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1.
《干旱气象》2021,(2)
基于2014—2019年河北沧州逐小时气象与环境监测数据,采用风力+背景浓度订正方法,进一步探讨降水对大气污染物浓度的影响。结果表明:风力+背景浓度订正方法可以较好地消除污染物浓度自身的日变化特征,并剔除了风的影响,从而更准确地获取降水对大气污染物浓度的影响。在风力+背景浓度订正条件下,降雨对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2、O_3有较好的清除作用,而对SO_2、CO的清除作用不明显。不同强度降雨对PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2均具有较好的清除作用,且清除率随着雨强的增强而增大;雨强小于8.0 mm·h~(-1)的降雨对O_3有显著清除作用,而大于6.0 mm·h~(-1)的降雨对SO_2有清除作用。伴随着降雨的持续,PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、NO_2、O_3质量浓度不断下降,降雨清除效率也随之降低,当污染物质量浓度降至一定阈值后降雨清除作用不明显。 相似文献
2.
利用南昌市环境空气质量监测数据,对比分析了WRF-Chem模式和国家级空气质量预报指导产品对6种污染物浓度的预报效果,并采用时序法、时刻法和标准化法3种训练样本构建方案,利用BP神经网络法对WRF-Chem模式和国家级空气质量预报指导产品6种污染物浓度的预报结果进行订正试验。结果表明:1)WRF-Chem模式预报的6种污染物浓度的预报误差整体比国家级空气质量预报指导产品的预报误差要小,即WRF-Chem模式的预报效果优于国家级空气质量预报指导产品。2)WRF-Chem模式6种污染物浓度预报值与观测值的均方根误差的日变化均呈波动形式,除了O3在10时开始升高到18时达到峰值以外,其余的污染物均是从10时开始下降到16时或18时达到谷值。国家级指导产品6种污染物浓度预报值与观测值的均方根误差日变化则略有不同,除了NO2和O3分别在08时和20时达到谷值以外,其他4种污染物均是在14时达到谷值。3)采用标准化法对CO、SO2、PM10、PM2.5集合订正后的误差比WRF-Chem模式的要小;时刻法、时序法对NO2、SO2、PM2.5集合订正后的误差比WRF-Chem模式的要小,预报效果对单一模式预报结果有一定改进作用。 相似文献
3.
应用大气化学模式WRF-Chem(Weather Research and Forecast-Chemistry),分别选用亚洲排放源清单INTEX-B(Intercontinental Chemical Transport Experiment-Phase B)、REASv2.1(Regional Emission inventory in Asia version 2.1)以及全球排放源清单HTAP_v2(Hemispheric Transport of Air Pollution version 2),对浙江省2013年12月进行模拟,分别记为IN、RE和HT试验,研究人为源排放清单对大气污染物浓度数值模拟的影响。结果表明,3组试验合理的反映出PM2.5(空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5μm的颗粒物,即细颗粒物)、PM10(空气动力学当量直径小于等于10μm的颗粒物,即可吸入颗粒物)和NO_2近地面浓度的时空分布特征,相关系数为0.5~0.8,85%以上的模拟值落在观测值的0.5~2倍范围内,但对SO_2近地面浓度模拟较差。IN、RE、HT试验对PM2.5和PM10的模拟偏差均成递减趋势,约为30%、16%和6%,HT试验的模拟值更加接近观测。INTEX-B清单中PM2.5的一次排放与二次气溶胶前提物SO_2均高于REAS与HTAP清单,因此会导致更多的硫酸盐生成,从而进一步增加PM2.5浓度。HTAP_v2清单中较低的NH3排放会抑制硝酸盐的生成,从而有助于降低PM2.5浓度。3个清单的基准年与模拟年的差异对SO_2浓度模拟的准确性影响更大,INTEX-B清单中SO_2排放量明显高于REASv2.1与HTAP_v2清单,尤其在浙北和沿海工业发达地区,导致IN试验模拟的SO_2在这些地区存在明显高估。3组试验模拟的NO_2浓度偏差最小且更为接近(-8%~4%),主要原因是3个清单在浙江省的NOx排放十分一致。从3组试验结果之间的差异程度来看,浙江省范围内PM2.5、PM10、SO_2和NO_2逐日浓度模拟值之间的平均差异程度分别约为14%、15%、51%和16%,最大差异程度分别为69%、78%、137%和132%。月均浓度与逐日浓度的平均差异程度基本一致,但最大差异程度明显更低。总体来看3组试验模拟的PM2.5、PM10与NO_2的差异程度明显低于SO_2。 相似文献
4.
《干旱气象》2017,(3)
利用2014年9月—2015年8月环境保护部对外发布的兰州市6种污染物实况监测数据,对同时期CUACE模式的24 h预报结果进行误差分析,并通过误差滚动线性回归订正方法进行检验订正。结果表明:(1)兰州市的首要污染物以PM10为主,其次是PM_(2.5);(2)CUACE模式对SO2的预报及对O_3、NO_2、PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)预报为2级时,等级预报准确率较高,预报结果可直接使用;(3)模式对O_3和CO预报1级时,采用10 d误差滚动订正后等级预报准确率可提高1.1%~5.5%;(4)模式预报其它要素的其它级别时采用5 d或10 d误差滚动订正后再加上或减去一定值后,等级预报准确率可提高8.7%~75%。 相似文献
5.
华中区域空气质量数值预报系统评估及气溶胶辐射效应的模拟研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
基于多种检验指标对2015年6月至2016年2月华中区域空气质量数值预报系统的6种污染物(PM_(10),PM_(2.5),SO_2,NO_2,CO,O_3)和AQI指数的预报结果进行检验评估,在确保模拟效果的基础上,通过敏感性试验研究区域气溶胶对地面气象要素的影响,结果表明:华中区域空气质量数值预报系统对湖北省6种污染物和AQI具有稳定且较好的预报效果。存在03预报较实况偏高,预报误差较大的问题,后期将通过误差订正来减小误差。对比CUACE模式预报效果表明,24～48 h的预报效果区域模式优于CUACE,72 h两个模式预报效果相当。气溶胶对地面气象要素具有一定的影响,对2015年1月9-12日的模拟过程而言,气溶胶的总辐射效应使地表接收太阳辐射减少7.740 W·m~(-2),2 m气温降低0.162℃,行星边界层高度降低16.457 m,相对湿度增加0.557%,10 m风速减小0.011 m·s~(-1),其中直接效应和间接效应各有一部分贡献,气溶胶对白天地面气象要素的影响比夜间大。由于区域接受太阳辐射减小、气温降低、行星边界层高度降低、风速降低、湿度增加有利于气溶胶吸湿增长等条件不利于污染物扩散,污染物浓度不断累积升高又促使气象条件的上述变化,由此产生了气象条件与大气污染之间的双向反馈作用。 相似文献
6.
利用DEMETER多模式集合研究计划中Météo France模式的预报资料集,在分析其对冬季北半球中高纬度地区 (20°~90°N)500 hPa高度场预报效果的基础上,针对模式预测较差的模态分别运用最优子集回归修正方案和回归-相似相结合的修正方案对其进行订正。结果表明:数值模式对观测模态的预测能力并非随模态数的增加而递减,方差贡献较小的模态的预报效果可能好于方差贡献较大的模态;基于最优子集的回归订正方法未能改进原模式预报技巧;在最优子集回归基础上再经相似订正的方法 (DAP-OSR) 能够改进预测效果,独立试报的距平相关系数平均每年提高0.1。 相似文献
7.
文章运用2000—2014年反映呼和浩特市城市发展指标的人均GDP、人口密度、第二产业结构、建成区面积及代表气象条件的平均气温、年平均气压、年总降水量、年平均风速、年平均相对湿度和机动车保有量数据,利用对数线性模型将城市空气主要污染物SO_2、NO_2、PM10年平均浓度与城市发展指标数据、气象条件和机动车保有量进行拟合,得出显著性因子和贡献率。结果表明:第二产业结构、机动车保有辆、平均气温、相对湿度、平均风速和平均气压均通过了显著性检验,第二产业结构与SO_2和PM10浓度呈显著正相关,对SO_2和PM10污染贡献率分别为0.961%和0.738%,大于气象条件贡献率;机动车保有量和年平均气温、年平均相对湿度与NO_2浓度具有显著的正相关,机动车保有量贡献率为0.83%,大于年平均气温、年平均相对湿度的贡献率;年平均气压与SO_2浓度呈负相关,贡献率仅为0.21%。 相似文献
8.
《高原气象》2016,(6)
利用人工神经网络(ANN)技术,基于气象条件、污染物排放变化和污染物浓度资料构建污染物浓度统计模型,在此基础上分析气象条件和污染物排放源排放变化对污染物浓度逐日变化和年际变化的影响。研究结果发现基于ANN建立的大气污染统计预报模型模拟NO_2浓度准确性较高,其次为SO2,PM10浓度准确性较低。ANN的输入参数更适合NO_2的模拟,SO2和PM10浓度的影响因子较为复杂。气象条件变化是NO_2浓度逐日变化的主要影响因子,污染物排放量变化是NO_2浓度年际变化的主要影响因子。因子分离法计算得到的气象条件、污染物排放及两者相互作用对NO_2浓度逐日变化的贡献率分别是57.9%、24.5%和17.6%,对NO_2浓度年际变化的贡献率分别是13.7%、73.3%和13%。 相似文献
9.
利用差分吸收光谱仪DOAS(differential optical absorption spectroscopy),对2007年11月-2008年1月南京北郊大气SO_2、NO_2和O_3进行了观测.结合Parsivel降水粒子谱仪和自动气象站的资料,对冬季大气污染气体的浓度变化规律及降水和风速风向对其的影响进行了分析.结果表明,南京北郊大气SO_2浓度较高,呈明显双峰特征,分别在12时(北京时,下同)和00时达最大,受附近排放源的影响最大,东风及南风时比静风时SO_2浓度更高.降水对SO_2湿清除效果明显,清除系数平均为0.168h~(-1).NO_2气体呈明显单峰特征,在18时达最高值.南京北郊是NO_2源区之一,主要受附近高速公路汽车尾气排放源的影响.静风时NO_2浓度最高.O_3浓度受NO_2的影响较明显.O_3日变化呈单峰特征,在15时达最大值,静风时O_3浓度最低.降水对O_3的间接影响较明显,在降水时,白天由于太阳辐射较弱,O_3浓度降低;夜晚NO浓度较低,使得O_3浓度升高. 相似文献
10.
本文利用2013年1月1日~2015年6月30日贵阳市9个环境监测站的6种主要大气污染物(SO2、NO2、O3、PM10、CO、PM2.5)监测数据,分析了贵阳市主要大气污染物的年变化、日变化特征及降水对首要污染物浓度变化的影响。发现SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、PM2.5浓度为单谷型年变化,夏季浓度最低,冬季浓度最高;O3浓度为双峰型年变化,4、10月分别有两个极大值、11~2月与7月分别为两个极小值;SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、PM2.5浓度日变化呈双峰型特征;O3浓度日变化为单峰型特征;郊区SO2、NO2、PM10、CO、PM2.5日平均浓度低于市区,而郊区O3日平均浓度高于市区。降水对O3的湿清除效果不好,对其余大气污染物的湿清除效果较好,尤其夜间降水对颗粒污染物(PM2.5、PM10)的清除效果优于白天降水,但会使O3浓度明显上升。 相似文献
11.
12.
利用第5次耦合模式比较计划(CMIP5)提供的39个全球气候模式模拟的1961—2005年逐月500 hPa位势高度场资料,以及同期美国国家环境预测中心再分析资料,通过经验正交函数分解提取主要模态,基于泰勒图方法、概率密度函数的Brier评分和显著性评分指标,探讨CMIP5模式对东亚500 hPa高度场主要模态时空结构的模拟能力,寻求具有较好东亚环流型态模拟能力的气候模式以及模拟较好的主模态。结果表明:(1) CMIP5模式能够模拟出东亚500 hPa高度场主要模态,且各模式对冬季主要模态时空结构的模拟能力都高于夏季。(2) 各模式对冬季模态(西太平洋遥相关型)模拟能力最强,第3模态最差,对冬季主要模态空间结构模拟较好的模式为IPSL-CM5B-LR、MPI-ESM-P、CMCC-CMS、FGOALS-g2、HadGEM2-ES;夏季第1模态空间结构模拟能力最强,其次分别为第2模态和东亚-太平洋型(简记第3模态),西太平洋遥相关型较差,对夏季主要模态空间结构模拟较好的模式为ECEARTH、CanESM2、CMCC-CM、GFDL-ESM2G、IPSL-CM5A-MR。(3)对主要模态时间系数概率密度函数特征的模拟评估表明,模式对冬季第2模态概率密度函数的模拟较好,其次为西太平洋遥相关型,其主要模态时间系数的概率密度函数模拟较好的模式为CESM1-FASTCHEM、HadGEM2-ES、INM-CM4、GISS-E2-H、BCC-CSM1-1;模式对夏季第2模态时间系数的概率密度函数模拟较好,其次分别为第3模态、西太平洋遥相关型,其主要模态时间系数概率密度函数模拟较好的模式为CCSM4、HadGEM2-CC、GFDL-CM3、MRI-CGCM3、NorESM1-M。(4)综合时空结构模式模拟能力,对冬季主要模态模拟较好的前5个模式为HadGEM2-ES、IPSL-CM5B-LR、CESM1-FASTCHEM、INM-CM4、BCC-CSM1-1;夏季前5个模式为ECEARTH、CMCC-CM、CCSM4、CANESM2、MIROC5。 相似文献
13.
正1EarthEnvironmental Sciences Department, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, USA2Space ScienceEngineering Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA 相似文献
14.
Parameterization of the Absorption of the H2O Continuum, CO2, O2, and Other Trace Gases in the Fu-Liou Solar Radiation Program 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The absorption properties of the water vapor continuum and a number of weak bands for H2O, O2, CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, and O3 in the solar spectrum are incorporated into the Fu-Liou radiation parameterization program by using the correlated k-distribution method (CKD) for the sorting of absorption lines. The overlap absorption of the H2O lines and the H2O continuum (2500-14500 cm^-1) are treated by taking the two gases as a single-mixture gas in transmittance calculations. Furthermore, in order to optimize the computation efforts, CO2 and CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm^-1 are taken as a new singlemixture gas as well. For overlap involving other absorption lines in the Fu-Liou spectral bands, the authors adopt the multiplication rule for transmittance computations under which the absorption spectra for two gases are assumed to be uncorrelated. Compared to the line-by-line (LBL) computation, it is shown that the errors in fluxes introduced by these two approaches within the context of the CKD method are small and less than 0.48% for the H20 line and continuum in the 2500-14500 cm^-1 solar spectral region, -1% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) CO2 CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm^-1, and -1.5% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) O2 in the 7700-14500 cm^-1 spectral region. Analysis also demonstrates that the multiplication rule over a spectral interval as wide as 6800 cm^-1 can produce acceptable errors with a maximum percentage value of about 2% in reference to the LBL calculation. Addition of the preceding gases increases the absorption of solar radiation under all sky conditions. For clear sky, the increase in instantaneous solar absorption is about 9%-13% (-12 W m^-2) among which the H20 continuum produces the largest increase, while the contributions from O2 and CO2 rank second and third, respectively. In cloudy sky, the addition of absorption amounts to about 6-9 W m^-2. The new, improved program with the incorporation of the preceding gases produces a smaller solar absorption in clouds due to the reduced solar flux reaching the cloud top. 相似文献
15.
The absorption properties of the water vapor continuum and a number of weak bands for H2O, O2, CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, and O3 in the solar spectrum are incorporated into the Fu-Liou radiation parameterization program by using the correlated k-distribution method (CKD) for the sorting of absorption lines. The overlap absorption of the H2O lines and the H2O continuum (2500-14500 cm-1) are treated by taking the two gases as a single-mixture gas in transmittance calculations. Furthermore, in order to optimize the computation efforts, CO2 and CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm-1 are taken as a new single-mixture gas as well. For overlap involving other absorption lines in the Fu-Liou spectral bands, the authors adopt the multiplication rule for transmittance computations under which the absorption spectra for two gases are assumed to be uncorrelated. Compared to the line-by-line (LBL) computation, it is shown that the errors in fluxes introduced by these two approaches within the context of the CKD method are small and less than 0.48% for the H2O line and continuum in the 2500-14500 cm-1 solar spectral region, -1% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) CO2 CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm-1, and -1.5% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) O2 in the 7700-14500 cm-1 spectral region. Analysis also demonstrates that the multiplication rule over a spectral interval as wide as 6800 cm-1 can produce acceptable errors with a maximum percentage value of about 2% in reference to the LBL calculation. Addition of the preceding gases increases the absorption of solar radiation under all sky conditions. For clear sky, the increase in instantaneous solar absorption is about 9%-13% (~12 W m~2) among which the H2O continuum produces the largest increase, while the contributions from O2 and CO2 rank second and third, respectively. In cloudy sky, the addition of absorption amounts to about 6-9 W m-2. The new, improved program with the incorporation of the preceding gases produces a smaller solar absorption in clouds due to the reduced solar flux reaching the cloud top. 相似文献
16.
Based on various statistical indices, the abilities of multi-generation reanalyses, namely the NCEP/NCAR
Reanalysis 1 (R1), the NCEP-DOE Reanalysis 2 (R2) and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), to
reproduce the spatiotemporal characteristics of precipitation over Zhejiang Province are comprehensively compared. The
mean absolute bias percentages for three reanalyses are 20% (R1), 10% (R2) and 37% (CFSR). R2 (R1) gives the best
(worst) general depiction of the spatial characteristics of the observed precipitation climatology, whereas a significant
wet bias is noticed in CFSR. All reanalyses reasonably reproduce the interannual variability with the correlation
coefficients of 0.72 (R1), 0.72 (R2) and 0.84 (CFSR). All reanalyses well represent the first two modes of the observed
precipitation through Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis, with CFSR giving the best capture of the principal
components. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) is the largest (smallest) in CFSR (R2). The large RMSE of CFSR in
summer (especially in June) contributes mostly to its systematic wet bias. After 2001, the wet-bias of CFSR substantially
weakens, probably attributed to increasing observations assimilated in the CFSR. On a monthly basis, the percentage of
neutral bias cases are similar for all reanalyses, while the ratio of positive (negative) bias cases for CFSR is distinctly
larger (smaller) than that of R1 and R2. The proportions of negative bias cases for R1 and R2 begin to increase after
2001 while keeping stable for CFSR. On a daily basis, all reanalyses give good performances of reproducing light rain;
however, the reflection of moderate rain and heavier rain by CFSR is better than R1 and R2. Overall, despite being a
third-generation reanalysis product, CFSR does not exhibit comprehensive superiorities over R1 and R2 in all aspects on
a regional scale. 相似文献
17.
Characteristics of Atmospheric Heat Sources over Asia in Summer: Comparison of Results Calculated Using Multiple Reanalysis Datasets 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 
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下载免费PDF全文 Using 1979-2000 daily NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center
for Atmospheric Research) reanalysis data (version 1, hereafter referred to as NCEP1; version 2, hereafter referred to as NCEP2), ECMWF (European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasts) reanalysis data(ERA),and the Global Asian Monsoon Experiment (GAME) reanalysis data in summer 1998, the vertically integrated heat source hQ1i in summer is calculated, and results obtained using
different datasets are compared. The distributions of hQ1i calculated by using NCEP1 are in good agreement with rainfall observations over the Arabian Sea/Indian Peninsula, the Bay of Bengal (BOB), and East China. The distributions of hQ1i revealed by using NCEP2 are unrealistic in the southern Indian Peninsula, the BOB, and the South China Sea. Using ERA, the heat sources over the tropical Asia are in accordance with the summer precipitation,however, the distributions of hQ1i in East China are unreasonable. In the tropical region, the distributions of the summer heat source given by NCEP1 and ERA seem to be more accurate than those revealed by NCEP2. The NCEP1 and NCEP2 data are better for calculating heat sources over the subtropical and eastern regions of mainland China. 相似文献
18.
气象卫星资料处理软件再工程方法与实践 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分析了现行气象卫星资料处理软件开发体制和模式的弊端,归纳并总结了卫星气象应用系统软件工程化在整体上的原则性要求,提出了风云二号气象卫星02批资料处理应用软件开发方法,对气象卫星资料应用科学研究人员、软件工程化人员和系统集成人员进行了任务界定,分析和总结了风云二号卫星02批资料处理软件再工程过程中的开发模式、准则和有关要求。最后按再分析、再编码、再测试3个阶段简要介绍了对风云二号卫星02批资料处理软件进行再工程改造的实施情况。 相似文献
19.
FAN Li-Jun 《大气和海洋科学快报》2009,2(4):208-213
Monthly mean temperatures at 562 stations in China are estimated using a statistical downscaling technique. The technique used is multiple linear regressions （MLRs） of principal components （PCs）. A stepwise screening procedure is used for selecting the skilful PCs as predictors used in the regression equation. The predictors include temperature at 850 hPa （7）, the combination of sea-level pressure and temperature at 850 hPa （P＋T） and the combination of geo-potential height and temperature at 850 hPa （H＋T）. The downscaling procedure is tested with the three predictors over three predictor domains. The optimum statistical model is obtained for each station and month by finding the predictor and predictor domain corresponding to the highest correlation. Finally, the optimum statistical downscaling models are applied to the Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 （HadCM3） outputs under the Special Report on Emission Scenarios （SRES） A2 and B2 scenarios to construct local future temperature change scenarios for each station and month, The results show that （1） statistical downscaling produces less warming than the HadCM3 output itself; （2） the downscaled annual cycles of temperature differ from the HadCM3 output, but are similar to the observation; （3） the downscaled temperature scenarios show more warming in the north than in the south; （4） the downscaled temperature scenarios vary with emission scenarios, and the A2 scenario produces more warming than the B2, especially in the north of China. 相似文献
20.
利用三维(ADTD-2C)和二维(ADTD)闪电定位系统资料, 对比分析了湖北省一次特大暴雨过程中两套系统闪电活动特征, 得出以下结论: (1)本次过程中地闪多于云闪, 二者均以负极性为主。(2)三维系统正地闪在地闪中的占比低于正云闪在云闪中的占比, 高于二维系统正地闪在地闪中的占比。(3)三维系统雷电流幅值集中分布在0~30 kA, 较二维系统(10~50 kA)更集中, 三维系统的雷电流累积概率较湖北省多年统计结果明显偏小, 二维系统的雷电流累积概率略高于统计值。(4)两套系统总地闪和负地闪活跃时段基本一致。(5)两套闪电定位系统地闪密集区基本一致, 且和云闪密集区基本重合, 闪电分布集中程度高, 主要分布在槽前正涡度平流区。三维系统地闪密度大于二维系统, 最大值分别为5.78 fl/(km2·d)和2.39 fl/(km2·d)。三维系统中正、负闪电交错分布, 二维系统中正、负地闪局部存在空间分离现象。(6)云闪密度大小与二维地闪相当、水平分布特征与三维地闪一致。垂直方向上, 云闪主要发生在10 km以下, 其中2~4 km云闪分布密集, 占总云闪的47.24%。 相似文献