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背风波形成的非线性数值试验及其对降水的影响 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
众所周知,降水现象是由大、中、小不同尺度的运动造成的。而中,小尺度的降水,往往起着非常重要的作用。引起局地暴雨和阵性降水(包括冰雹)的灾害性天气,都是在适当的大尺度背景下的中小尺度的天气现象。而这种中、小尺度天气现象,又往往与地形有关。例如,背风坡大风及冰雹问题在云贵高原横断山脉,有些地方背风坡的年降水量比迎风坡要多。而冰雹现象又往往多数产生在地形的背风面。在云南、甘肃、河南、河北等都发现有上述情况。要抓灾害性天气预报,要作好降水预报,只报出大尺度的天气形势和降水是远远不够的,还应该把中小尺度的降水预报作好才行。因此根据大形势数值预 相似文献
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1.引言在历史上气象学家们一直倾向于从空间和时间尺度有很大差别的两个观点出发来研究大气动力学。在试图解释最接近人们生活环境的地面上的细微运动特征方面,他们发展了微气象学,来处理空间尺度为几米和时间尺度大约一分钟的大气动力学问题。同样,为了预报大气中天气形势的发展,气象学家们对空间尺度为一千公里以上和时间尺度为一周的大尺度动力学的运动特征给以极大的关注。尽管“大尺度”气象学和“小尺度”气象学包含了许多大气过程,但仍然有大量重要的天气现象,它们的空间尺度和时间尺度居于这二者之间。我们对这些中间尺度的认识是逐渐的,这倒不是因为它们不重要,而是因为要获得那些与它们有关的观测资料是困难的。然而,近年来由于对城市环境和强风暴 相似文献
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应用单多普勒雷达资料反演风场作暴雨中尺度分析 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：7
针对2002年6月23日发生在安徽西部的一次暴雨过程，以有限的探空资料作为大尺度背景场，应用合肥CINRAD-98D多普勒雷达资料，通过准四维变分分析方法进行反演，获得了不易被常规探测到的中小尺度三维风场，由此分析了引起强降水的中尺度天气系统。指出暴雨中心位于风速切变的下方，同时上空也伴随辐合中心，以及正涡度极大值。分析结果表明，变分法是一种较为准确的从雷达资料中提取三维风场的方法。利用雷达资料反映中尺度天气系统，同时又加入大尺度的背景场作为基础，两者相互弥补，能较真实地反映实际天气状况。在气象预报中有效地应用多普勒雷达资料，有助于研究更为细致的中小尺度天气系统结构，而且也可为中小尺度数值预报模式提供准确的初始场。 相似文献
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多普勒天气雷达在阵风锋监测中的应用 总被引：6，自引：8，他引：6
本文利用多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD/SA)及常规资料,对2004年5月22日发生在江苏东北部的一次阵风锋天气现象进行了详细分析。阐述了阵风锋的反射率因子和多普勒径向速度特征,如回波强度、宽度、成因及冷锋过境前后的速度场特征等。并且探讨了阵风锋在短时预报中的应用。 相似文献
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通过对天气尺度的平均环而场、中尺度天气系统、大气稳定度、卫星云图等资料进行分析，从几个方面归纳出百色地区1996年3月27～28日和5月28日两次重大天气过程的一些特征，从中揭示了出现冰雹天气和暴雨天气的某些异同点：大尺度环流背景相似而中小尺度系统其强度和范围差异明显。为今后的重大天气预报提供一些新的特征指标。 相似文献
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相同大尺度环流背景下不同类型强对流天气个例分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用常规观测、雷达、卫星和自动站等资料,对2013年3月23日广西一次区域性强对流天气过程中两种不同类型强对流天气现象产生的局地环境条件、触发机制及中尺度等特征进行了对比分析。结果表明：在相同大尺度环流背景下,两种类型强对流天气（即干对流型和混合对流型）在大气层结、湿层厚度、对流有效位能（CAPE值）和垂直风切变等局地环境上存在一定差异;其触发机制不同,广西西部干对流由位于地面锋前暖区的辐合线触发,而北部混合型强对流则由地面锋面触发;雷达和卫星图像上,两类强对流在形态、强度和移速上均存在明显差异,这些差异对广西不同类型强对流天气的监测预警具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
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暴雨是中尺度天气现象。要解决暴雨的预报问题,从根本上讲必须搞清楚中小尺度系统发生发展的机制及其预报问题。由于目前获取的分析资料时间间隔太长、空间的距离又很大,因此对认识以致预报直接造成暴雨的中尺度系统的活动规律带来许多困难,这是暴雨预报常常失败的重要原因之一。现实的问题是如何根据现有的条件充分挖掘各种气象资料(包括物理量场的资料)的潜力,结合现代化的监视系统来努力提高短期暴雨预报水平。各种尺度的天气系统是互相联系、互相制约的,尽管中小尺度天气系统发生发展的预报还非常困难,但寻找其赖以发生发展的适宜环境场(摇篮)——大尺度的环流特征仍不失为短期暴雨 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(4):227
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. 相似文献
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Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China. 相似文献
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<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>
<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p> 相似文献
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By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward. 相似文献
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Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future. 相似文献
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Characterization and source apportionment of volatile organic compounds in urban and suburban Tianjin,China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tianjin is the third largest megacity and the fastest growth area in China, and consequently faces the problems of surface ozone and haze episodes. This study measures and characterizes volatile organic compounds(VOCs), which are ozone precursors, to identify their possible sources and evaluate their contribution to ozone formation in urban and suburban Tianjin,China during the Ha Chi(Haze in China) summer campaign in 2009. A total of 107 species of ambient VOCs were detected,and the average concentrations of VOCs at urban and suburban sites were 92 and 174 ppbv, respectively. Of those, 51 species of VOCs were extracted to analyze the possible VOC sources using positive matrix factorization. The identified sources of VOCs were significantly related to vehicular activities, which specifically contributed 60% to urban and 42% to suburban VOCs loadings in Tianjin. Industrial emission was the second most prominent source of ambient VOCs in both urban and suburban areas, although the contribution of industry in the suburban area(36%) was much higher than that at the urban area(16%). We conclude that controlling vehicle emissions should be a top priority for VOC reduction, and that fast industrialization and urbanization causes air pollution to be more complex due to the combined emission of VOCs from industry and daily life, especially in suburban areas. 相似文献
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碳交易政策的经济影响:以广东省为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过构建广东省两区域动态模型,对广东省碳交易及其他政策措施进行定量评估,分析实施可调控总量的碳交易政策机制对广东省及参与交易部门的经济影响。研究结果表明,按照减排情景到2015年广东完成19.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景,GDP将减少0.7%;按照强减排情景到2015年将完成20.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景GDP将减少0.9%;如果在强减排情景的基础上实施碳交易政策,GDP相对基准情景减少0.8%,到2015年实施碳交易政策可减少GDP损失约90亿元,说明广东建立碳排放权交易机制能够发挥支持经济发展和节能减碳双赢的作用。 相似文献