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1.
NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF EURASIAN TELECONNECTION PATTERN IN ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION DURING THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE WINTER 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
In this paper, the anomaly of disturbance height field over Northern Hemisphere due to SST anomaly in the tropical Atlantic Ocean is simulated by using the general circulation model of 1AP. A quasi-geostrophic, 34-level spherical coordinate model is also used to compute the distribution of atmospheric circulation anomaly when there is an anomaly of heat source over the tropical Atlantic. The computed results show that, owing to the heat source anomaly over the tropical Atlantic, the EU-pattern anomaly in the winter circulation may be caused. Namely, a ridge will be enhanced over the northwest Europe, a trough will be deepened over Siberia, but a positive anomaly of disturbance height field will be formed over the northeast China, Japan and other areas of East Asia. Moreover, the numerically simulated results show that the above-mentioned EU-pattern anomalies of circulation are due to the propagations of planetary wave train. About 15 days after an anomaly of the heat source over the tropical Atlantic is 相似文献
2.
南极海冰首要模态呈现偶极子型异常,正负异常中心分别位于别林斯高晋海/阿蒙森海和威德尔海。过去研究表明冬春季节南极海冰涛动异常对后期南极涛动（Antarctic Oscillation,AAO）型大气环流有显著影响,而AAO可以通过经向遥相关等机制影响北半球大气环流和东亚气候。本文中我们利用观测分析发现南极海冰涛动从5～7月（May–July,MJJ）到8～10月（August–October, ASO）有很好的持续性,并进一步分析其对北半球夏季大气环流的可能影响及其物理过程。结果表明,MJJ南极海冰涛动首先通过冰气相互作用在南半球激发持续性的AAO型大气环流异常,使得南半球中纬度和极地及热带之间的气压梯度加大,在MJJ至JAS,纬向平均纬向风呈现显著的正负相间的从南极到北极的经向遥相关型分布。对流层中层位势高度场上,在澳大利亚北部到海洋性大陆区域,出现显著的负异常,在东亚沿岸从低纬到高纬呈现南北走向的“? + ?”太平洋—日本（Pacific–Japan,PJ）遥相关波列,其对应赤道中部太平洋及赤道印度洋存在显著的降水和海温负异常,西北太平洋至我国东部沿海地区存在显著降水正异常和温度负异常;低纬度北美洲到大西洋一带存在的负位势高度异常和北大西洋附近存在的正位势高度异常中心,构成一个类似于西大西洋型遥相关（Western Atlantic,WA）的结构,对应赤道南大西洋降水增加和南撒哈拉地区降水减少。从物理过程来看,南极海冰涛动首先通过局地效应影响Ferrel环流,进而通过经圈环流调整使得海洋性大陆区域和热带大西洋上方的Hadley环流上升支得到增强,海洋性大陆区域特别是菲律宾附近的热带对流活动偏强,激发类似于负位相的PJ波列,影响东亚北太平洋地区的大气环流,而热带大西洋对流增强和北传特征,则通过激发WA遥相关影响大西洋和欧洲地区的大气环流。以上两种通道将持续性MJJ至ASO南极海冰涛动强迫的大气环流信号从南半球中高纬度经热带地区传递到北半球中高纬地区,从而对热带和北半球夏季大气环流产生显著影响。 相似文献
3.
Numerical Simulation of the Effect of the SST Anomalies in the Tropical Western Pacific on the Blocking Highs over the Northeastern Asia 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The effects of the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical western Pacific on the atmospheric circulation anomalies over East Asia are simulated by the IAP-GCM with an observed and idealized distributions of the SST anomalies in the tropical western Pacific,respectively.Firstly,the atmospheric circulation anomalies during July and August,1980 are simulated by three anomalous experiments including the global SST anomaly experiment,the tropical SST anomaly experiment and the extratropical SST anomaly experiment,using the observed SST anomalies in 1980.It is shown that the SST anomalies in the tropical ocean greatly influence the formation and maintenance of the blocking high over the northeastern Asia,and may play a more important role than the SST anomalies in the extratropical ocean in the influence on the atmospheric circulation anomalies.Secondly,the effects of the SST anomalies in the tropical western Pacific on the atmospheric circulation anomalies over East Asia are also simulated w 相似文献
4.
本文首先从理论上讨论了北半球冬季低纬度强迫源与中纬度强迫源强迫所产生的准定常行星波在实际基本气流中传播路径及其振幅分布的差异,指出冬季低纬度热源异常将对北半球中、高纬度对流层大气环流的异常起很大影响,而中纬度热源异常将对平流层环流异常起很大作用。 本文应用一个包括Rayleigh摩擦、Newton冷却及水平涡旋热力扩散准地转34层球坐标模式分别计算了冬季低纬度热源异常与中纬度热源异常所造成北半球扰动系统的异常情况,计算结果表明了冬季低纬度热源异常将对中、高纬度对流层大气环流异常起很大作用,热带太平洋上空热源异常将产生PNA型环流异常。 相似文献
5.
青藏高原（以下简称高原）大气热源对亚洲夏季风爆发、演变、推进,乃至全球气候系统都有重要影响,因此近年来高原大气热源变异机理也日益受到关注。本文在回顾已有关于不同季节高原热源变异原因的研究基础上,利用1980～2018年日本气象厅再分析数据JRA55（Japanese 55-year Reanalysis）,对逐月高原大气总热源的年际变率进行分类,并进一步探究了影响不同类别高原大气总热源的异常大尺度环流系统及海温驱动因子。除了传统上受关注的“冬季型”和“夏季型”以外,本文还提出了“早春型”和“过渡型”两种高原大气热源变率模态。总体而言,高原大气总热源年际变率以降水引起的凝结潜热异常为主,其中“冬季型”及“早春型”高原大气热源异常中心位于高原西部,主要受到中高纬遥相关波列的影响。此外,“冬季型”还受到厄尔尼诺—南方涛动（El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation, ENSO）及印度洋偶极子（Indian Ocean Dipole, IOD）的影响。“夏季型”高原大气热源呈东西偶极型反相变化,最大异常中心位于高原东南部,主要受北大西洋涛动（North Atlantic Oscillation, NAO）的影响;“过渡型”高原大气热源呈南北偶极型反相变化,受热带太平洋—印度洋海表温度异常的共同影响。因此,不同背景环流下高原热源年际变率的驱动因子存在明显差异。 相似文献
6.
热带西太平洋海温异常对东北亚阻塞形势影响的数值模拟 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
本文利用ＩＡＰ－ＡＧＣＭ模拟研究了实测海温异常和热带西太平洋假想海温异常对夏季东亚地区环流异常的影响,并与观测结果进行了比较,籍此间接地研究了海温异常对东北亚阻塞形势的影响。首先,利用１９８０年实测海温异常,分三种试验（全球海温异常试验、热带海温异常试验、热带外海温异常试验）模拟了该年７月和８月的大气环流异常,指出海温异常是致使东北亚阻塞形势得以形成和维持的一个重要原因,同时也表明在对东亚大气环流异常型的影响方面,热带海温异常比热带经温异常更为重要。此外,我们还模拟研究了热带西太平洋的假想海温异常对东亚大气环流异常的影响,表明了热带西太平浃海温负异常对东北亚阻塞形势形成和维持有着重要作用 相似文献
7.
SRES A2 情景下中国区域性高温热浪事件变化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
随全球变暖,应对高温热浪事件是未来现代化城市面临的难题之一。本文利用全球模式-HadAM3p提供的3组不同边界场和初始场驱动区域气候模式系统PRECIS的输出结果,模拟未来情景下中国区域性高温热浪事件发生频率、强度及持续时间的变化趋势。结果表明：全球PRECIS对基准时段（1961-1990年）的高温热浪事件的发生的频率、强度和持续时间及对应的大气环流特征具有较强的模拟能力。相对于基准时段,未来情景下未来时段（2071-2100年）中国各地区的高温热浪的强度增加,发生频率增幅超过了100 %,且持续时间增加30 %以上。此外,观测资料和模拟结果均表明武汉和哈尔滨地区的高温热浪与500 hPa高度场的正距平密切相关。而未来情景下,武汉和哈尔滨地区500 hPa高度场的正距平呈增加趋势,表明这些地区未来可能面临危害更严重的高温热浪事件。 相似文献
8.
Huang Ronghui 《大气科学进展》1985,2(1):81-92
In this paper, a quasi-geostrophic, 34-level spherical coordinate model with Rayleigh friction, New-tonian cooling and the horizontal eddy thermal diffusivity is used to simulate the three-dimensional teleconnection in the summer circulation over the Northern Hemisphere.The computed results show that the change of the heat source over the Tibetan Plateau may cause the change of the atmospheric circulation over the middle and high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. When the heat source over the Tibetan Plateau is enhanced, it may cause the Tibetan high to enhance over South Asia and cause the change of the atmospheric circulation over East Asia and North America, i. e. Northeast China and North Japan will be controlled by a trough, which brings about a cold summer in this area. In the same way, an anticyclone will be enhanced over the Okhotsk sea. Moreover, another trough will be formed over Alaska, while another ridge will develop to the northeast of North America. Besides, the Pacific subtropical high will be weakened. These results are in good agreement with those obtained from the observed data. 相似文献
9.
中国东部夏季分区降水对海温异常响应特征的研究 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
用刘征宇最新发展的广义平衡反馈方法结合经验正交分析和旋转经验正交分析法,研究中国东部6个分区夏季降水异常对各海盆海温异常(SSTA)模态的响应特征,探讨了东北区降水异常对SSTA的响应机制。结果表明:各分区降水异常对SSTA的响应特征有明显差异。东北区降水异常对热带太平洋SSTA的回应显著,当SSTA表现为类似El Niño模时,该区夏季降水增加;江淮区降水异常同时受到中纬度以及热带SSTA的强迫,对热带太平洋SSTA的类似La Niña Modoki模、北大西洋SSTA三极型模等回应显著;西南地区的降水异常主要与中纬度SSTA有密切关联。对流层高度场对热带太平洋SSTA类似El Niño模的直接回应在热带太平洋上空为显著正异常。通过东亚—太平洋型遥相关波列使东北地区上空高度场出现负异常,并在其西侧形成负异常中心,对流层低层为气旋性环流异常。这一环流回应与东北地区夏季降水偏多时的环流特征相近。 相似文献
10.
Christophe Cassou Marie Minvielle Laurent Terray Claire P��rigaud 《Climate Dynamics》2011,36(1-2):19-39
The links between the observed variability of the surface ocean variables estimated from reanalysis and the overlying atmosphere decomposed in classes of large-scale atmospheric circulation via clustering are investigated over the Atlantic from 1958 to 2002. Daily 500?hPa geopotential height and 1,000?hPa wind anomaly maps are classified following a weather-typing approach to describe the North Atlantic and tropical Atlantic atmospheric dynamics, respectively. The algorithm yields patterns that correspond in the extratropics to the well-known North Atlantic-Europe weather regimes (NAE-WR) accounting for the barotropic dynamics, and in the tropics to wind classes (T-WC) representing the alteration of the trades. 10-m wind and 2-m temperature (T2) anomaly composites derived from regime/wind class occurrence are indicative of strong relationships between daily large-scale atmospheric circulation and ocean surface over the entire Atlantic basin. High temporal correlation values are obtained basin-wide at low frequency between the observed fields and their reconstruction by multiple linear regressions with the frequencies of occurrence of both NAE-WR and T-WC used as sole predictors. Additional multiple linear regressions also emphasize the importance of accounting for the strength of the daily anomalous atmospheric circulation estimated by the combined distances to all regimes centroids in order to reproduce the daily to interannual variability of the Atlantic ocean. We show that for most of the North Atlantic basin the occurrence of NAE-WR generally sets the sign of the ocean surface anomaly for a given day, and that the inter-regime distances are valuable predictors for the magnitude of that anomaly. Finally, we provide evidence that a large fraction of the low-frequency trends in the Atlantic observed at the surface over the last 50?years can be traced back, except for T2, to changes in occurrence of tropical and extratropical weather classes. All together, our findings are encouraging for the prospects of basin-scale ocean dynamical downscaling using a weather-typing approach to reconstruct forcing fields for high resolution ocean models (Part II) from coarse resolution climate models. 相似文献
11.
本文用带通时间滤波器，对北半球500hPa高度距平（从1951年1月—1986年12月共432个连续月）的每个格点的时间序列进行滤波计算，初步结果如下:1．北半球500 hPa普遍存在3—5年周期，该周期的相对方差都在30%以上。35°N以南相对方差可达50%以上，在太平洋、大西洋、欧亚低纬地区最大相对方差高于70%。2．3—5年周期的水平结构要比Wallace的遥相关型更具有波列结构，通过波列的射线路径可以把能量从低纬度频散到高纬度。3．从分析1982/1983 El Nino年个例可以看到，赤道东太平洋海水异常增暖对大气的影响，除了一般公认的通过PNA型影响北美外，可能还存在另一条路径。 相似文献
12.
Winter AO/NAO modifies summer ocean heat content and monsoonal circulation over the western Indian Ocean 
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下载免费PDF全文 This paper analyzes the possible influence of boreal winter Arctic Oscillation/North Atlantic Oscillation (AO/ NAO) on the Indian Ocean upper ocean heat content in summer as well as the summer monsoonal circulation. The strong interannual co-variation between winter 1000-hPa geopotential height in the Northern Hemisphere and summer ocean heat content in the uppermost 120 m over the tropical Indian Ocean was investigated by a singular decomposition analysis for the period 1979–2014. The second paired-modes explain 23.8% of the squared covariance, and reveal an AO/NAO pattern over the North Atlantic and a warming upper ocean in the western tropical Indian Ocean. The positive upper ocean heat content enhances evaporation and convection, and results in an anomalous meridional circulation with ascending motion over 5°S–5°N and descending over 15°–25°N. Correspondingly, in the lower troposphere, significantly anomalous northerly winds appear over the western Indian Ocean north of the equator, implying a weaker summer monsoon circulation. The off-equator oceanic Rossby wave plays a key role in linking the AO/NAO and the summer heat content anomalies. In boreal winter, a positive AO/NAO triggers a down-welling Rossby wave in the central tropical Indian Ocean through the atmospheric teleconnection. As the Rossby wave arrives in the western Indian Ocean in summer, it results in anomalous upper ocean heating near the equator mainly through the meridional advection. The AO/NAO-forced Rossby wave and the resultant upper ocean warming are well reproduced by an ocean circulation model. The winter AO/NAO could be a potential season-lead driver of the summer atmospheric circulation over the northwestern Indian Ocean. 相似文献
13.
长江中下游严重旱涝时期大气环流以及热源和水汽汇的异常 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
利用 1980-1997年 6-8月 NECP／NCAR月平均资料，计算了大气热源和水汽汇，研究了我国长江中下游夏季严重旱涝时期大气环流以及大气热源和水汽汇的异常特征，主要结果如下： 在对流层中下层，来自于孟加拉湾和南海的南风异常和长江流域以北的北风异常在长江中下游辐合。这两股异常气流分别与西太平洋上反气旋异常系统（中心位于22°N，140°E）和气旋异常系统（中心位于日本海）有关。在对流层高层，反气旋异常系统中心位于23°N，105°E，气旋异常系统中心位于朝鲜，两异常系统之间的西北异常气流在长江中下游辐散。而在印度西南季风区为偏东风异常，表示西南季风的减弱； 长江中下游严重干旱时，在对流层中下层，长江以北南风异常和长江以南北风异常从长江流域辐散，在以东的洋面上形成东风异常气流。这两股异常气流分别与酉太平洋上气旋异常系统（中心位于23°N，135°E）和西北太平洋上反气旋异常系统有关。在对流层高层，气旋异常系统中心位于南海，反气旋异常系统中心位于日本海，两异常系统之间的偏东异常气流在长江中下游辐合。 热源异常的最主要特征是长江中下游严重洪涝时从西太平洋到南海热源异常为负，表示热源偏弱；正热源异常位于长江流域。而长江中下游严重干旱时热源异常正好相反。垂直 相似文献
14.
Tatiana Jorgetti Pedro Leite da Silva Dias Edmilson Dias de Freitas 《Climate Dynamics》2014,42(11-12):3077-3086
This study explores the ocean–atmosphere interaction in the formation and dynamics of the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), through the analysis of the heat sources estimated through the outgoing longwave radiation. The results obtained with this study show that the coupled variability between SACZ and the South Atlantic Ocean indicates that in northern positioned SACZ cases (over Southeastern Brazil), westerly anomalies are verified in the low level continental tropical circulation, consistent with the active phase of the South America Monsoon System (SAMS). In these cases, cold anomalies in the subtropical Atlantic Ocean cause an increase in the continent–ocean temperature gradient, favoring an easterly flow in this region, and blocking the SACZ at a northerly position. Easterly anomalies in the tropical continent were verified in the low level circulation in southern positioned cases (over Southern Brazil), consistent with the SAMS break phase. The SST anomaly patterns indicate cold anomalies in the tropics and warm anomalies in the subtropics, which do not favor the development of an easterly flow at low levels over the western tropical Atlantic. In these cases, two situations may occur: the strengthening of the Low Level Jet (LLJ), which prevails in the eastern subtropical South America and convergence with the South Atlantic Subtropical High at its southern position; or the atmospheric unstable conditions caused by ocean warm SST anomalies (in this case the LLJ may be weaker than its climatological intensity). 相似文献
15.
Local and remote impacts of a tropical Atlantic salinity anomaly 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
The climatic impacts of an enhanced evaporation prescribed during 50 years in the tropical Atlantic are investigated in a coupled ocean–atmosphere general circulation model. Locally, the salinity increase leads to a rapid deepening and cooling of the surface mixed layer. This induces a deepening of the equatorial undercurrent and an intensification of the south equatorial current. A remote atmospheric response to the tropical Atlantic perturbation is detected in the North Atlantic sector after ten years. It has the form of a robust wave-like tropospheric perturbation seemingly excited by the weakening of atmospheric deep convection over the Amazonian basin. Meanwhile, the salt anomaly is carried northward by the mean oceanic circulation. It is traced up to the convection sites and then on its return path at depth towards lower latitudes. Consistent with the density increase, deep convection is enhanced after the arrival of the salt anomaly and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) intensifies about 20 years after the beginning of the perturbation. The adjustment of the tropical Atlantic to the AMOC intensification then modifies its initial response to the freshwater forcing, leading to a weaker cooling in the northern tropical Atlantic than in the southern tropical Atlantic, a slight northward shift of the tropical Atlantic precipitation pattern and an intensification of the North Brazil current. On the other hand, no significant anomalous precipitations are found in the Pacific. The initial remote atmospheric response is also modulated, by an NAO-like response to the AMOC intensification. 相似文献
16.
The study examined effects of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) off the east coast of Japan on the blocking high over the Okhotsk Sea in June by diagnostic analysis and numerical simulation. Firstly, based on 500-hPa geopotential height fields, the Okhotsk high index (OKHI) for June from 1951 to 2000 is calculated and analyzed. The result indicates that the OKHI has obvious inter-annual and inter-decadal variations, and there are 9 yr of high OKHI and 8 yr of low OKHI in 50 yr. Secondly, by using the OKHI, the relationship between the Okhotsk high and the 500-hPa geopotential height anomaly is investigated. The results indicate that the "+-+" pattern of geopotential height anomaly crossing Eurasia in the mid-high latitudes and the "+-" pattern of geopotential height anomaly from high to low latitudes over East Asia are in favor of the formation and maintenance of the Okhotsk high. The relationship between the OKHI and the SSTA over the North Pacific is investigated in early summer by using correlation and composite analysis. We found that when the blocking circulation over the Okhotsk Sea occurs, there is an obvious negative SSTA off the east coast of Japan in early summer. We simulated the effects of the negative SSTA of east coast of Japan on the atmospheric circulation anomaly over East Asia through the control and sensitivity experiments using NCAR CAM3 model in order to confirm our analysis results. The simulation shows that the negative SSTA off the east coast of Japan results in the significant positive 40 gpm 500-hPa geopotential height anomaly over the Okhotsk Sea and the negative anomalies off the east coast of Japan which might contribute to the formation and development of the Okhotsk high in June. 相似文献
17.
The impact is studied of small land areas on the configuration and structure of the tropical cyclone as well as on the variations
of different characteristics of hurricanes (wind field, kinetic energy, and vorticity) during their passage over islands.
The results of computations based on the regional numerical atmospheric ETA model for the hurricanes of the Caribbean Sea
and typhoons of the Northwestern Pacific revealed that the disturbance of the symmetric circulation in the vortex accompanied
by significant kinetic energy losses takes place when crossing the archipelagos or separate islands. It is demonstrated that
the vortex intensity depends not on the energy loss due to the underlying surface roughness only but on the heat flux from
it as well. The kinetic energy generation in the hurricane sharply decreases as a result of the decrease in the pressure gradient
over the land that is caused, in turn, by the tropical cyclone moving away from the oceanic heat source. At the recurring
appearance of the cyclone over the warm ocean waters, its deepening and intensification recommence. 相似文献
18.
我国南方盛夏气温主模态特征及其与海温异常的联系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用NCEP/NCAR大气环流资料、HadISST海温数据以及中国160站气温数据等,通过EOF分解、线性相关等统计方法,分析了我国南方盛夏气温异常的主导模态及其所对应的关键环流系统和可能的海洋外强迫信号。结果表明:我国南方盛夏气温偏高有两种不同的分布模态,一是以江淮地区为中心的江淮型高温,二是以江南和华南为中心的江南型高温,导致这两种高温型发生的环流影响系统和海温外强迫因子均有显著差异。影响江淮型高温的关键环流系统是高低空正压结构的高度场正距平和偏弱的东亚副热带西风急流。而影响这两个关键环流系统的海洋外强迫因子包括热带印度洋至东太平洋的"-+-"海温异常分布型及北大西洋中纬度的暖海温异常。2016年盛夏江淮型高温的大气环流和海温异常均表现出典型江淮型高温年的特征,更好的证明了统计分析的结论。而江南型高温的关键环流系统主要是加强西伸的西太平洋副热带高压。其海洋外强迫因子包括前冬赤道中东太平洋的暖海温异常和春季-盛夏热带印度洋全区一致型暖海温异常,其中热带印度洋海温的影响更为持续和显著。 相似文献
19.
利用季节循环的全球观测海表温度及海冰驱动NCARCam3全球大气环流模式的100a模拟结果,通过定义东亚夏季风指数,分析了模拟的大气内部变化中东亚夏季风的变化特征。结果表明：模拟的东亚夏季风自然变率主要表现为3—7a较显著的年际周期,并具有较明显的年代际变化特征。在弱夏季风年代,亚洲大陆海平面气压增强,日本附近及东亚沿海地区海平面气压降低;500hPa位势高度上,欧洲地区为负高度距平,里海附近地区为正高度距平,日本及其以东太平洋为负高度距平,易形成类似欧亚（EU）型的遥相关波列。在强夏季风年代,其环流异常分布基本与弱夏季风年代相反。模拟的东亚夏季风变化与夏季大气内部500hPa高度场上EU型遥相关波列的关系密切。 相似文献
20.
M. P. Hoerling J. W. Hurrell T. Xu G. T. Bates A. S. Phillips 《Climate Dynamics》2004,23(3-4):391-405
Ensembles of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments are used in an effort to understand the boreal winter Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropical climate response to the observed warming of tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the last half of the twentieth Century. Specifically, we inquire about the origins of unusual, if not unprecedented, changes in the wintertime North Atlantic and European climate that are well described by a linear trend in most indices of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The simulated NH atmospheric response to the linear trend component of tropic-wide SST change since 1950 projects strongly onto the positive polarity of the NAO and is a hemispheric pattern distinguished by decreased (increased) Arctic (middle latitude) sea level pressure. Progressive warming of the Indian Ocean is the principal contributor to this wintertime extratropical response, as shown through additional AGCM ensembles forced with only the SST trend in that sector. The Indian Ocean influence is further established through the reproducibility of results across three different models forced with identical, idealized patterns of the observed warming. Examination of the transient atmospheric adjustment to a sudden “switch-on” of an Indian Ocean SST anomaly reveals that the North Atlantic response is not consistent with linear theory and most likely involves synoptic eddy feedbacks associated with changes in the North Atlantic storm track. The tropical SST control exerted over twentieth century regional climate underlies the importance of determining the future course of tropical SST for regional climate change and its uncertainty. Better understanding of the extratropical responses to different, plausible trajectories of the tropical oceans is key to such efforts. 相似文献