共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Leandro Z.S. Campos Marcelo M.F. Saba Osmar Pinto Jr. Maurício G. Ballarotti 《Atmospheric Research》2007,84(4):302-310
Continuing current is a continuous mode of charge transfer to ground in a lightning flash. The extent to which the continuing current contributes to the total negative charge lowered to earth is large. In order to study the waveshape of the continuing currents of natural flashes, we developed a computational algorithm that analyzes the pixels of the images obtained by a high-speed camera and plots luminosity-versus-time. Tower measurements have shown that during the continuing current phase of the flash the luminosity of the channel is directly proportional to the current that flows through it. Using this information it was possible to infer the continuing current waveshape for 63 natural discharges and classify them into six different types. Statistics on some characteristics of 345 M-components (that occurred during the same 63 events) are also presented. As far as we know, this is the first study on waveshapes of continuing currents for natural lightning. 相似文献
2.
Charge source of cloud-to-ground lightning and charge structure of a typical thunderstorm in the Chinese Inland Plateau 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tinglong Zhang Xiushu Qie Tie Yuan Guangshu Zhang Tong Zhang Yang Zhao 《Atmospheric Research》2009,92(4):475-480
GPS-synchronized measurements of electric (E) field changes induced by lightning flashes were recorded at six stations in the northeastern verge of the Tibetan Plateau. The height and magnitude of charge neutralized by 65 return strokes, including 16 negative cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes and 2 positive CG flashes, have been fitted with the nonlinear least-square method based on the E field changes of CG flashes observed in a typical thunderstorm with larger-than-usual lower positive charge center (LPCC). Results show that the height of the charge region neutralized by negative CG flashes ranges from 3 km to 5 km above the ground, corresponding to an ambient temperature between − 2 °C and − 15 °C. For the two positive CG flashes, the neutralized charge regions are located at a height of about 5.5 km and the ambient temperature is about − 18 °C, indicating the existence of upper positive charge in the thunderstorm. 相似文献
3.
4.
The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hailstorms over northern China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The characteristics of cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning for ten hailstorms in Shandong Province of China were analyzed statistically. It is found that the hailstorms in this study present dominant positive CG flashes during periods of falling hail. One specific hailstorm on 16 June 2006 was studied in detail using the data from a CG lightning location network, Doppler radar and cloud images. Comparison between the brightness temperature of cloud-top and CG flash locations indicated that most flashes occurred in the region with temperatures lower than − 40 °C, while dense positive CG flashes occurred in the range between − 40 °C and − 50 °C. Negative CG flashes occurred mostly in the relative weak radar echo region, and positive CG flashes were distributed in the strong echo region especially with a large gradient of echo intensity. CG flashes tended to occur in the cloud region with reflectivity between 25 dBZ and 35 dBZ. Comparison between the wind field retrieved from Doppler radar and the location of CG flashes indicated that the flashes were located in the convergent region at lower to middle levels. 相似文献
5.
A significant enhancement in the number of negative cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning and a decrease in the percentage of positive CG flashes are observed over the city of São Paulo, similar to observations in other large urban areas. Strong evidence indicates that this anomalous behavior results from several mechanisms related to the urban effect. In this paper, we investigated the importance of the air pollution using CG lightning data provided by the Brazilian lightning detection network (BrasilDAT) for a 6-year period (1999–2004). Due to the large variations in the CG lightning activity in response to different meteorological processes, it is not an easy task to infer the contribution of air pollution to the enhancement in the lightning activity. In order to overcome such difficulty, two approaches were considered: (1) the weekly variation of the number of days with lightning in comparison to the mean concentration of particulate matter (PM10), as well as other thermodynamical parameters; (2) the variation of the number of CG flashes and the maximum storm flash rate per individual thunderstorm for different levels of pollution. The results of both analyses suggest that: first, the enhancement in the CG lightning activity during the week days over São Paulo metropolitan region is related to the PM10 concentration (pollution); second, the PM10 concentration tends to increase the lifetime of the storms and, in consequence, the number of flashes per storm, and not the flash rate of the thunderstorm; and third, the effect of the pollution in the enhancement of the CG lightning activity is probably less significant compared to the effect of the urban heat island. 相似文献
6.
Serge Soula Oscar van der Velde Joan Montany Torsten Neubert Olivier Chanrion Michal Ganot 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):514-528
During the summers of 2003 to 2006 sprites were observed over thunderstorms in France by cameras on mountain tops in Southern France. The observations were part of a larger coordinated effort, the EuroSprite campaigns, with data collected simultaneously from other sources including the French radar network for precipitation structure, Meteosat with images of cloud top temperature and the Météorage network for detection of cloud-to-ground (CG) flash activity. In this paper two storms are analyzed, each producing 27 sprite events. Both storms were identified as Mesoscale Convective Systems (MCS) with a trailing stratiform configuration (ST) and reaching a maximum cloud area of ~ 120,000 km2. Most of the sprites were produced while the stratiform area was clearly developed and during periods of substantial increase of rainfall in regions with radar reflectivity between 30 and 40 dBZ. The sprite-producing periods followed a maximum in the CG lightning activity and were characterized by a low CG flash rate with a high proportion of + CG flashes, typically around 50%. All sprites were associated with + CGs except one which was observed after a − CG as detected by the Météorage network. This − CG was estimated to have − 800 C km charge moment change. The peak current of sprite-producing + CG (SP + CG) flashes was twice the average value of + CGs and close to 60 kA with little variation between the periods of sprite activity. The SP + CG flashes were further characterized by short time intervals before a subsequent CG flash (median value < 0.5 s) and with clusters of several CG flashes which suggest that SP + CG flashes often are part of multi-CG flash processes. One case of a lightning process associated with a sprite consisted of 7 CG flashes. 相似文献
7.
Some aspects of the correlation between lightning and rain activities in thunderstorms 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The lightning activity of convective systems is a sometimes fruitful indicator of their precipitation production. The present study compares rain volume with different types of lightning activity in several convective systems. The study uses data obtained in the Paris area where two lightning detection systems coexist. The Météorage network provides the location and the polarity of cloud-to-ground flashes, while the SAFIR system detects the total flash activity: cloud-to-ground, intra-cloud flashes and VHF individual sources within a given time window. The overall spatial correlation between rain and lightning appears to be very consistent for all lightning types. A pixel-to-pixel study shows that positive CG flashes are associated with higher rainwater volume than negative flashes. Introducing a weight coefficient for positive CG flashes considerably improves the correlation between rain amount and lightning production. Taking into account the specific contribution of each type of lightning flash, the amount of rain can be estimated from the total electrical activity of each system. Comparison with the amount derived from radar measurement shows reasonable agreement. Finally, the parallel time evolutions of rain and lightning rates display quite similar characteristics. 相似文献
8.
Intracloud (IC) and cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning flashes produce transient changes in the electric field (E) above a thundercloud which drive transient currents in the global electric circuit (GEC). Using in-cloud and above-cloud E data from balloons, ground-based E data, and Lightning Mapping Array data, the above-cloud charge transfers due to lightning transients are estimated for five IC and five CG flashes from four thunderstorms that occurred above the mountains in New Mexico, USA, in 1999. For the five CG flashes (which transferred − 4 to − 13 C to the ground), the transient currents moved + 1 to + 5 C of charge upward from cloudtop toward the ionosphere, with an average transient charge transfer of about 35% of the charge transferred to ground. For the five IC flashes (which neutralized 6 to 21 C inside the cloud), the transient currents moved − 0.7 to − 3 C upward, with an average transient charge transfer of about 12% of the lightning charge. Estimates for three thunderstorms indicate that the transient currents made only a small GEC contribution compared to the quasi-stationary Wilson currents because of the offsetting effects of IC and CG flashes in these storms. However, storms with extreme characteristics, such as high flash rates or predominance of one flash type, may make a significant GEC contribution via lightning transients. 相似文献
9.
The global electrical circuit, which maintains a potential of about 280 kV between the earth and the ionosphere, is thought to be driven mainly by thunderstorms and lightning. However, very few in situ measurements of electrical current above thunderstorms have been successfully obtained. In this paper, we present dc to very low frequency electric fields and atmospheric conductivity measured in the stratosphere (30–35 km altitude) above an active thunderstorm in southeastern Brazil. From these measurements, we estimate the mean quasi-static conduction current during the storm period to be 2.5 ± 1.25 A. Additionally, we examine the transient conduction currents following a large positive cloud-to-ground (+ CG) lightning flash and typical − CG flashes. We find that the majority of the total current is attributed to the quasi-static thundercloud charge, rather than lightning, which supports the classical Wilson model for the global electrical circuit. 相似文献
10.
A Comparison of the Characteristics of Total and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Activities in Hailstorms 
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下载免费PDF全文 The region of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei is covered by two different lightning detection networks: SAFIR (Systeme d’Alerte Fondre par Interferometrie Radioelecctrique) for total lightning, including IntraCloud (IC) flashes and Cloud-to-Ground (CG) flashes, and the ADTD (ADvanced TOA and Direction system; TOA denotes time of arrival) network of China for CG lightning. Fourteen isolated hail-bearing thunderstorms in this region were examined in this study, using the data of SAFIR and ADTD. The peak of lightning frequency, for both total lightning and CG lightning, was often observed in advance of the occurrence of hailstones on the ground, with a trend of a rapid increase of lightning frequency before the hail was reported. The average lead times of the two types of lightning jump before hail events were obtained (total lightning: 32.2 min; CG: 25.4 min) through the 2σ lightning jump algorithm. Additionally, in hailstorms with a high ratio of positive CG flashes, the diameter of hail was larger and the duration of hail was longer; when negative CG flashes dominated, the diameter of hail was relatively small. The comparison of the characteristics of total lightning and CG flashes in hailstorms in this study is expected to serve as a supplementary tool for hail forecasting. 相似文献
11.
成都地区地闪时空特征分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用XDD03A型闪电定位仪所取得的3年资料,初步研究了成都周边地区地闪特征。地闪中正地闪占绝大多数,其平均强度为6045 A,略高于负地闪的5974 A。地闪强度基本集中在12000 A以下。地闪活动具有明显的日变化,总体呈单峰单谷形式,地闪频次在60以上的峰值时段是18:00~24:00和01:00,频次在10以下的谷值时段是10:00~13:00,夜间闪电活动明显大于日间。正地闪频次日变化趋势和总地闪相同,负地闪频次日变化趋势除一些小波动外,和正地闪、总地闪相同。正负地闪频次的月变化趋势相同,6、7、8月闪电数较多,4、5、9、10月闪电数较少。通过统计分析,发现各月地闪频次和对应的各月降水量有较好的相关性。成都周边地区地闪活动密集,6、7、8月的地闪密度大大超过4、5、9、10月。 相似文献
12.
利用三维(ADTD-2C)和二维(ADTD)闪电定位系统资料, 对比分析了湖北省一次特大暴雨过程中两套系统闪电活动特征, 得出以下结论: (1)本次过程中地闪多于云闪, 二者均以负极性为主。(2)三维系统正地闪在地闪中的占比低于正云闪在云闪中的占比, 高于二维系统正地闪在地闪中的占比。(3)三维系统雷电流幅值集中分布在0~30 kA, 较二维系统(10~50 kA)更集中, 三维系统的雷电流累积概率较湖北省多年统计结果明显偏小, 二维系统的雷电流累积概率略高于统计值。(4)两套系统总地闪和负地闪活跃时段基本一致。(5)两套闪电定位系统地闪密集区基本一致, 且和云闪密集区基本重合, 闪电分布集中程度高, 主要分布在槽前正涡度平流区。三维系统地闪密度大于二维系统, 最大值分别为5.78 fl/(km2·d)和2.39 fl/(km2·d)。三维系统中正、负闪电交错分布, 二维系统中正、负地闪局部存在空间分离现象。(6)云闪密度大小与二维地闪相当、水平分布特征与三维地闪一致。垂直方向上, 云闪主要发生在10 km以下, 其中2~4 km云闪分布密集, 占总云闪的47.24%。 相似文献
13.
利用2007—2018年浙江省ADTD闪电定位资料,分析了该地区多回击地闪分布及相关参数特征。结果表明:浙江省多回击地闪占总地闪的26.74%,其中正闪以单回击地闪为主;正、负闪平均回击数分别为1.04次和1.65次,最大回击数分别为5次和21次。回击数和地闪数存在较为一致的年际变化,正、负多回击地闪日变化分别呈多峰和单峰分布。正、负多回击地闪电流强度算术平均值分别为72.06kA和-36.89kA,回击平均强度随回击数的增加而下降,约40%的地闪过程中至少有1次继后回击强度比首次回击强;首次回击和继后回击的强度分布呈对数正态分布,集中在15～45kA之间。正、负地闪回击间隔时间算术平均值分别为125.47ms和138.14ms,几何平均值分别为56.73ms和98.95ms,回击间隔时间呈对数正态分布,平均回击间隔时间随回击数的增大而减小。多回击地闪继后回击与首次回击之间距离与回击数呈准正态分布,集中在距离为1km范围内。 相似文献
14.
２００６—２００９年江苏省地闪特征分析及应用 总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1
根据2006-2009年江苏省气象部门闪电定位系统资料,对江苏省地闪的总体特征、雷电流强度和地闪的时空分布特征进行了分析,并利用江苏13市雷暴日观测记录,统计了各市地闪密度公式.结果表明,江苏省以负地闪为主,正地闪的平均雷电流强度大干负地闪;地闪随时间变化明显,空间分布和地形密切相关,地闪密集区域应相应加强防雷工作;装设接闪器的建筑物也有遭受雷击的可能,江苏97.75%的地闪的雷电流强度都集中在100 kA以下;各市使用本地化的地闪密度计算公式比IEC公式计算得出的结果更符合实际. 相似文献
15.
Study of the total lightning activity in a hailstorm 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Joan Montany Serge Soula Nicolau Pineda Oscar van der Velde Pere Clapers Glria Sol Joan Bech D. Romero 《Atmospheric Research》2009,91(2-4):430-437
A thunderstorm that developed over northeastern Spain on 16 June 2006 is analyzed. This severe thunderstorm produced hailstones as large as 40 mm and had a lifetime of 3 h and 30 min. Radar cross-sections show strong vertical development with cloud echo tops reaching an altitude of 13 km. The specific characteristics of the lightning activity of this storm were: (i) a large amount (81%) of negative cloud-to-ground (−CG) flashes with very low peak currents (< 10 kA in absolute value), (ii) a very large proportion of intra-cloud (IC) flashes with an IC/CG ratio reaching about 400, (iii) a large number of “short” IC flashes (with only 1-VHF source according to SAFIR detection), (iv) a large increase of the −CG flash rate and of the CG proportion near the end of the storm. The rate of −CG flashes with a low peak current were observed to evolve similarly to the rates of IC flashes. Most of them have been assumed to be IC flashes misclassified by the Spanish Lightning Detection Network (SLDN). They have been filtered as it is usually done for misclassified +CG flashes. After this filtering, CG flash rates remained very low (< 1 min− 1) with +CG flashes sometimes dominant. All the particular lightning activity characteristics similar to those observed in the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS) campaigns support the hypothesis that this thunderstorm could have had an inverted-polarity or complex charge structure. The maximum IC flash rate (67 min− 1) peaked 24 min before the presence of reflectivity higher than 60 dBZ. The IC activity abruptly decreased during the period when reflectivity was dramatically increasing. The time of maximum reflectivity observed by radar was consistent with the times of reported hail at the ground. 相似文献
16.
在广州野外雷电试验基地,对2008年和2011年夏季人工触发闪电回击之后的14个连续电流过程和43个M分量的通道底部电流、电场变化和通道亮度进行了同步测量和分析。结果表明:M分量的电流、快慢电场变化和亮度变化波形均近似对称;触发闪电连续电流过程的持续时间、转移电荷量、电流平均值的几何平均值分别为22 ms,6.0 C和273 A;M分量的幅度、转移电荷量、半峰值宽度、上升时间、持续时间的几何平均值分别为409 A,205 mC,520 μs,305 μs和1.6 ms;连续电流持续时间与M分量的个数、相邻M分量之间的时间间隔均存在显著的正相关关系。 相似文献
17.
北京地区闪电特征初探 总被引：16，自引：5，他引：16
对信息产业部第22所研制的XDD03A雷电探测系统获取的2000～2003年北京地区云-地闪电资料进行了闪电的日变化、月变化、闪电的强度、闪电密度、极性等方面的分析，研究了北京地区的闪电分布特征。结果表明：云地闪中负闪占大多数；正闪的平均强度大于负闪；闪电的发生有明显的日变化，呈双锋双谷形式；最多闪电日数出现在7月和8月，几乎每天都出现闪电，而闪电次数最多则出现于8月份。北京地区闪电分布主要集中于4个区域，闪电的空间分布与地形及下垫面的性质有关。 相似文献
18.
Lightning and Doppler radar observations of a squall line system 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
A typical squall line with damaging wind and hailstones occurred on 28 April 2006 in Shandong Province, middle eastern China, and caused great economic loss. The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning (CG) in the squall line were studied in detail by combining the data from the ground-based CG location network, two Doppler radars and the Lightning Imaging Sensor on the TRMM satellite. Results show that positive CG flashes accounted for 54.7% of the total CG flashes. During the initial developing stage, the CG flash rate was lower than 0.5fl min− 1 and most of the CG flashes were positive. It increased significantly, up to 4.5fl min− 1, along with the rapid development of the squall line, and the percentage of positive CG was more than 75% during this period. The CG flash rate began to decrease but the percentage of negative CG flash increased gradually and exceeded that of positive CG during the mature and dissipating stages. Positive CG flashes tended to occur on the right flank and negative ones on the left flank. Strong wind at the surface occurred in or near the regions with dense positive CG flashes. Almost all positive CG flashes occurred near the strong radar echo regions, in the front parts of the squall line. However, the negative CG flashes almost exclusively occurred in the regions with weak and uniform radar echoes. The total flash rate in the storm was very high, up to 136fl min− 1, and its ratio of intracloud flashes (IC) to CG flashes was 35:1. Dense positive CG flashes corresponded to updraft regions, they did not occur in the core of the updraft, but just behind and close to the main updraft instead. The rear inflow jet, between 3 and 6 km, played an important role in the formation of the bow echo and very strong wind at surface. The CG distribution features in the squall line were obviously different from that of an ordinary MCS. The charge structure could be roughly described as an inverted charge structure. 相似文献
19.
广州高建筑物雷电观测站光电同步观测系统于2017年6月16日记录到一次峰值电流达+141 kA的单回击正地闪触发两个并发上行闪电过程。利用高速摄像、普通摄像和电场变化数据分析了触发型上行闪电的始发特征和机理。结果表明:正地闪回击后约0.8 ms内,在距正地闪接地点约3.9 km的广州塔（高600 m）和4.1 km的东塔（高530 m）分别有上行闪电始发。正地闪回击过程中和大量正电荷以及之后可能有云内负先导朝高塔方向快速伸展造成塔顶局部区域的电场发生突变是两个上行闪电激发的原因。两个上行闪电在353 ms内发生7次回击,其中6次在广州塔上,仅1次在东塔上,且广州塔回击峰值电流平均值（-21.4 kA）约为东塔回击峰值电流（-7.3 kA）的3倍,表明广州塔上行闪电通道可能比东塔上行闪电通道伸展至分布范围更广、电荷量（或电荷密度）更大的负电荷区。两个上行闪电先导的二维速率变化范围为9.4×104~1.8×106 m·s-1,平均值为6.9×105 m·s-1。 相似文献
20.
兰州周边地闪分布特征 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
利用2000年和2002年设在兰州的闪电定位仪资料,分析了兰州周边地区地闪的日频次变化、强度谱分布和累计百分数、日均月变化、闪电密度、极性等特征,并与山东地区的分布做了比较。结果表明,兰州周边地区的云—地闪电中负闪占绝大多数,正闪的平均强度大于负闪,正负闪的比值在午后至次日凌晨大于其均值;总地闪和负闪的日变化呈典型的双峰变化,正闪的双峰特征不明显;兰州西南偏南的渭源和陇西县是闪电频发的中心地带,闪电空间分布中心与冰雹发生源地和影响区对应一致;闪电多发区与地形和气候背景有很大关系。 相似文献