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1.
Observations show that the sequences of microsecond-scale pulses are produced in cloud flash discharge processes.In the present work we report on measurements of larger bipolar pulses(LBP)of the radiation fields which are classified into four types according to their waveshapes and polarities of initial peak.Either positive or negative pulse contains two kinds of waveshapes:one with a smooth rise and the other with 2 or 3 fast-rising pulse superimposed on the initial half cycle.The pulse waveshape characteristics in both time and frequency domains are as follows.Among 2908 samples there are 45% of the positive polarity and 55% of the negative polarity.The positive pulses tend to have distinctly smaller values than negative pulses in rise time,half width and zero-crossing time of the initial peak.The peaks of positive pulse spectra tend to occur at a higher frequency than those of negative pulses.Despite differences above,positive and negative pulses have a similar total duration. 相似文献
2.
中国气象局雷电野外科学试验基地开展的人工触发闪电试验是研究闪电电磁辐射效应的有效手段,利用架设在试验场地周边的多套磁场天线所获取的高灵敏度磁场数据,针对初始连续电流阶段的中低频磁场特征开展研究。得益于磁场天线带宽的拓展,首次解析出了相对平静期内的磁场脉冲,单个脉冲的平均宽度约为1 μs,平均脉冲间隔约为14 μs,对应了该阶段中上行先导的小尺度击穿发展形式;在近、远距离磁场测量中均观测到了与先导通道头部击穿放电相关的爆发式磁场脉冲,其平均脉冲间隔(约为24.5 μs)明显大于平静期脉冲的统计值,而且在爆发式脉冲期间通道底部电流逐步增大到几十至上百安培,表明此时电场条件更加有利于上行先导的发展;此外,高灵敏磁场天线能够直观地呈现出初始连续电流脉冲(initial continuous current pulse,ICCP)的电荷传输过程,且ICCP期间观测到的规则磁场脉冲的脉冲间隔比其他类型的磁场脉冲小一个量级,可能体现了正极性击穿和负极性击穿的特征差异。 相似文献
3.
Leandro Z.S. Campos Marcelo M.F. Saba Osmar Pinto Jr. Maurício G. Ballarotti 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):416-424
This work analyses the waveshapes of continuing currents and parameters of M-components in positive cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes through high-speed GPS synchronized videos. The dataset is composed of only long continuing currents (with duration longer than 40 ms) and was selected from more than 800 flashes recorded in São José dos Campos (45.864°W, 23.215°S) and Uruguaiana (29.806°W, 57.005°S) in Southeast and South of Brazil, respectively, during 2003 to 2007 summers. The videos are compared with data obtained by the Brazilian Lightning Location System (BrasilDAT) in order to determine the polarity of each flash and select only positive cases. There are only two studies of waveshapes of continuing currents in the literature. One is based on direct current measurements of triggered lightning, in which four different types of waveshapes were observed; and the other is based on measurements of luminosity variations in high-speed videos of CG negative lightning, in which besides the four types above mentioned two additional types were observed. The present work is an extension of the latter, using the same method but now applied to obtain the waveshapes of positive CG lightning. As far as the authors know, this is the first report on M-components in positive continuing currents. We also have used the luminosity-versus-time graphs to observe their occurrence and measure some parameters (duration, elapsed time and time between two successive M-components), whose statistics are presented and compared in detail to the data for negative flashes. We have plotted a histogram of the M-components elapsed time over the total duration of the continuing current for positive flashes, which presented an exponential decay (correlation coefficient: 0.83), similar to what has been observed for negative flashes. 相似文献
4.
利用2012年青海大通地区高精度闪电三维辐射源定位结果和宽带电场脉冲波形同步数据,基于3种改进的传输线模型和粒子群优化算法,拟合发生在不同距离上不同类型闪电初始预击穿过程的双极性脉冲波形结构,反演初始流光通道内电流波形和特征参数,对比分析3种模型对初始预击穿过程和梯级先导双极性脉冲波形的拟合效果,统计分析4类闪电初始预击穿脉冲的物理特征。结果表明:3种改进的传输线模型均能较好地拟合出双极性脉冲结构,且MTLE模型更合理。负地闪的初始预击穿过程和梯级先导过程呈现出相同的传输特征,即均以梯级形式发展,且拟合物理参量也较为接近。初始流光向上的路径长度大于初始流光向下的路径长度,初始流光向上击穿进入上部正电荷区的路径上中和的总电荷量和总垂直偶极矩远大于初始流光向下的路径上中和的总电荷量和总垂直偶极矩。 相似文献
5.
为了深入认识负地闪放电过程中光辐射信号的特性, 对广州高建筑物雷电观测站所获得的回击光脉冲波形进行了分析。对观测到的88例负地闪事件中的184次回击(包括60次下行闪电首次回击、58次下行闪电继后回击、66次上行闪电继后回击)的光脉冲特征进行了统计分析, 结果表明: 下行闪电首次回击光脉冲10%~90%上升时间T1的算术平均值/中值为32.5/31.4μs, 20%~80%上升时间T2的算术平均值/中值为22.6/22.4μs, 半峰宽度T3的算术平均值/中值为131.1/117.0μs。下行闪电继后回击光脉冲T1的算术平均值/中值为30.4/27.7μs, T2的算术平均值/中值为19.5/17.6μs, T3的算术平均值/中值为153.6/142.6μs。在21例下行多回击负地闪事件中, 光脉冲回击间隔时间在12.6~368.6 ms范围之间, 算术平均值为78.7 ms, 有14%闪电事件存在继后回击光脉冲峰值大于首次回击的情况。上行闪电继后回击光脉冲T1的算术平均值/中值为27.5/24.3μs, T2的算术平均值/中值为17.0/15.7μs, T3的算术平均值/中值为132.2/124.5μs。总体上, 下行闪电首次回击的光脉冲上升时间最长、下行闪电继后回击次之、上行闪电继后回击最小; 下行闪电继后回击脉冲半峰宽度比下行闪电首次回击及上行闪电继后回击的更大。 相似文献
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利用2011年1月至2019年12月安徽省ADTD闪电定位系统监测资料, 对安徽南部山区与北部平原的闪电频次、极性、雷电流强度等参数进行对比分析。结果表明: 安徽南部山区总闪电频次约为北部平原的2.84倍, 北部平原正闪比高于南部山区, 这与两地区强对流天气类型有关。两地区闪电频次的月、日变化均呈单峰分布, 春季、夏季闪电活动明显多于秋季、冬季, 午后至傍晚为一天中的雷电活跃时段, 但南部山区在雷电高发月份及时段的闪电频次波动程度远大于北部平原。在雷电流强度方面, 北部平原整体上大于南部山区, 正、负地闪强度分别高出10.77 kA、9.52 kA, 其中正地闪强度峰值均出现在2月, 负地闪均为10月, 南部山区正、负地闪及北部平原负地闪日强度峰值与频次峰值时段相反。对安徽省总闪频次进行主成分分析表明, EOF分解的前5个特征向量累计方差贡献达到59.137%, 空间上表现出安徽南部山区与北部平原雷电活动变化趋势既具有一致性, 也具有明显的南北差异。 相似文献
7.
为了进一步理解人工引雷上行正先导的传播过程及相关的爆发式电磁辐射脉冲,本文分析了2014年8月23日山东沾化人工触发闪电实验（SHATLE）中获得的三次上行正先导通道含有明显向下传播过程的个例。结果表明,在初始连续电流阶段观测到的爆发式磁场脉冲极性反转现象与正先导头部发展方向相对于观测位置投影方向的变化密切相关。因此可以推断,爆发式磁场脉冲是由正先导头部较小空间尺度放电过程辐射出的,就本文分析的个例而言,爆发式磁场脉冲辐射源的放电尺度约为2 m,放电强度的最大值达到2.49 kA。爆发式磁场脉冲的辐射机制不同于人工引雷先导始发阶段初始脉冲电流产生的磁场脉冲的辐射机制,可能与正先导通道头部的梯级形式发展过程相关。 相似文献
8.
2010—2014年夏季广州野外雷电试验基地采用了两种引雷火箭开展人工引雷试验,通过对25次经典人工触发闪电电流资料的分析,进一步证实了当火箭携带铜线时先驱电流脉冲 (precursor current pulse) 为双极性振荡型,火箭携带钢丝时先驱电流脉冲为单极性,其中单极性脉冲电流峰值、10%~90%上升时间、波形宽度和转移电荷量的几何平均值分别为26 A,0.33 μs,2.3 μs,27 μC,双极性脉冲相应的波形参数几何平均值分别为67 A,0.24 μs,2.1 μs,54 μC。双极性脉冲电流峰值的几何平均值接近是单极性的2.6倍,而波形持续时间和上升时间的几何平均值与单极性相近。利用传输线模型,模拟铜线通道底部电流波形呈双极性振荡型,而钢丝通道底部电流波形呈单极性,这与实际测量的结果比较一致,推测这两种电流波形可能是传输线特性阻抗不同所导致,在传输线顶端由先导起始放电产生的电流脉冲应为单极性。 相似文献
9.
Optical and Electrical Observations of an Abnormal Triggered Lightning Event with two Upward Propagations 
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下载免费PDF全文 ZHENG Dong ZHANG Yijun LU Weitao ZHANG Yang DONG Wansheng CHEN Shaodong DAN Jianru 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2012,26(4):529-540
This study investigates an abnormal artificially triggered lightning event that produced two positive upward propagations: one during the initial stage (i.e., the upward leader (UL)) and the other after a negative downward aborted leader (DAL). The triggered lightning was induced in a weak thunderstorm over the experiment site and did not produce a return stroke. All of the intra-cloud lightning around the experiment site produced positive changes in the electric field. The initial stage was a weak discharge process. A downward dart leader propagated along the channel produced by the first UL, ending at a height of approximately 453 m and forming a DAL. Under the influence of the DAL, the electric field at a point located 78 m from the rod experienced a steady reduction of about 6.8 kV m-1 over 5.24 ms prior to the initiation of a new upward channel (i.e., the second upward propagation (UP)). The second UP, which started approximately 4.1 ms after the termination of the DAL and propagated along the original channel, was triggered by the DAL and sustained for approximately 2.95 ms. Two distinct current pulses were superimposed on the current of the second UP. The first pulse, which was related to the sudden initiation of the second UP, was characterized by a more rapid increase and decrease and a larger peak value than the second pulse, which was related to the development of the second UP into the area affected by the DAL. The second UP contained both a similar-to-leader process and a following neutralization process. This study introduces a new type of triggering leader, in which a new upward discharge is triggered in an established channel by an aborted leader propagating along the same channel with opposite polarity and propagation direction. 相似文献
10.
利用粤港澳闪电定位系统、广州多普勒天气雷达和自动气象站等资料, 分析了2017年6月2日发生在广州市中北部的一次强雷暴天气过程的地闪变化特征及闪电与雷达回波特征的关系。(1)本次强雷暴天气是华南一起典型的以西南急流和切变线为环流背景的强对流天气过程。在整个雷暴生命史中以负地闪为主, 占69.3%;正闪在雷暴发展的初始和结束阶段占比较大。(2)闪电频数分布与强雷达回波区域存在着较好的对应关系, 闪电活动位置稍有提前, 地闪频数峰值的时间比雷达回波峰值时间平均提前了11.1 min。(3)回波顶高是产生闪电的先决条件, 闪电较多分布在回波顶高9~15 km范围内, 地闪频数峰值落后于回波顶高峰值12~18 min。 相似文献
11.
2006—2011年夏季在广州野外雷电试验基地开展了广东综合闪电观测试验 (GCOELD)。试验期间,针对人工触发闪电进行了近距离声、光、电、磁特征等综合测量,对自动气象站电源线和信号线上产生的感应电压特征进行了观测和分析,并对广东省地闪定位网的探测效率和定位精度与人工触发闪电进行了比对和校验。试验结果表明:人工触发闪电回击峰值电流范围为-31.93~-6.67 kA,回击电流波形的半峰宽度的范围为6.18~74.19 μs,10%—90%的上升时间范围为0.24~2.25 μs。触发闪电的上行正先导的发展速度在104~105 m/s量级;人工触发闪电的回击过程在架空电源线路 (1200 m长,2 m高) 上产生的感应过电压可达十几千伏;广东电网闪电定位系统对人工触发闪电事件的探测效率为95%,平均定位误差为759 m,闪电定位系统反演得到的电流峰值与实际测量的电流峰值平均相对偏差为16.3%。 相似文献
12.
基于闪电低频电场探测阵列（LFEDA）所获得的全闪三维定位数据,研究了2015年8月15日14:30—16:10广州一次雷暴过程中具有明显始发脉冲的闪电初始放电特征及放电规律。结果表明:212例近距离云闪和地闪中,32例闪电由窄偶极性放电事件（NBE）始发,占15%;180例闪电由初始击穿脉冲（定义初始击穿脉冲簇的首个脉冲为FIBP）始发,占85%。作为始发的窄偶极性放电事件（INBE）,其相对孤立且具有较大的相对幅度,INBE与后续闪电的第1个脉冲的时间间隔为7 ms,幅度比为3.5,远大于FIBP相对应的时间间隔0.6 ms和幅度比0.8,INBE后多跟随传统的IBP脉冲。多数正极性INBE与FIBP对应初始向上发展的闪电,而负极性对应初始向下发展的闪电。INBE始发闪电前15 ms的平均发展速度随始发高度的增大而减小,快于FIBP,这与INBE具有更快的速度相关。估计的INBE速度为4.7×107 m·s-1,FIBP速度为1.5×107 m·s-1,两者速度差异也体现在脉冲上升时间方面,INBE具有更快的上升沿。 相似文献
13.
为了研究不同高度建筑物上发生的下行地闪回击特征差异,对2009—2012年广州高建筑物雷电观测试验中获取的能确认接地点高度的58次下行负极性地闪的综合同步观测资料进行对比分析。结果表明:接地点高度小于等于200m和接地点高度大于200m两类地闪的回击次数和回击间隔时间的差异不明显,但接地点高度大于200m的地闪的首次回击电流幅值、继后回击电流幅值、首次回击光强脉冲的10%~90%波前时间及10%波前~50%波后半宽时间、继后回击光强脉冲的10%~90%波前时间及10%波前~50%波后半宽时间的算术平均值 (几何平均值) 分别为接地点高度小于等于200 m地闪的1.8(2.1),1.5(1.4),7.4(7.4),3.1(3.4),4.6(4.3) 和2.4(3.6) 倍。 相似文献
14.
Two hailstorms that occurred in Beijing and Tianjin, respectively, are investigated, based mainly on the total lightning data observed by the System d’Alerte Fondre par Interferometric Radioelecctrique (SAFIR3000), the cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning data of a CG lightning location system, and the echo data of a Doppler radar. Both hailstorms exhibited two lightning frequency peaks: the first was before the hailfall and the second was after the hailfall, with the second peak greater than the first. The dominant polarity of the CG lightning was positive in the stage around the first frequency peak, but changed to negative in the stage around the second frequency peak. The evolution of radar echoes and the height distribution of lightning radiation sources are explored, revealing that both hailstorms had stronger convection and the main positive charge occurred at mid levels during the stage around the first frequency peak. However, whilst the Beijing hailstorm experienced the enhancement of convection, with the main positive charge at upper levels around the second frequency peak, the Tianjin hailstorm generated its second frequency peak during the period when the convection kept weakening and the main positive charge dropped to mid–lower levels. Through evaluation of the radar parameters, we investigate the mechanisms responsible for the second stage of active lightning discharge. Furthermore, the lightning activity exhibited a close relationship with radar echo parameters and hailfall. Lightning jump signals were found before the hailfall and were associated with the change ratio of the 40-dBZ echo volume above the ?15°C level, which demonstrates the application value of lightning data in severe weather warning. 相似文献
15.
分析了发生于闪电放电过程中一类特殊放电现象\_\_爆发式窄脉冲序列。结果表明, 在30 min内测得的69例闪电放电过程中, 全部存在此类爆发式窄脉冲序列。针对6例典型闪电中包含的190例爆发式窄脉冲序列进行了详细分析, 发现窄脉冲典型宽度约为1 μs, 典型脉冲间隔4~8 μs。根据脉冲时间间隔变化和极性转换将其划分为正常型、 反向型、 对称型和反转型。负地闪和云闪产生的爆发式窄脉冲序列特征无明显差别, 而正地闪中的爆发式窄脉冲序列极性反转较为频繁。分析认为, 不同类型的RBPs可能对应流光等击穿过程在不同极性小电荷区间行进的过程。 相似文献
16.
三维全闪探测已经成为了深入认识闪电物理机制和雷暴电活动规律的重要手段。中国气象局雷电野外科学试验基地(CMA_FEBLS)自主研发了低频电场探测阵列(LFEDA), 并持续开展了针对广东地区雷暴全闪电活动的综合观测试验, 在精细化三维定位算法和基于三维全闪数据的闪电放电过程研究方面取得了若干研究结果。(1) LFEDA具备雷暴电活动的无死时间捕获能力、优于百米的定位精度和一定的通道定位能力。(2)发展了基于简单脉冲特征的三维全闪定位算法, 并进一步将经验模态分解及衍生方法引入到闪电信号处理中, 提高了定位的精细化水平; 发展了融合到达时差和时间反转技术的定位方法, 提升了抗干扰能力、降低了对站网的要求。(3)实现了典型放电事件的电流波形反演, 获得了窄偶极性放电事件(NBE)、初始击穿脉冲(IBP)和爆发式脉冲簇(RBPs)的放电特征; 研究发现绝大多数闪电始发于IBP, 而作为始发的NBE则具有更大的孤立性、更大的相对幅度和更快的发展速度。(4)发现随着起始放电高度增加, 初始阶段持续时间和步长增加, 发展速度和脉冲丰度下降; 始发于强对流区时始发阶段通常有更大的速度和脉冲丰度。 相似文献
17.
空中人工引发雷电的正负先导特征研究 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：3
通过对 1998年 8月 2 2日空中引发雷电先导过程的光、电观测资料的综合分析发现 ,在空中引发雷电的先导系统中存在三个先导过程。①向下发展的负先导在起始阶段呈小阶梯特征 ,阶梯之间的时间间隔约为 2 0 μs ,阶梯的上升时间小于 1μs,随着负先导的下行发展 ,梯级增长。②金属导线上端向上发展的正先导在负先导接地之后 ,表现出明显的阶梯特性 ,阶梯之间的时间间隔平均为 15 μs。③从地面向上发展的连接正先导由多个振荡脉冲组成 ,脉冲之间的时间间隔约为 13μs,连接先导的发展也是梯级的。电场快变化中的高频分量随着距离的增加衰减很快。最强的发光是由向下的负先导接地时形成的小回击产生的 ,强光只集中在空气离化而形成的放电通道部分 ,光强则随着高度的增加很快衰减 ,其传播速度约为 2 .1× 10 8m·s-1。在小回击发生之前 ,向下发展的负先导在接地之前有较强的发光 ,而金属导线上端向上发展的正先导没有明显的发光。在小回击发生之后 ,金属导线上端向上正先导的发光强度被增强 ,其向上的传播速度约为 2 .4× 10 6m·s-1。金属导线部分在小回击发生之后约 2 2 0μs逐渐开始熔化发出强光 ,并向上发展而与前面向上发展的正先导的发光相并合 ,其传播速度约为 1× 10 6m·s-1 相似文献
18.
Stacy A. Fleenor Christopher J. Biagi Kenneth L. Cummins E. Philip Krider Xuan-Min Shao 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):333-352
In July 2005, a field campaign was conducted in the Central Great Plains to obtain 60-field/s video imagery of lightning in correlation with reports from the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network (NLDN) and broadband electric field waveforms from the Los Alamos Sferic Array (LASA). A total of 342 GPS time-stamped cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes were recorded in 17 different sessions, and 311 (91%) of these were correlated with reports from the NLDN. Only 6 of the 17 recording sessions were dominated by flashes that lowered negative charge to ground, and 11 were dominated by positive CG flashes. A total of 103 flashes recorded on video were correlated with at least one NLDN report of negative CG strokes, 204 video flashes were correlated with one or two positive stroke reports, and 4 had bipolar reports. In this paper, we will give distributions of the estimated peak current, Ip, as reported by the NLDN, of negative and positive first strokes that were recorded on video, the multiplicity of strokes that were recorded on video, and the number of ground contacts per flash that were resolved on video. 41 (40%) of the negative flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 62 (60%) showed two or more strokes. The observed multiplicity of negative flashes averaged 2.83, which becomes about 3.14 after correcting for the finite time-resolution of the video camera. 195 (96%) of the positive flashes produced just a single-stroke on video, and 9 (4%) showed two strokes; therefore, the observed multiplicity of positive flashes averaged 1.04. Five out of 9 (56%) of the positive subsequent strokes re-illuminated a previous channel, and 4 out of 9 (44%) created a new ground contact. Simultaneous video, LASA, and NLDN measurements also allowed us to examine the classification of NLDN reports during 3 single-cell storms (one negative and two positive). Based on the LASA waveforms, a total of 204 out of 376 (54%) NLDN reports of CG strokes were determined to be for cloud pulses. The misclassified negative reports had |Ip| values ranging from 3.8 kA to 29.7 kA, but only 58 (24%) of these had |Ip| > 10 kA, and only one misclassified positive report had Ip > 20 kA. Radar analyses showed that most of the negative and positive CG strokes that were recorded on video were produced within or near the convective cores of storms. The radar imagery also showed that single-cell storms tended to produce one polarity of CG flashes at a time, and that such storms could switch rapidly from negative to positive CG flashes when the reflectivity was near maximum. Multiple-cell storms produced both negative and positive flashes over a broad region, but each polarity tended to cluster near regions of high-reflectivity. 相似文献
19.
中国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电电特性对比分析 总被引：13，自引：17，他引：13
通过对我国南北方雷暴及人工触发闪电电特性的对比分析，发现南北方雷暴及人工触发闪是电特性有很大差异。北方雷暴电荷结构呈三极性，人工触发闪电是在地面电场为正的情况下成功的。主要由连续电流和双极性电流脉冲组成，最大放电电流为１ｋＡ，中和电葆量只有几库仑；南方雷暴则为偶极性，触发闪电由连续电流和我次回击组成，电流峰值在于１０ｋＡ。触发闪电时地面电场均为负极性，其中在４ｋＶ／ｍ以上；触发高度在北方最低为２６ 相似文献
20.
We have analyzed the fine-structure of 131 electric field (E) waveforms that were radiated during the onset of first return strokes in cloud-to-ocean lightning. The dE/dt waveforms were recorded using an 8-bit waveform digitizer sampling at 100 MHz, and the E waveforms were sampled at 10 MHz using a 10-bit digitizer. 49 (or 37%) of the dE/dt waveforms contain one or more large pulses within ± 1 μs of the largest (or dominant) peak in dE/dt, i.e. within an interval from − 1 μs to + 1 μs, where t = 0 μs is the time of the dominant peak, and 37 (or 28%) have one or more large pulses in the interval from 4 μs before to 1 μs before the dominant peak, i.e. − 4 μs to − 1 μs, and only the dominant peak within ± 1 μs . We give statistics on the amplitude and timing of dE/dt pulses that are near the dominant peak, and we show how the presence of these pulses adds considerable fine-structure to the shape of Eint, the integrated dE/dt waveform, on a time-scale of tens to hundreds of nanoseconds. This fine-structure includes fast pulses near the beginning of the slow front, large pulses and shoulders within the slow front and during the fast-transition, and very narrow peaks in Eint. Our overall conclusion is that the electromagnetic environment near the point(s) where lightning leaders attach to the surface is often more complicated than what would be produced by a single current pulse propagating up a single channel at the time of onset. 相似文献