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沙尘气溶胶对气候的影响效应是目前全球气候变化研究的热点之一.在简单综述近10 a我国西北地区科研人员在沙尘源区的研究、起沙机制、沙尘气溶胶的光、化学特性和辐射气候效应等方面科研成果的基础上,对今后沙尘气溶胶研究中所面临的一些科学问题进行了展望. 相似文献
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刘新春 《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2014,8(3):68-74
沙尘气溶胶对全球气候变化的影响是当前国内外研究的热点问题。我国学者对沙尘气溶胶也开展了广泛的研究,尤其是在近10年,科研工作者对沙尘气溶胶的物理化学特性及其对气候的影响进行了重点研究。本文主要对沙尘气溶胶的物理特性（浓度、粒径谱分布、垂直分布特征及光学特性）、化学特性以及气候效应等方面的研究进行了综述,并对今后沙尘气溶胶研究中所面临的科学问题进行了展望。 相似文献
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沙尘气溶胶是地球上分布最广的自然气溶胶类型之一,也是气候系统中的重要成分。沙尘天气严重影响人类生产、生活和居住环境,对气候变化也存在显著作用。近年来,沙尘气溶胶的气候效应得到越来越多的关注和研究,但人们的工作主要集中在对现代沙尘气溶胶的研究,而对过去沙尘气溶胶气候效应的研究不多。本研究利用黄土粒度及沉积特征,根据现代沙尘暴的沉降特点,研究了60 kaB.P以来中国黄土高原南部地区沙尘气溶胶的辐射效应,结果表明：1）沙尘气溶胶产生的辐射效应主要表现在造成行星系统太阳辐射反射量的普遍增加,即沙尘过程具有明显的降温效应。2）气候效应上主要表现为对气候的负反馈。由沙尘粒度引起的行星反照率在全新世适宜期达最大值,而在冰期有最小值出现;在气候降温事件中,沙尘气溶胶造成行星反照率降低;每一次降温事件发生时气溶胶的降温效应会相应减弱。约60 kaB.P以来沙尘气溶胶给年均温度带来的影响是使其平均降幅在－0.8 K左右。3）利用黄土的粒度分布,结合现代气溶胶的观测可以估算地质时期沙尘气溶胶的气候效应。 相似文献
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中国沙尘气溶胶研究新进展 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
由于人类活动和气候变化的影响,沙尘气溶胶已成为一个重要的地球环境问题.近10年来,中国学者对沙尘气溶胶物理化学特性和气候效应的研究有了新的进展.前者偏重于对单次观测的研究,后者包括阳伞效应、冰核效应、铁肥料效应3个方面的研究,同时还开展了沙尘气溶胶的生态环境效应研究.上述研究虽取得一定成果,但由于沙尘气溶胶研究的极大不确定性,特别是缺乏对沙尘气溶胶长期、系统的观测,仍存在一些亟待解决的问题. 相似文献
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沙尘气溶胶不仅影响天气和气候,而且对海洋生态及全球物质循环具有重要的作用.塔克拉玛干沙漠作为我国和东亚地区重要的沙尘气溶胶源区,其西南缘和田市沙尘气溶胶浓度及粒径分布特征尚不明确,将不利于该区域沙尘气溶胶远距离输送和沉降的机理研究.因此,本文利用粒子分级采样仪,通过对和田市不同天气(晴天、浮尘、扬沙天气)下沙尘气溶胶浓... 相似文献
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沙尘气溶胶卫星遥感现状与需要关注的若干问题 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
沙尘暴是全球干旱、半干旱地区特有的一种灾害性天气,所产生的沙尘气溶胶是全球气溶胶系统重要组成部分,对全球环境、天气、气候和生态有复杂的影响。沙尘气溶胶作为一种吸收性气溶胶,对太阳辐射有着较强的吸收,还能通过加热大气、改变大气稳定度、蒸发云滴、减少云量等"半直接方式"影响气候。卫星遥感对沙尘气溶胶的监测具有独特的优势,是全球沙尘研究的重要手段。本文系统整理和介绍了目前常用的可见近红外、热红外、被动微波、紫外和主动激光测量等五类卫星遥感沙尘气溶胶的主要方法,在总结典型遥感仪器和主要产品基础上,讨论了遥感产品的定量精度和地面验证问题,结合辐射传输理论模拟了可见近红外和热红外的卫星观测,探讨了可见近红外遥感的地表反照率影响和热红外高光谱遥感的波段选择问题,最后对未来的一些研究重点进行了展望。 相似文献
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大气气溶胶研究的前沿问题 总被引：60，自引：3，他引：57
从4个方面对大气气溶胶研究的前沿问题作了总结和分析：气溶胶的基本特征、气溶胶的气候效应、沙尘气溶胶以及气溶胶对健康环境的影响。介绍了当前国际上有关的大气气溶胶研究计划,讨论了未来大气气溶胶研究的主要领域及研究方向。 相似文献
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By TILMAN DINTER WOLFGANG VON HOYNINGEN-HUENE JOHN P. BURROWS ALEXANDER KOKHANOVSKY EIKE BIERWIRTH MANFRED WENDISCH DETLEF MÜLLER RALPH KAHN MOHAMMED DIOURI 《Tellus. Series B, Chemical and physical meteorology》2009,61(1):229-238
Approximately 30% of the land surface is arid, having desert or semi-desert conditions. Aerosol originating from these regions plays a significant role in climate and atmospheric chemistry of the atmosphere. Retrieving aerosol properties from space-borne platforms above desert conditions, where the surface reflectance is usually very bright, is a challenging task. The proportion of the surface to top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance can reach values over 90%, especially for wavelength above 500 nm. For these reasons detailed knowledge of aerosol and surface optical properties from these regions is required to separate atmosphere from intrinsically bright surfaces.
An approach to retrieve aerosol properties over arid and semi-arid regions based on the Bremen Aerosol Retrieval (BAER) has been developed and validated within the Dust Aerosol Retrievals from Space-Born Instruments (DREAMS) Project, which is part of the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment ( SAMUM, 2006 ). Combining measurements of the backscattered radiation from the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) instrument aboard Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) and ground-based measurements in Morocco in radiation closure experiments yields the aerosol optical properties of mineral dust at selected locations. 相似文献
An approach to retrieve aerosol properties over arid and semi-arid regions based on the Bremen Aerosol Retrieval (BAER) has been developed and validated within the Dust Aerosol Retrievals from Space-Born Instruments (DREAMS) Project, which is part of the Saharan Mineral Dust Experiment ( SAMUM, 2006 ). Combining measurements of the backscattered radiation from the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) instrument aboard Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) and ground-based measurements in Morocco in radiation closure experiments yields the aerosol optical properties of mineral dust at selected locations. 相似文献
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国内外气溶胶观测网络发展进展及相关科学计划 总被引：16，自引：6，他引：16
气溶胶是气候变化研究中的一个极大的不确定性因素,国内外在此方面开展了大量的观测和科学研究。本文首先对当前全球两大气溶胶观测网络,世界气象组织(WMO)的全球大气观测计划(GAW)和气溶胶自动观测网(AERONET)的组织、规模、设备、数据和气溶胶网络的规范作了介绍,并对近年来国际上的重大气溶胶科学计划的目标、实验方法、步骤作了介绍,说明观测网络的重要性。在此基础上对中国气溶胶观测网络的地位做了分析,并指出其在正在开展的中国气溶胶科学研究中的重要性。 相似文献
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A regional climate model coupled with an aerosol model is employed to numerically simulate the direct climate effects of the anthropogenic aerosol emitted in South Asia and China in the East Asian summer monsoon during 1988 to 2009. Based on the data of the numerical simulation, composite analysis and correlation analysis are used to make diagnostic study of climate dynamics. Results show that the month of maximum emission of the mean column burden of the anthropogenic aerosol in the main emission areas of South Asia is opposite in phase to that in China. Summer is the season of maximum emission amount in China, but the emission amounts are more in South Asia in spring and winter. On the whole, the mean column burden of the anthropogenic aerosol in China is relatively high compared with that in South Asia. The trend of distribution of aerosol is SW-NE in China, and Sichuan Basin is the emission center of aerosol. The effect of negative short wave radiative forcing alters the gradient of pressure between land and sea, weakening the development of East Asian summer monsoon over the northern part of Yangtze-Huaihe River Basin. We also discuss the feedback effect of East-Asian summer monsoon which is changed by the anthropogenic aerosol on the concentration and distribution of aerosol in China. 相似文献
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MODELING THE EFFECTS OF ANTHROPOGENIC SULFATE IN CLIMATE CHANGE BY USING A REGIONAL CLIMATE MODEL 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
1 INTRODUCTION Being an important composition of the atmosphere, aerosol attracts increasing attention from the scientific community in recent years, together with the radiative forcing it causes and effects it imposes on the climate system. The anthropogenic aerosol affects the climate both directly and indirectly. The climate is directly affected when solar shortwave radiation is scattered and absorbed in what is known as the 搖mbrella effect? which can be dated back to as early as mor… 相似文献
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使用新版RegCM2区域气候模式，单向嵌套澳大利亚CSIROR21L9全球海-气耦合模式，在C02加倍情况下引人人为硫酸盐气溶胶直接气候效应，进行了其对中国气候变化影响的试验。结果表明，硫酸盐气溶胶的直接气候效应，对地面气温为降温作用，其中在冬半年和在南方更明显；对降水的影响为全国各月平均降水将以减少为主，年平均降水变化的基本特点为在中国东部以减少为主，西部以增加为主。但无论温度还是降水变化的数值都很小。 相似文献
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There are many indicators that human activity may change climate conditions all around the globe through emissions of greenhouse
gases. In addition, aerosol particles are emitted from various natural and anthropogenic sources. One important source of
aerosols arises from biomass burning, particularly in low latitudes where shifting cultivation and land degradation lead to
enhanced aerosol burden. In this study the counteracting effects of greenhouse gases and aerosols on African climate are compared
using climate model experiments with fully interactive aerosols from different sources. The consideration of aerosol emissions
induces a remarkable decrease in short-wave solar irradiation near the surface, especially in winter and autumn in tropical
West Africa and the Congo Basin where biomass burning is mainly prevailing. This directly leads to a modification of the surface
energy budget with reduced sensible heat fluxes. As a consequence, temperature decreases, compensating the strong warming
signal due to enhanced trace gas concentrations. While precipitation in tropical Africa is less sensitive to the greenhouse
warming, it tends to decrease, if the effect of aerosols from biomass burning is taken into account. This is partly due to
the local impact of enhanced aerosol burden and partly to modifications of the large-scale monsoon circulation in the lower
troposphere, usually lagging behind the season with maximum aerosol emissions. In the model equilibrium experiments, the greenhouse
gas impact on temperature stands out from internal variability at various time scales from daily to decadaland the same holds
for precipitation under the additional aerosol forcing. Greenhouse gases and aerosols exhibit an opposite effect on daily
temperature extremes, resulting in an compensation of the individual responses under the combined forcing. In terms of precipitation,
daily extreme events tend to be reduced under aerosol forcing, particularly over the tropical Atlantic and the Congo basin.
These results suggest that the simulation of the multiple aerosol effects from anthropogenic sources represents an important
factor in tropical climate change, hence, requiring more attention in climate modelling attempts. 相似文献
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基于国际大气化学-气候模式比较计划模式数据评估中国沙尘气溶胶直接辐射强迫 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
目前气候模式对沙尘气溶胶直接辐射强迫模拟仍有很大不确定性,多模式对比有助于定量评估不确定范围。国际大气化学—气候模式比较计划（Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate Model Intercomparison Project,ACCMIP）旨在评估当前模式对短寿命大气成分辐射强迫和气候效应的模拟能力。基于7个ACCMIP模式模拟的中国地区沙尘气溶胶浓度,我们评估了中国区域沙尘气溶胶直接辐射强迫和不确定性范围。结果显示,中国区域沙尘气溶胶年排放总量为215±163 Tg a-1,区域年均地表浓度为41±27 μg m-3,柱浓度为9±4 kg m-2,光学厚度为0.09±0.05。中国区域年均沙尘气溶胶产生的大气顶短波、长波和总辐射强迫分别为-1.3±0.8 W m-2、0.7±0.4 W m-2和-0.5±0.7 W m-2;地表短波、长波和总的辐射强迫值为-1.5±1.0 W m-2、1.8±0.9 W m-2和0.2±0.2 W m-2。沙尘气溶胶长波辐射强迫对沙尘浓度的垂直分布敏感。高层沙尘气溶胶浓度越大,其在大气顶产生更强的正值长波辐射强迫。然而,沙尘气溶胶短波辐射强迫主要受整层沙尘柱浓度控制,对沙尘浓度的垂直分布较不敏感。本文结果可为中国沙尘气溶胶的气候模拟提供参考。 相似文献