IOD偏度的调制作用。结果表明,伴随着赤道中东太平洋明显的正海温偏度,秋季印度洋海表温度存在西正东负的偏度。IOD与ENSO之间呈现出较强的非线性关系,且大部分强的正IOD事件对应着强El Nino事件。强El Nino位相下,IOD事件相关的海温与风场表现出很强的响应,强于La Nina事件产生的响应,表现为强的非对称性;相比较而言,弱El Nino事件与La Nina事件下引起的印度洋海温和风场的强度相当,并没有显著的非对称性。因此,ENSO可通过激发非对称的大气遥相关对IOD强度非对称性产生调制作用,印度洋海表温度偏度很大程度上是由强El Nino事件导致的强正IOD事件所贡献。 相似文献
10.
夏季青藏高原大气热源准双周低频活动明显,并存在显著年际变化。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,定义夏季高原区域内大气热源准双周分量的标准化方差为该年的低频活跃度,其对中国东部天气变化有一定指示意义,高原低频活跃度较大时,中国东部夏季存在"旱涝并存"和"旱涝急转"现象。通过诊断分析,发现多个海温关键区都对低频活跃度有一定影响,不同年份的主导影响因素不同。ENSO事件次年,主要是太平洋海盆区域内海温异常影响青藏高原夏季低频活跃度;非ENSO事件次年,大西洋海盆区域内的三极型海温异常起主要影响作用。在非ENSO事件次年,前期冬春季大西洋三极型海温异常能够激发出异常的类EU波列,影响高原区域上空的大气环流。在同样的触发机制下,正位相时的类EU波列有利于云辐射反馈的发展,负位相时的类EU波列不利于云辐射反馈的发展,从而影响夏季高原热源低频活跃度。 相似文献
11.
Margaret M. Hurwitz Natalia Calvo Chaim I. Garfinkel Amy H. Butler Sarah Ineson Chiara Cagnazzo Elisa Manzini Cristina Peña-Ortiz 《Climate Dynamics》2014,43(12):3367-3376
The seasonal mean extra-tropical atmospheric response to El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is assessed in the historical and pre-industrial control CMIP5 simulations. This analysis considers two types of El Niño events, characterized by positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in either the central equatorial Pacific (CP) or eastern equatorial Pacific (EP), as well as EP and CP La Niña events, characterized by negative SST anomalies in the same two regions. Seasonal mean geopotential height anomalies in key regions typify the magnitude and structure of the disruption of the Walker circulation cell in the tropical Pacific, upper tropospheric ENSO teleconnections and the polar stratospheric response. In the CMIP5 ensembles, the magnitude of the Walker cell disruption is correlated with the strength of the mid-latitude responses in the upper troposphere i.e., the North Pacific and South Pacific lows strengthen during El Niño events. The simulated responses to El Niño and La Niña have opposite sign. The seasonal mean extra-tropical, upper tropospheric responses to EP and CP events are indistinguishable. The ENSO responses in the MERRA reanalysis lie within the model scatter of the historical simulations. Similar responses are simulated in the pre-industrial and historical CMIP5 simulations. Overall, there is a weak correlation between the strength of the tropical response to ENSO and the strength of the polar stratospheric response. ENSO-related polar stratospheric variability is best simulated in the “high-top” subset of models with a well-resolved stratosphere. 相似文献
12.
The seasonal cycle and interannual variability in the tropical oceans simulated by three versions of the Flexible Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System (FGOALS) model (FGOALS-g1.0, FGOALS-g2 and FGOALSs2), which have participated in phases 3 and 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5), are presented in this paper. The seasonal cycle of SST in the tropical Pacific is realistically reproduced by FGOALS-g2 and FGOALSs2, while it is poorly simulated in FGOALS-g1.0. Three feedback mechanisms responsible for the SST annual cycle in the eastern Pacific are evaluated. The ocean-atmosphere dynamic feedback, which is successfully reproduced by both FGOALS-g2 and FGOALS-s2, plays a key role in determining the SST annual cycle, while the overestimated stratus cloud-SST feedback amplifies the annual cycle in FGOALS-s2. Because of the serious warm bias existing in FGOALS-g1.0, the ocean-atmosphere dynamic feedback is greatly underestimated in FGOALS-g1.0, in which the SST annual cycle is mainly driven by surface solar radiation. FGOALS-g1.0 simulates much stronger ENSO events than observed, whereas FGOALS-g2 and FGOALSs2 successfully simulate the observed ENSO amplitude and period and positive asymmetry, but with less strength. Further ENSO feedback analyses suggest that surface solar radiation feedback is principally responsible for the overestimated ENSO amplitude in FGOALS-g1.0. Both FGOALS-g1.0 and FGOALS-s2 can simulate two different types of El Ni-no events — with maximum SST anomalies in the eastern Pacific (EP) or in the central Pacific (CP) — but FGOALS-g2 is only able to simulate EP El Ni-no, because the negative cloud shortwave forcing feedback by FGOALS-g2 is much stronger than observed in the central Pacific. 相似文献
13.
This analysis compares the climate impacts over North America during winter associated with various El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices, including the Niño 3.4 index, the leading tropical Pacific outgoing longwave radiation and sea surface temperature (OLR-SST) covariability, and the eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) types of ENSO identified from both partial-regression–empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and regression–EOF approaches. The traditional Niño 3.4 SST index is found to be optimal for monitoring the tropical Pacific OLR-SST covariability and for the tropical SST impact on North America. The circulation anomalies associated with the Niño 3.4 index project on both the Pacific/North American (PNA) and Tropical/Northern Hemisphere (TNH) patterns. The ENSO associated with the PNA tends to come from both the EP and CP ENSOs, whereas that associated with the TNH comes more from the EP ENSO. The variability of ENSO significantly affects North American temperature and precipitation, as well as temperature and precipitation extremes. For either the EP or CP types of ENSO, qualitatively similar patterns of climate and climate extreme anomalies are apparent associated with the indices identified by the two EOF approaches, with differences mainly in the anomalous amplitude. The anomalous patterns are generally field significant over North America for the EP ENSO but not field significant for the CP ENSO.
The circulation anomalies associated with ENSO are reinforced and maintained by synoptic vorticity fluxes in the upper troposphere. The anomalous surface temperature is mainly determined by the anomalies in surface radiative heating in the face of upward surface longwave radiative damping. The precipitation anomalies are supported by the vertically integrated moisture transport. The differences in atmospheric circulation, surface temperature, and precipitation among the various ENSO indices, including the intensity and spatial structure of the fields, can be attributed to the corresponding differences in synoptic eddy vorticity forcing, surface radiative heating, and vertically integrated moisture transport. 相似文献
14.
The contrast between the eastern and central responses of zonal and vertical circulation in the Pacific （EP- and CP-） E1 Nino is observed in the different tropics. To measure the different responses of the atmo- spheric circulation to the two types of E1 Nino, an eastern and a central Pacific southern oscillation index （EP- and CP-SOI） are defined based on the air-sea coupled relationship between eddy sea level pressure and sea surface temperature. Analyses suggest that while the EP-SOI exhibits variability on an interannual （2- 7-yr） time scale, decadal （10-15-yr） variations in the CP-SOI are more dominant; both are strongly coupled with their respective EP- and CP-E1 Nino patterns. Composite analysis suggests that, during EP-ENSO, the Walker circulation exhibits a dipole structure in the lower-level （850 hPa） and upper-level （200 hPa） velocity potential anomalies and exhibits a signal cell over the Pacific. In the case of CP-ENSO, however, the Walker circulation shows a tripole structure and exhibits double cells over the Pacific. In addition, the two types of ENSO events show opposite impacts on global land precipitation in the boreal winter and spring seasons. For example, seasonal precipitation across mainland China exhibits an opposite relationship with the EP- and CP-ENSO during winter and spring, but the rainfall over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and South China shows an opposite relationship during the rest of the seasons. Therefore, the different relationships between rainfall and EP- and CP-ENSO should be carefully considered when predicting seasonal rainfall in the East Asian monsoon regions. 相似文献
15.
Soon-Il An 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2009,97(1-2):29-40
Many features of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) display significant interdecadal changes. These include general characteristics such as amplitude, period, and developing features, and also nonlinearities, especially the El Niño-La Niña asymmetry. A review of previous studies on the interdecadal changes in the ENSO nonlinearities is provided. In particular, the methods for measuring ENSO nonlinearities, their possible driving mechanisms, and their interdecadal changes are discussed. Two methods for measuring ENSO nonlinearities are introduced; the maximum potential intensity, which refers to the upper and lower bounds of the cold tongue temperature, and the skewness, which represents the asymmetry of a probability density function. For example, positive skewness (a strong El Niño vs. a weak La Niña) of the tropical Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies is dominant over the eastern tropical Pacific, with an increase seen during recent decades (e.g., 1980–2000). This positive skewness can be understood as a result of several nonlinear processes. These include the warming effect on both El Niño and La Niña by nonlinear dynamic heating (NDH), which intensifies El Niño and suppresses La Niña; the asymmetric negative feedback due to tropical oceanic instability waves, which has a relatively stronger influence on the La Niña event; the nonlinear physics of the ocean mixed layer; the Madden-Julian-Oscillation/Westerly-Wind-Burst and ENSO interaction; the biological-physical feedback process; and the nonlinear responses of the tropical atmospheric convection to El Niño and La Niña conditions. The skewness of the tropical eastern Pacific SST anomalies and the intensities of the above-mentioned mechanisms have both experienced clear decadal changes in a dynamically associated manner. In particular, there is a dynamic linkage between the decadal changes in the El Niño-La Niña asymmetry and those in NDH. This linkage is based on the recent decadal changes in mean climate states, which provided a favorable condition for thermocline feedback rather than for zonal advection feedback, and thus promoted the eastward propagation of the ENSO-related atmospheric and oceanic fields. The eastward propagating ENSO mode easily produces a positive NDH, resulting in asymmetric ENSO events in which El Niño conditions are stronger than La Niña conditions. 相似文献