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半干旱草原温室气体排放/吸收与环境因子的关系研究 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
静态箱一气相色谱法对内蒙古半干旱草原连续两年的实验观测研究结果表明,内蒙古草原是大气CO2和N2O的排放源,而是CH4的汇.在植物生长不同季节,草原生态系统排放/吸收温室气体CO2,CH4和N2O的日变化形式各有不同,其中在植物生长旺季日变化形式最具特征.3种温室气体的季节排放/吸收高峰主要出现在土壤湿度较大的春融和降雨较为集中时期.所有草原植物生长季节CO2净排放日变化形式均为白天出现排放低值,夜间出现排放高值.较高的温度有利于CO2排放,地上生物量决定着光合吸收CO2量值的高低.影响半干旱草原吸收CH4和排放N2O日变化形式的关键是土壤含水量和供氧状况,日温变化则主要影响日变化强度.吸收CH4和排放N2O的季节变化与土壤湿度季节变化分别呈线性反、正相关,相关系数均在0.4～0.6之间.自由放牧使CO2、N2O和CH4交换速率日较差降低,同时使N2O和CH4年度排放/吸收量减少和CO2年度排放量增加. 相似文献
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半干旱草原温室气体排放/吸收与环境因子的关系研究 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
静态箱—气相色谱法对内蒙古半干旱草原连续两年的实验观测研究结果表明，内蒙古草原是大气CO2和N2O的排放源，和CH4的汇。在植物生长不同季节，草原生态系统排放／吸收温室气体CO2、CH4和N2O的日变化形式各有不同，其中在植物生长旺季日变化形式最具特征。三种温室气体的季节排放／吸收高峰主要出现在土壤湿度较大的春融期和降雨较为集中时期。对所有草原植物生长季节，CO2净排放日变化形式均为白天出现排放低值，夜间出现排放高值。较高的温度有利于CO2排放，地上生物量决定着光合吸收CO2量值的高低。影响半干旱草原吸收CH4和排放N2O日变化形式的关键是土壤台水量和供氧状况，日温变化则主要影响日变化强度。吸收CH4和排放N2O的季节变化与土壤湿度季节变化分别呈线性反、正相关，相关系数均在0．4-0．6之间。自由放牧使CO2、N2O和CH4交换速率日较差降低，同时使N2O和CH4年度排放／吸收量减少和CO2年度排放量增加。 相似文献
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小麦秸秆还田量对晋南地区裸地土壤—大气间甲烷、二氧化碳、氧化亚氮和一氧化氮交换的影响 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
采用静态暗箱采样—气相色谱/化学发光分析相结合的方法,对晋南地区盐碱地不同小麦秸秆还田量裸地土壤夏、秋季(2008年6～10月)的甲烷(CH4)、二氧化碳(CO2)、氧化亚氮(N2O)和一氧化氮(NO)交换通量进行了原位观测。结果表明:观测期内,秸秆全还田(FS)、秸秆一半还田(HS)和秸秆不还田(NS)处理土壤—大气间CH4、CO2、N2O和NO平均交换通量分别为-0.8±2.7、-1.4±2.3、-6.5±1.8μg(C).m-2.h-1(CH4),267.1±23.1、212.0±17.8、188.5±13.6mg(C).m-2.h-1(CO2),20.7±3.0、16.3±2.3、14.7±1.7μg(N).m-2.h-1(N2O),3.9±0.5、3.4±0.5、3.0±0.4μg(N).m-2.h-1(NO)。交换通量表现出明显的季节变化趋势,灌溉、降雨和温度变化是影响该趋势的主要因素。相对于NS处理,FS和HS处理降低了累积CH4吸收量(66%和59%),增加了累积CO2(42%和12%)、N2O(41%和9%)和NO(30%和13%)排放量,因此,秸秆还田促进了农田土壤总的温室气体排放。计算得到FS和HS处理小麦秸秆的CO2、N2O、NO排放系数分别为73.4%±1.6%和43.3%±1.0%(CO2)、0.37%±0.01%和0.17%±0.00%(N2O)、0.06%±0.00%和0.05%±0.00%(NO),FS处理的排放系数显著高于HS处理,且均低于同一实验地种植玉米、施肥农田的小麦秸秆排放系数(N2O和NO排放系数分别为2.32%和0.42%)。可见,在采用排放因子方法估算还田秸秆CO2、N2O和NO排放量时,应考虑秸秆还田量、农作物种植和施肥因素的影响。 相似文献
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华东稻麦轮作农田CH4、N2O和NO排放特征 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用同步自动观测系统对华东稻麦轮作农田的CH4、N2O和NO排放进行了长期连续观测,分析了这3种气体排放的季节特征及决定因素,结果表明,华东稻麦轮作农田的CH4、N2O和NO排放具有完全不同的季节变化形式。CH4的排放发生在水稻生长期,其他阶段排放不明显,土壤水分状况是决定整个轮作周期内CH4排放变化的主要因素。N2O排放具有"冬季无,水田少,旱地多"的季节变化特点,尤其以旱地阶段的排放为主,土壤水分状况和温度共同决定着N2O排放的季节变化形式。NO排放具有"冬季无,水田很少,春季旱地多于秋季旱地"的季节分布特点,轮作周期内97.3%±0.6%的NO排放都发生在除冬季以外的旱地阶段,NO排放的季节变化形式由土壤水分状况和温度共同决定。大多数情况下稻田CH4和N2O排放呈互为消长的关系,但在烤田期间,二者却有时甚至同时出现高排放。在N2O日平均排放通量小于5 mg.m-2.h-1时,稻麦轮作农田的N2O和NO排放呈明显的互为消长关系,但大于5 mg.m-2.h-1时,N2O排放很强,同时NO排放也很强。 相似文献
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利用精确的逐线积分模式,研究了大气主要温室气体H2O、CO2、O3、N2O和CH4吸收带重叠对红外冷却率的影响。同时,通过CO2浓度加倍的敏感性试验,详细讨论了重叠效应对CO2辐射效应的影响。结果表明：气体吸收带重叠对大气红外辐射计算具有重要的影响。在这5种大气主要的吸收气体中,N2O和CH4的重叠效应对总冷却率影响很小,在实际应用中可以忽略两者的重叠作用,采用近似方法处理其贡献。重叠效应对CO2辐射效应影响的总趋势是减弱由于其浓度增加而导致的温室效应的增强,主要贡献来自于CO2 15 μm带的两翼,以及以960 cm-1和1064 cm-1为中心的次级弱吸收区。在垂直方向上,重叠效应主要表现在减弱了地表大气的增温强度,并使对流层大气由原来的冷却作用转变为增暖作用,而对平流层大气的影响很小。此外,由于大气H2O含量的变化,重叠效应还表现出明显的季节性和纬度变率。 相似文献
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温室气体的种类和特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《气候变化研究进展》2006,2(6):300-300
《京都议定书》附件A给出了人类排放的温室气体主要有6种,即二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)、氧化亚氮(N2O)、氢氟碳化物(HFCs)、全氟化碳(PFCs)、和六氟化硫(SF6)。其中对气候变化影响最大的是CO2。它产生的增温效应占所有温室气体总增温效应的63％,在大气中存留期最长可达200年。这6种主要温室气体的增温效应 相似文献
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种植不同作物对农田N2O和CH4排放的影响及其驱动因子 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
以种植玉米(Zea mays)、大豆(Glycine max)和水稻(Oryza sativa)的农田生态系统为研究对象,于2003年6~10月系统观测了N2O和CH4的排放、土壤温度和湿度以及相关的生物学因子。玉米和水稻分别施化肥氮300 kg.hm-2,大豆未施氮肥。研究结果表明,作物类型对农田N2O和CH4排放具有显著的影响。土壤-玉米系统、土壤-大豆系统和土壤-水稻系统的N2O季节性平均排放通量分别为620.5±57.6、338.0±7.5和238.8±13.6μg.m-2.h-1(N2O)。种植作物促进了农田生态系统的N2O排放,玉米地土壤和裸地土壤的N2O平均排放通量分别为364.2±11.7和163.7±10.5μg.m-2.h-1(N2O)。土壤-玉米系统、土壤-水稻系统、玉米地土壤和裸地土壤N2O排放受土壤温度的影响,与土壤湿度无显著统计相关,但受土壤温度和水分的综合影响。土壤-大豆系统N2O排放随作物绿叶干重的增加而指数增加,与土壤温度和水分条件无统计相关,由大豆作物自身氮代谢所产生的N2O-N季节总量约为6.2 kg.hm-2(N)。土壤-水稻系统CH4平均排放通量为1.7±0.1 mg.m-2.h-1(CH4),烤田抑制了稻田CH4的排放。烤田前影响稻田CH4排放的主要因素是水稻生物量,烤田后的浅水灌溉及湿润灌溉阶段的CH4排放与土壤温度和水稻生物量无关。本研究未观测到旱作农田有吸收CH4的现象。 相似文献
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Carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide emissions from a rice-wheat rotation as affected by crop residue incorporation and temperature 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
Field measurements were made from June 2001 to May 2002 to evaluate the effect of crop residue application and temperature on CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions within an entire rice-wheat rotation season.Rapeseed cake and wheat straw were incorporated into the soil at a rate of 2.25 t hm-2 when the rice crop was transplanted in June 2001. Compared with the control, the incorporation of rapeseed cake enhanced the emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O in the rice-growing season by 12.3%, 252.3%, and 17.5%,respectively, while no further effect was held on the emissions of CO2 and N2O in the following wheatgrowing season. The incorporation of wheat straw enhanced the emissions of CO2 and CH4 by 7.1%and 249.6%, respectively, but reduced the N2O emission by 18.8% in the rice-growing season. Significant reductions of 17.8% for the CO2 and of 12.9% for the N2O emission were observed in the following wheatgrowing season. A positive correlation existed between the emissions of N2O and CO2 (R2 = 0.445, n =73, p ＜ 0.001) from the rice-growing season when N2O was emitted. A trade-off relationship between the emissions of CH4 and N2O was found in the rice-growing season. The CH4 emission was significantly correlated with the CO2 emission for the period from rice transplantation to field drainage, but not for the entire rice-growing season. In addition, air temperature was found to regulate the CO2 emissions from the non-waterlogged period over the entire rice-wheat rotation season and the N2O emissions from the nonwaterlogged period of the rice-growing season, which can be quantitatively described by an exponential function. The temperature coefficient (Q10) was then evaluated to be 2.3±0.2 for the CO2 emission and 3.9±0.4 for the N2O emission, respectively. 相似文献
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There is growing concern that increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have been responsible for global warming through their effect on radiation balance and temperature. The magnitude of emissions and the relative importance of different sources vary widely, regionally and locally. The Indus Basin of Pakistan is the food basket of the country and agricultural activities are vulnerable to the effects of global warming due to accelerated emissions of GHGs. Many developments have taken place in the agricultural sector of Pakistan in recent decades in the background of the changing role of the government and the encouragement of the private sector for investment in new ventures. These interventions have considerable GHG emission potential. Unfortunately, no published information is currently available on GHG concentrations in the Indus Basin to assess their magnitude and emission trends. The present study is an attempt to estimate GHG （CO2, CH4 and N2O） emissions arising from different agro-ecosystems of Indus Basin. The GHGs were estimated mostly using the IPCC Guidelines and data from the published literature. The results showed that CH4 emissions were the highest （4.126 Tg yr^-1） followed by N20 （0.265 Tg yr^-1） and CO2 （52.6 Tg yr^-1）. The sources of CH4 are enteric fermentation, rice cultivation and cultivation of other crops. N2O is formed by microbial denitrification of NO3 produced from applied fertilizer-N on cropped soils or by mineralization of native organic matter on fallow soils. CO2 is formed by the burning of plant residue and by soil respiration due to the decomposition of soil organic matter. 相似文献
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农田生态系统温室气体排放研究进展 总被引：39，自引：0，他引：39
自1985年起,中国科学院大气物理研究所利用自行设计制造的自动观测仪器系统,历时十六年先后对我国四大类主要水稻产区的甲烷排放规律及其与土壤、气象条件和农业管理措施的关系进行了系统野外观测实验,并对稻田甲烷产生、转化和输送机理进行了理论研究,探讨了控制稻田甲烷排放的实用措施,建立了估算和预测稻田甲烷排放的数值模型.在甲烷排放的时空变化规律和转化率研究方面有一系列新的发现,在稻田甲烷产生率、排放率及其与环境条件的关系方面取得一系列新的成果,以充分证据改变了国际上关于全球和中国稻田甲烷排放总量的估算.在对稻田甲 相似文献
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Methane and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Three Paddy Rice Based Cultivation Systems in Southwest China 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
To understand methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from permanently flooded rice paddy fields and to develop mitigation options, a field experiment was conducted in situ for two years (from late 2002 to early 2005) in three rice-based cultivation systems, which are a permanently flooded rice field cultivated with a single time and followed by a non-rice season (PF), a rice-wheat rotation system (RW) and a rice-rapeseed rotation system (RR) in a hilly area in Southwest China. The results showed that the total CH4 emissions from PF were 646.3±52.1 and 215.0±45.4 kg CH4 hm-2 during the rice-growing period and non-rice period, respectively. Both values were much lower than many previous reports from similar regions in Southwest China. The CH4 emissions in the rice-growing season were more intensive in PF, as compared to RW and RR. Only 33% of the total annual CH4 emission in PF occurred in the non-rice season, though the duration of this season is two times longer than the rice season. The annual mean N2O flux in PF was 4.5±0.6 kg N2O hm-2 yr-1. The N2O emission in the rice-growing season was also more intensive than in the non-rice season, with only 16% of the total annual emission occurring in the non-rice season. The amounts of N2O emission in PF were ignorable compared to the CH4 emission in terms of the global warming potential (GWP). Changing PF to RW or RR not only eliminated CH4 emissions in the non-rice season, but also substantially reduced the CH4 emission during the following rice-growing period (ca. 58%, P<0.05). However, this change in cultivation system substantially increased N2O emissions, especially in the non-rice season, by a factor of 3.7 to 4.5. On the 100-year horizon, the integrated GWP of total annual CH4 and N2O emissions satisfies PF>>RR≈RW. The GWP of PF is higher than that of RW and RR by a factor of 2.6 and 2.7, respectively. Of the total GWP of CH4 and N2O emissions, CH4 emission contributed to 93%, 65% and 59% in PF, RW and RR, respectively. These results suggest that changing PF to RW and RR can substantially reduce not only CH4 emission but also the total GWP of the CH4 and N2O emissions. 相似文献
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Mitigation options for methane, nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions from agricultural ecosystems 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Zheng Xunhu Wang Mingxing Wang Yuesi Shen Renxing Li Jing J. Heyer M. Koegge H. Papen 《大气科学进展》2000,17(1):83-92
1.IntroductionNitrousoxide(N,O)andmethane(CH.)arethemostimportantgreenhousegassesintheatmospherewithitscontributiontoglobalwarmingjustlowerthanCO2.Theirconcentrationsinatmospherehavebeennotedtoincreasecurrentlyattherateof0.25%yr--'andl.02%yr',respectively(IPCC,1995).Atpresent,theincreaseofNZOandCH4intheatmospherehasbeenestimatedtoaccountfor20--25%oftheglobalwarming(FAO&IAEA,1992;Bailes&Bridges,1992).NOdoesnotabsorbradiationdirectlyintheatmosphere,buttheincreasingconcentrationofNOmay… 相似文献