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1.
《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2021,(3)
利用乌鲁木齐2018年1—12月雨滴谱仪观测数据,分析了两种类型降水(雨、雨加雪)滴谱的微物理参量,以探究乌鲁木齐不同类型降水的雨滴谱特征,此外,对总粒子数浓度与降水强度(Nt-R)、雷达反射率因子与降水强度(Z-R)等关系也进行了研究。结果表明:(1)两种类型降水的雨滴谱均为单峰分布,粒子数浓度峰值均在低谱段,雨夹雪的滴谱宽度为0.31～7.50 mm,雨的谱宽为0.31～5.50 mm。(2)雨的平均粒子尺度参数(如质量加权平均直径Dm)和降水强度R均略大于雨夹雪,而雨夹雪的平均总粒子数浓度Nt比雨的约大23.7%。(3)文中拟合得到的雨、雨加雪Z-R关系分别为Z=181.7R1.45、Z=205.4R1.27。 相似文献
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结合2014年7月30—31日滁州地区一次强飑线降水过程的地面雨滴谱观测资料,构建了雨滴谱模型参数与雷达反演降水中常用的Z=ARb中系数A和指数b之间的相关关系,得出了适用于此次飑线降水的新Z-R关系。通过与雨滴谱观测结果和参考关系(Z=300R1.40)反演结果进行对比,对新的Z-R关系反演降水效果进行了评估。结果表明:利用降水强度对粒子数浓度和尺度标准化处理后,Gamma分布可以较好地描述此次飑线降水的雨滴谱分布。Z-R关系随着降水雨滴谱的变化而变化,指数b与不同阶数矩量随雨强的变化有关,系数A与雨滴谱的谱型分布有关。此次飑线降水Z-R关系的指数b=1.37;雨滴谱在Gamma分布下,系数A=340.91,在指数分布下,系数A=371.95。新的Z-R关系和参考关系反演的降水强度较实际观测值均偏小,但新的Z-R关系提高了此次飑线降水的总体估计效果。 相似文献
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利用乌鲁木齐2018年1-12月雨滴谱仪观测数据，分析了两种类型降水（雨、雨加雪）滴谱的微物理参量，以探究乌鲁木齐不同类型降水的雨滴谱特征，此外，对Nt-R、Z-R等关系也进行了研究。结果表明：（1）两类降水的雨滴谱均为单峰分布，粒子浓度峰值均在低谱段，雨夹雪的滴谱宽度约为0.31~7.50 mm，雨的谱宽为0.31~5.50 mm。（2）雨的平均粒子尺度参数（如质量加权平均直径Dm）和降水强度R均略大于雨夹雪，而雨夹雪的平均总粒子数浓度Nt比雨的大23.7%。（3）文中拟合得到的雨、雨加雪Z-R关系分别为Z=181.7R1.45、Z=205.4R1.27，与传统天气雷达降水估测关系Z=300R1.4对比分析后，发现利用Z=300R1.4进行降水估测时存在低估现象，而对降雨的估测误差更大。 相似文献
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利用PMS的 GBPP-100型雨滴谱仪观测资料确定Z-R关系 总被引：11，自引：5，他引：6
根据地面雨滴谱确立雷达反射率因子Z和雨强R之间的关系需要大量的观测资料.本文利用GBPP-100型地面雨滴谱仪在沈阳、哈尔滨和河南观测的雨滴谱资料做形变误差订正后,用最小二乘法拟合三地的Z-R关系,并按照层状云、积层混合云和积雨云降水分类,确定了三种降水类型的Z-R关系.结果表明,Z=ARb形式能够很好地描述以上的Z-R关系,对降水类型分类得到的Z-R关系代表性更好.系数A、b以层状云最小,积层混合云次之,积雨云最大.A值随着雨滴尺度的增大而增大,随数密度增大而减小,b值则随着数密度和雨滴尺度的共同增大而增大. 相似文献
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利用Parsivel激光降水粒子谱仪2009年3—6月在南京观测获取雨滴谱资料,分类对各次降水过程雨滴谱进行Gamma分布拟合,对比分析了南京地区不同云系降水的雨滴谱分布特征以及Gamm a分布参数相关特性,并且讨论了"标准化"Gamma分布参数随雨强及雷达反射率因子的变化关系。结果表明:用Gamma分布拟合本次试验不同云系降水的雨滴谱分布精度都比较高;"标准化"的Gamma分布参数较Gamma分布参数更具有物理意义,且其参数μ和Dm与雷达反射率因子Z均具有较佳的对应关系,μ随Z的增大依次递减,Dm则随Z的增大呈指数型递增。 相似文献
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雨滴谱的变化对降水估测的影响研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
《高原气象》2016,(1)
选取2013年5月20日发生在广东三水的一次飑线过程作为研究对象,首先结合飑线回波带移经三水及其上空雷达回波的时间-高度分布特征将降水过程划分为3个阶段,然后通过计算各时刻的粒子总数密度、中值体积直径和峰值数分析降水过程雨滴谱的变化,再对Z-R关系(Z=aR~b)进行分析,根据雨滴谱实测资料分别统计整体Z—R关系和3个降水阶段的Z—R关系,在此基础上讨论雨滴谱的变化和雷达观测的回波强度对降水估计的影响。结果表明:中值体积直径在对流云降水阶段和层状云降水阶段基本一致,但对流云降水阶段的粒子总数密度远大于层状云降水阶段;对流云降水阶段以双峰型为主,当降水向层状云类型发展时,多峰谱比例增加;雷达观测的回波强度常低于雨滴谱计算的反射率因子,离地面越近两者的相关性越好;根据3个降水阶段分别进行Z—R关系拟合,即分型Z-R关系,通过相对误差分析可知,利用分型Z—R关系反演雨强的效果明显优于整体Z-R关系反演效果,雨滴谱在层化降水阶段估计的相对误差最小、对流云降水阶段反演精度稍低于层状云降水阶段,这与对流云降水中雨强和雨滴谱谱型变化大且快有关;在雷达观测方面,利用分型Z-R关系反演雨强的相对误差较小而雷达观测的误差在对流云降水阶段较小,当降水向层状云降水转化时,雷达观测引起的相对误差增大,这主要是由于对流云降水阶段中雨滴谱仪和雷达对应的回波强度误差最小,也与雷达观测精度、两种仪器采样的时空差异和雨滴谱特征变化等因素有关。 相似文献
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利用南京地区2013—2014年夏季Parsivel激光雨滴谱观测资料,讨论了小、中、大、暴4种降水强度等级的微物理参量演变特性、雨滴谱形状因子μ与尺度参数λ关系、雷达反射率因子Z与降水强度R关系。结果表明:1不同强度等级降水的粒子平均直径差异较小,降水粒子数浓度、单位体积含水量、单位时间降水能量均随降水强度等级的增强而增大。2在小雨阶段,Gamma分布函数会高估D小于0.625mm的粒子数,在暴雨阶段会低估D小于1mm的粒子数;不同强度等级降水的μ-λ间均存在较好的二项式函数关系,小雨样本的拟合曲线与所有样本拟合曲线接近,中雨、大雨与R大于5mm/h样本拟合曲线接近,暴雨则高于R大于5mm/h样本拟合曲线。3夏季降水的Z-R间存在较好的指数关系,但如果采用所有样本拟合关系估计降水,会存在高估暴雨阶段降水强度的现象。 相似文献
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《气象》2021,(7)
利用南京地区连续两年夏季的实测雨滴谱数据,分析了雨滴谱和降水特征,区分降水类型计算了微波链路衰减系数与雨强的关系(雨衰关系)和雷达反射率因子与雨强(Z-R)的关系,所得关系与ITU-R雨衰模型和常用Z-R关系均有差异,其中对流性降水中的Z-R关系为Z=161.63R~(1.55),层状云降水中为Z=227.23R~(1.53)。在两次不同类型降水过程中利用微波链路和天气雷达反演降水,结果表明:使用ITU-R雨衰关系反演降水存在高估层状云降水、低估对流性降水的问题,使用常用Z-R关系反演降水存在明显低估降水的问题,而使用雨滴谱计算的雨衰关系和Z-R关系反演的降水与雨量计实测降水更加一致,平均绝对误差降低,相关性明显提高。说明使用实测雨滴谱数据计算得到的本地化的雨衰关系和雷达Z-R关系,能够提升定量测量降水的准确性。 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
15.
Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
16.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献