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1.
早期的理论分析认为大气中临界纬度的存在使得热带-热带外的大气活动互不影响。然而,大量的观测事实表明中低纬度大气运动存在着明显的动力联系。为了帮助人们更好地理解大气中的遥相关现象,在大量文献的基础上,综述了几种波能量传播理论:(1)大圆理论指出了罗斯贝波在球形大气中的传播特征;(2)西风通道理论发现了中纬度瞬变扰动越赤道传播的"走廊";(3)能量堆积-波列发射理论揭示了热带扰动影响到更高纬度大气活动的可能过程;(4)赤道波侧向膨胀理论则利用转折纬度的概念更进一步解释了这种中低纬度大气相互作用的物理机制;(5)经向基本流理论则认为在一定的条件下定常波可以穿过热带东风带传播到另一半球。此外,文中还回顾了在波-流相互作用诊断方面的研究进展,尤其是关于罗斯贝波、惯性重力波和赤道开尔文波。大气能量的经向传播具有显著的年变化和年际变化,这与ENSO、西风急流、大洋中部槽等的变化密切相关。 相似文献
2.
本文研究了在各种定常基本状态下大气对位于热带及中纬度地区的定常强迫源的响应。进一步证实了东风基本气流将限制热带扰动向中高纬度的传播,从而也抑制了两半球的相互作用;西风基本气流则有利于热带波动向中纬度传播,有利于中纬度扰动通过热带向另一半球传播。赤道地区基本气流随经度的变化对罗斯贝波的传播也有重大影响,波动能量将在基本气流辐合的地区累积并向中纬度发射。因此赤道西风辐合最大的地区就是热带与中纬度相互作用以及两半球相互作用最明显的地区。应用实测风场作基本气流所进行的实验表明,冬季与夏季热带波动的传播特征,两半球相互作用的状况均有明显差异。 相似文献
3.
夏季南海区域赤道西风与热带扰动的相互作用 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文分析了1973—1984年6—9月南海地区赤道西风与热带扰动的活动情况,结果表明,赤道西风对热带扰动的发生发展有一定的贡献,而热带扰动的发展又反过来使其南侧的赤道西风进一步增强,赤道西风的增强往往导致热带扰动移向的改变。这种相互作用过程,存在着能量的输送。本文参照水平运动方程和涡度方程,推导得赤道西风变化率方程,说明局地赤道西风变化主要取决于总能量和涡动的输送。分析还发现,赤道西风变化率与赤道西风值有超前相关关系,借此可估计赤道西风和热带扰动的演变趋势。 相似文献
4.
热带准两年振荡影响北半球冬季大气环流的诊断分析 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,首先讨论了热带纬向风准两年振荡(QBO)的东、西风位相的划分标准.结果发现,赤道50 hPa的风与西风深厚度关系最密切,即赤道50 hPa的纬向平均风为西(东)风时往往代表平流层下层为一层深厚的西(东)风.在此基础上诊断分析了1958/1959～1997/1998年共40个冬季中热带纬向风QBO对北半球中高纬度地区纬向平均环流和准定常行星波传播的影响.诊断分析表明,热带QBO对北半球冬季大气环流的影响主要表现在平流层和对流层上层.热带QBO的东风位相年与西风位相年相比,中高纬地区的绕极西风环流明显减弱,中低纬地区则出现相反变化,从而在平流层的纬向平均环流分布上呈现偶极子形式.纬向平均流的这种年际变化可以很好地用中高纬度准定常行星波传播的异常加以解释,QBO的东风位相年和西风位相年相比,中高纬准定常行星波向极地的传播更强,从而在高纬度平流层产生异常的E-P通量辐合,波-流相互作用的结果使得西风减弱.但是热带纬向风QBO的影响在1958/1959～1997/1998年的前后20年有所差异.后20年相对于前20年而言,东西风位相的差异有所减小,Hol-ton-Tan振荡明显减弱;就行星波传播而言,东风位相年下,前20年行星波向上传播较弱,而后20年则以大约70°N为分界点,以南向上传播较强,以北向上传播较弱.这种差异可能跟中高纬度纬向西风的自身变化有关. 相似文献
5.
文中利用合理的赤道 β平面近似方程组研究 β效应和地球旋转向量水平分量 (即Coriolis力分量 f*=2 Ω cosφ)共同作用下低纬度大气波动的特征。定性结果分析表明 ,若扰动与纬度有关 (混合 Rossby-重力波和 Rossby波 ) ,f*虽然不影响波动传播的频率特征 ,但修改其决定波动经向结构的振幅。如果扰动与纬度无关 (Kelvin波 ) ,则 f*的影响消失 ,这与 f*- f平面上波动的情况显然不同。 相似文献
6.
对谢义炳在大气环流系统方面所做出的科学贡献作了简要的全面回顾。其中包括:(1)北美切断低压的生命史;(2)东亚高空锋和急流的多层结构;(3)中国降水系统的结构和演变规律(包括梅雨锋、西南低涡等),热带和中纬度扰动相互作用在暴雨过程中的重要性;(4)西北太平洋的台风形成在ITCZ(赤道辐合带)/季风槽中;印度西南季风的低频变化;(5)降水系统的湿斜压动力学理论及其在天气预报中的应用;(6)大气环流的中期变化理论。谢义炳的这些贡献为我们更好地理解大气环流系统并改善了中国的暴雨预报。 相似文献
7.
北半球冬季行星波的传播及其输运作用 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
利用变换欧拉平均方程讨论了行星波动力学。观测和模拟结果都表明,在北半球冬季准定常行星波的经向传播存在两支波导。一支为高纬度波导,另一支则为低纬度波导。这些结果与理论分析相当一致。通过对EP通量进一步的研究表明,平流层爆发性增温是沿高纬度波导传播的异常行星波与平均气流相互作用的结果。而热带风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）是低纬度平流层下层大气纬向平均流的一个重要年际变化,它可以影响行星波沿低纬度波导的传播;此外,由一个行星波一平均流耦合模式模拟的结果表明,这个热带风场的变化还可以通过波流相互作用调制行星波沿高纬度波导的传播。 行星波对臭氧的输运作用在文中也进行了分析。行星波强迫出的剩余平均环流表明,耗散的行星波有强的输运作用;向北的涡动热量输送可以强迫出一个正的输运环流,其在低纬度上升并在高纬度下沉。同时研究还表明,热带风场的QBO对行星波传播的调制对输运环流也有重要影响,模式结果表明,在QBO的东风位相期间行星波引起的输运作用明显增强,其结果可用于解释平流层高纬度臭氧的年际变化。 相似文献
8.
利用变换欧拉平均方程讨论了行星波动力学，观测和模拟结果都表明，在北半球冬季准定常行星波的经向传播存在两支波导。一支为高纬度波导，另一支则为低纬度波导。这些结果与理论分析相当一致。通过对EP通量进一步的研究表明，平流层爆发性增温是沿高纬度波导传播的异常行星波与平均气流相互作用的结果。而热带风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）是低纬度平流层下层大气纬向平均流的一个重要年际变化，它可以影响行星波沿低纬度波导的传播；此外，由一个行星波－平均流耦合模式模拟的结果表明，这个热带风场的变化还可以通过波流相互作用调制行星波沿高纬度波导的传播。行星波对臭氧的输运作用在中也进行了分析，行星波强迫出的剩余平均环流表明，耗散的行星波有强的输运作用；向北的涡动热量输送可以强迫出一个正的输运环流，其在低纬度上升并在高纬度下沉。同时研究还表明，热带风场的QBO对行星波传播的调制对输运环流也有重要影响，模式结果表明，在QBO的东风位相期间行星波引起的输运作用明显增强，其结果可用于解释平流层高纬度臭氧的年际变化。 相似文献
9.
本文根据扰动与纬向平均气流相互作用的EP理论,着重诊断了扰动在北半球大气环流季节突变中所起的作用,并使用一个二维数值模式分别计算了扰动、加热和耗散等因子对于环流变化的贡献。诊断分析表明,源于中纬度低层的斜压扰动能量向副热带对流层顶的输送与西风急流位置和强度的季节变化紧密相关。纬向气流对扰动的强迫作用的响应在“六月突变”中十分迅速显著,而在“十月突变”中不大明显。数值计算也表明,扰动强迫作用总是有利于在急流位置以北维持西风加速。数值计算还表明,无论是六月还是十月,加热场季节变化对于环流变化都十分重要,垂直湍流扩散对于十月环流变化的作用比较明显。 相似文献
10.
大气角动量季节内变化的纬度分布田村一则后藤幸夫等Ｌｏｎｇｌｅｙ等（１９８１）指出：地球的自转速度存在着数十天的周期变化，由赤道地区的积云对流活动所激发，而且其能量向中纬度地区传播。这篇报告分析了１９８８—１９９０年的最新资料，总结了不同纬度带大气角动... 相似文献
11.
Early theoretical analyses indicated that the tropics and extratropics are relatively independent due to the existence of critical latitudes. However, considerable observational evidence has shown that a clear dynamical link exists between the tropics and midlatitudes. To better understand such atmospheric teleconnection, several theories of wave energy propagation are reviewed in this paper: (1) great circle theory, which reveals the characteristics of Rossby waves propagating in the spherical atmosphere; (2) westerly duct theory, which suggests a “corridor” through which the midlatitude disturbances in one hemisphere can propagate into the other hemisphere; (3) energy accumulation-wave emanation theory, which proposes processes through which tropical disturbances can affect the atmospheric motion in higher latitudes; (4) equatorial wave expansion theory, which further explains the physical mechanisms involved in the interaction between the tropics and extratropics; and (5) meridional basic flow theory, which argues that stationary waves can propagate across the tropical easterlies under certain conditions. In addition, the progress made in diagnosing wave-flow interaction, particularly for Rossby waves, inertial-gravity waves, and Kelvin waves, is also reviewed. The meridional propagation of atmospheric energy exhibits significant annual and interannual variations, closely related to ENSO and variation in the westerly jets and tropical upper-tropospheric troughs, amongst others. 相似文献
12.
大气动力学中三种Rossby波作用通量的特征差异和适用性比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
大气动力学诊断Rossby波的传播时,通常用波作用通量来表示。常用的三种波作用通量分别为Plumb波作用通量,T-N波作用通量和局地E-P通量。本文详细讨论了这三种方法的特征差异,并结合2016年1月的一次寒潮事件,比较了三种方法在该事件中的适用性。结果表明:1)Plumb波作用通量的纬向分量较大而经向分量较小,适用于振幅较小的纬向均匀的西风带Rossby长波的诊断。2)T-N波作用通量是对Plumb波作用通量的改进,经向分量得以增强,能更好地描述纬向非均匀气流中的较大振幅的西风带Rossby长波扰动。T-N波作用通量计算时,背景场取多年平均的当月气候场较合适,能更好地反映当前季节内的Rossby波传播异常。3)局地E-P通量可以诊断一段时间内天气尺度瞬变波对背景场(定常波)总的调控作用,但无法直接反映Rossby长波的逐时演变(T-N波或Plumb波作用通量则可以)。 相似文献
13.
This study examines wave disturbances on submonthly (6–30-day) timescales over the tropical Indian Ocean during Southern Hemisphere summer using Japanese Reanalysis (JRA25-JCDAS) products and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration outgoing longwave radiation data. The analysis period is December–February for the 29 years from 1979/1980 through 2007/2008. An extended empirical orthogonal function (EEOF) analysis of daily 850-hPa meridional wind anomalies reveals a well-organized wave-train pattern as a dominant mode of variability over the tropical Indian Ocean. Daily lagged composite analyses for various atmospheric variables based on the EEOF result show the structure and evolution of a wave train consisting of meridionally elongated troughs and ridges along the Indian Ocean Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The wave train is oriented in a northeast–southwest direction from Sumatra toward Madagascar. The waves have zonal wavelengths of about 3,000–5,000 km and exhibit westward and southwestward phase propagation. Individual troughs and ridges as part of the wave train sequentially travel westward and southwestward from the west of Sumatra into Madagascar. Meanwhile, eastward and northeastward amplification of the wave train occurs associated with the successive growth of new troughs and ridges over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean. This could be induced by eastward and northeastward wave energy dispersion from the southwestern to eastern Indian Ocean along the mean monsoon westerly flow. In addition, the waves modulate the ITCZ convection. Correlation statistics show the average behavior of the wave disturbances over the tropical Indian Ocean. These statistics and other diagnostic measures are used to characterize the waves obtained from the composite analysis. The waves appear to be connected to the monsoon westerly flow. The waves tend to propagate through a band of the large meridional gradient of absolute vorticity produced by the mean monsoon westerly flow. This suggests that the monsoon westerly flow provides favorable background conditions for the propagation and maintenance of the waves and acts as a waveguide over the tropical Indian Ocean. The horizontal structure of the wave train may be interpreted as that of a mixture of equatorial Rossby waves and mixed Rossby-gravity wavelike gyres. 相似文献
14.
During the northern winter the eastern Pacific is characterized by upper level westerly flow extending from the equator into the midlatitudes of both hemispheres. Theoretical and simple modeling studies suggest that such a region should favor the penetration of Rossby waves into the tropics from higher latitudes. Observational results by Kiladis and Weickmann using 200 mb data indicate that Rossby waves do indeed propagate freely into the tropical eastern Pacific during the northern winter from the Asian jet exit region. They also confirmed that cross-equatorial dispersion of energy from the Northern into the Southern Hemisphere occurs frequently. The present study examines these interactions in climatological runs of two GFDL GCMs. The northern wintertime mean states of these models are characterized by a rather realistically simulated upper level westerly regime in the tropical Pacific. Despite the relative weakness of the Asian jet and wave activity with respect to observations, propagation of Rossby waves into the tropics is present in both models, and these waves are strongly positively tilted as seen in the observations. A momentum budget of the zonal wind and E vector diagnostics over the tropical Pacific indicate that these transients are an important component of the momentum balance of the equatorial westerlies in both the observations and in the models.This paper was presented at the Second International Conference on Modelling of Global Climate Variability, held in Hamburg 7–11 September 1992 under the auspices of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology. Guest Editor for these papers is L. Dümenil 相似文献
15.
This study has reviewed recent studies about impact of the Rossby wave propagation on the weather of East Asia.Then,we have focused on the northward progression of the subtropical high affected by the propagations and their interaction.The following results are obtained:(1) The two kinds of meridional Rossby wave propagations often affect the East Asian weather in summer,which propagate in two conflicting directions(northwest-southeastward and southwest-northeast-ward).This is considered as the interaction of the large-scale systems between high and low latitudes with wave propagation,especially to the circulation systems around East Asia.(2) The northward progression of the subtropical high is largely restrained,aecompanied by the southward shift of the convective activity in middle latitudes,under the strong and persistent Rossby wave propagation from high to low latitudes.And the opposite role could be found in the Rossby wave propagation from low to high latitudes. 相似文献
16.
The wave rays and their seasonal variation of stationary and low－frequency Rossby waves are studied by using the Runge-Kutta scheme. The results show that for stationary waves the rays can reach lower latitudes in winter, and are limited in higher latitudes in summer. The main differences between the stationary and low-frequency wave rays are that low-frequency waves can propagate across the equator and the easterlies will not be an obstacle on their propagation. It explained to some extent the interaction of disturbances between the Northern and Southern Hemi-spheres. The lower wave frequencies and the stronger easterly flow are, the more difficult low-frequency waves will be to propagate across the equator. The waves with 20-day period are easier to propagate across the equator than that with 50-day period. The winter is the most favorable season for low-frequency waves to propagate into another hem-isphere. 相似文献
17.
THE INTERLINKAGE OF LARGE-SCALE SYSTEMS BETWEEN HIGH AND LOW LATITUDES RELATED TO PROPAGATION OF THE PLANETARY WAVE AROUND EAST ASIA IN SUMMER 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This study has reviewed recent studies about impact of the Rossby wave propagation on theweather of East Asia.Then,we have focused on the northward progression of the subtropical highaffected by the propagations and their interaction.The following results are obtained:(1)The twokinds of meridional Rossby wave propagations often affect the East Asian weather in summer,which propagate in two conflicting directions(northwest-southeastward and southwest-northeast-ward).This is considered as the interaction of the large-scale systems between high and lowlatitudes with wave propagation,especially to the circulation systems around East Asia.(2)Thenorthward progression of the subtropical high is largely restrained,aecompanied by the southwardshift of the convective activity in middle latitudes,under the strong and persistent Rossby wavepropagation from high to low latitudes.And the opposite role could be found in the Rossby wavepropagation from low to high latitudes. 相似文献
18.
The wave rays and their seasonal variation of stationary and low-frequency Rossby waves are studied by using the Runge—Kutta
scheme. The results show that for stationary waves the rays can reach lower latitudes in winter, and are limited in higher
latitudes in summer. The main differences between the stationary and low-frequency wave rays are that low—frequency waves
can propagate across the equator and the easterlies will not be an obstacle on their propagation. It explained to some extent
the interaction of disturbances between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The lower wave frequencies and the stronger
easterly flow are, the more difficult low—frequency waves will be to propagate across the equator. The waves with 20-day period
are easier to propagate across the equator than that with 50—day period. The winter is the most favorable season for low—frequency
waves to propagate into another hemisphere. 相似文献
19.
热带积云对流加热在全球大气遥响应中的重要作用──数值试验结果 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
利用ＩＡＰ两层大气环流模式模拟研究了热带地区积云对流加热在大气对赤道东太平洋海温正异常响应中的作用。通过对积分结果进行分析发现：热带地区积云对流在大气对赤道东太平洋海温正异常的响应过程中起着非常重要的作用。若热带地区的积云对流加热减弱则大气中的遥响应（相关）型也减弱。同时我们还发现，热带地区的积云对流加热加强则响应场的３０—６０ｄ低频振荡也得到加强。 相似文献
20.
夏季欧亚中高纬环流持续异常事件的Rossby波传播特征 总被引：9，自引：4，他引：5
利用西风波导结构以及波作用通量, 探讨了夏季欧亚一类中高纬持续异常环流所对应的Rossby波的能量频散特征。中高纬度对流层上层存在结构较为复杂的弱波导, Rossby波能量频散过程基本上与该弱波导结构一致。Rossby波传播特征在不同时期以及两种环流型 （E型和C型) 之间存在显著差异: (1) 在梅雨前期, 与E型环流对应, Rossby波从南欧气旋式异常环流中心传播到乌拉尔山正高度异常中心, 并且波作用通量在乌拉尔山西侧辐合, 形成该地区正高度异常环流。乌拉尔山持续异常中心东侧重新激发出Rossby波, 并传播至贝加尔湖和鄂霍次克海地区, 维持对应的异常环流。与C型异常环流对应, Rossby波活动非常活跃。该型三个活动中心呈现高纬－中纬－高纬的分布特征, 这与波导结构密切相关。 (2) 在梅雨期, Rossby波的传播对两类持续异常环流的作用更加明显, 其传播路径基本上在处于极区和偏向中纬度一侧的两个“波障碍区”之间的带状西风波导区中。Rossby波从乌拉尔山活动中心向东传播, 最终形成贝加尔湖和鄂霍次克海地区的持续异常环流。在C型维持过程中则还存在另一种强迫因子。在C型中, Rossby波从乌拉尔山活动中心向中纬度传播, 并在亚洲急流中向东传播至东亚地区。 (3) 在后汛期, 在欧亚大陆上纬向“波障碍区”的增加使得Rossby波活动减弱。E型异常环流型的鄂霍次克海活动中心向东扩展到北太平洋, 但来自上游的Rossby波传播只作用于该活动中心的西北侧部分。C型中Rossby波的传播在乌拉尔山活动中心地区变弱。在夏季各个时期, E和C型持续异常环流对应着不同位相的EAP (或PJ) 型, 但并没有Rossby波从中纬度向北传播至鄂霍次克海地区的现象。 相似文献