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1.
近地层湍流通量计算对于中尺度数值模式有重要意义, 湍流通量的参数化是当前大气边界层研究的重要课题之一。选择青藏高原东缘大理观象台边界层通量观测系统, 离线测试了WRF区域模式中的两种常用的近地层参数化方案(MM5相似理论非迭代方案A和ETA 相似理论迭代方案B), 并将参数化方案计算结果与边界层铁塔涡动相关法的观测值进行对比分析。在大理观象台观测场不同植被随季节交替的状况下, 根据边界层铁塔4层高度风速拟合, 发现近地层空气动力学粗糙度随季节变化特征明显。将拟合的空气动力学粗糙度输入模式参数化方案进行通量计算。结果表明:稳定度是影响近地层参数化方案精度的重要因素, 在不稳定条件下方案B低估了动量通量, 方案A优于方案B, 而在稳定条件下方案A低估了动量通量, 方案B优于方案A, 两种方案总体来看误差不大。对于大理边界层通量观测场地农田植被交替的环境条件, 不同季节下垫面植被类型的差异, 以及植被的稀疏对近地层参数化方案湍流通量计算结果的精度有显著影响。方案B考虑了空气动力学粗糙度z0和热量粗糙度z0h的差异, 不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土或稀少植被条件下明显优于方案A。针对方案B不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土下垫面仍出现高估的现象, 在使用了(Zeng, et al, 1998)提出的对于使用辐射地表温度在裸土下垫面时的订正方法后, 计算结果也有明显改善。 相似文献
2.
WRF模式中微物理和积云参数化方案的对比试验 总被引：10，自引：3，他引：7
为了研究微物理参数化方案对珠江三角洲(简称珠三角)降水模拟的影响,利用WRF中尺度数值预报模式,在3 km模式分辨率下,在微物理方案为WSM6方案条件下,选用KF、BMJ、GD以及G3等四种积云参数化方案对2010年5月14日广东珠三角地区的一次暴雨过程进行了模拟试验。结果显示,KF方案对于降水带和降水量的模拟与实况较为一致。在积云参数化方案为KF条件下,分别选用Kessler、Lin et al、WSM 3、WSM5、Ferrier(New eta)和WSM6等6种微物理方案再次对这次暴雨过程进行模拟试验,模拟结果的对比分析表明:选用Lin et al微物理方案时,模式较好地模拟出了强降水雨带的位置和降水强度;而其他5种参数方案的模拟效果均不好,降水量明显偏小,雨带位置偏差较大;同时对低空急流、K指数和上升速度等物理量分析可知,Lin et al方案能较好地模拟出降水实况。 相似文献
3.
近地层湍流通量计算对于中尺度数值模式有重要意义,湍流通量的参数化是当前大气边界层研究的重要课题之一.选择青藏高原东缘大理观象台边界层通量观测系统,离线测试了WRF区域模式中的两种常用的近地层参数化方案(MM5相似理论非迭代方案A和ETA相似理论迭代方案B),并将参数化方案计算结果与边界层铁塔涡动相关法的观测值进行对比分析.在大理观象台观测场不同植被随季节交替的状况下,根据边界层铁塔4层高度风速拟合,发现近地层空气动力学粗糙度随季节变化特征明显.将拟合的空气动力学粗糙度输入模式参数化方案进行通量计算.结果表明:稳定度是影响近地层参数化方案精度的重要因素,在不稳定条件下方案B低估了动量通量,方案A优于方案B,而在稳定条件下方案A低估了动量通量,方案B优于方案A,两种方案总体来看误差不大.对于大理边界层通量观测场农田植被交替的环境条件,不同季节下垫面植被类型的差异,以及植被的稀疏对近地层参数化方案湍流通量计算结果的精度有显着影响.方案B考虑了空气动力学粗糙度z0和热量粗糙度z0h的差异,不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土或稀少植被条件下明显优于方案A.针对方案B不稳定条件下感热通量计算结果在裸土下垫面仍出现高估的现象,使用了Zeng等1998年提出的用辐射地表温度订正裸土下垫面感热能量方法后,计算结果也有明显改善. 相似文献
4.
WRF模式中QNSE方案的湍流长度尺度系数的调整试验研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
边界层参数化方案中湍流混合对数值模拟起着重要的作用,湍流混合作用的恰当描述对于温度、湿度、风场以及降水的准确模拟至关重要。我国长江中下游流域人口密集,暴雨灾害频发,很有必要寻找一种适合该地区降水模拟的边界层参数化方案。本文运用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）中尺度数值模式,以QNSE（Quasi-Normal Scale Elimination）边界层参数化方案为基础,将其中湍流混合长度尺度系数调整为可变参数。本文将Noh et al.（2003） 提出的Prandtl公式与Janji?提出的修正湍流长度尺度系数的方法相结合,通过考虑非局地项的强迫、地表稳定度与边界层高度对湍流长度尺度系数的影响,强调大气的动力结构特征与热力结构特征对湍流混合的共同影响,从而提高QNSE边界层参数化方案在不同地理环境下的模拟能力。文章通过进行长江中下游地区的典型暴雨试验,将调整参数后的QNSE方案与原方案进行比较,重点分析调整参数后的方案与原方案对关键基本气象要素场、边界层结构特征以及降水的模拟能力,并将模拟结果与观测结果进行对比,结果表明:调整参数后的方案一定程度上改进了地表温度、边界层结构以及降水的模拟效果。进一步研究表明,调整参数后的方案主要通过改变边界层混合缓解水汽混合比、位温模拟方面的误差。 相似文献
5.
6.
SAMIL大气环流模式海面湍流通量参数化方案研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
将中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室发展的大气环流谱模式SAMIL_R42L26 2.08中的海气通量参数化方案——Louis方案, 与新发展的一种新型近海层湍流通量参数化方案——LGLC方案进行比较和分析。离线测试结果表明, LGLC方案计算的通量结果与观测数据具有更好的一致性, 且由于其区分热力粗糙度和动力粗糙度, 使得对热量通量的计算更加准确。在线测试则证明, 引入LGLC方案的SAMIL模式对洋面风应力、 感热通量、 潜热通量和降水率的模拟能力有了进一步的提高, 尤其对北半球夏季印度季风和南海季风区的降水改善明显。 相似文献
7.
关于用台站资料估算西北干旱区夏季感热通量的热力参数化比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
气象台站观测的气象要素可能受城市化等因子的影响而与野外试验站的观测存在一定的差异,这影响野外试验获取的热力参数直接应用于西北干旱区台站感热通量的估算。本文选取了一些常用的热力参数化方案(包括Z10、B82、Z98、Y08和Z12等方案),通过敦煌站夏季估算的感热通量与野外观测的比较以及对整个西北干旱区夏季感热通量的估算,评价了这些热力参数化对动量粗糙度的敏感性和在西北干旱区的适用性。结果显示,热力输送系数取定值的方案计算西北干旱区的感热通量可能存在较大不确定;台站的动量粗糙度可能受城市化等因子的影响,但在感热通量计算时建议取台站下垫面的动量粗糙度;Y08方案估算的感热通量相对比较合理,可以用来研究西北干旱区的夏季地表感热输送特征。 相似文献
8.
利用玉树隆宝湿地的观测资料,分析了未冻结、冻结和冻结有积雪覆盖三种情况下动量通量和感热通量的日变化情况,计算了三种情况下动量总体输送系数、感热总体输送系数、动力学粗糙度和热力学粗糙度,分析了附加阻尼和粗糙度雷诺数的关系,并将三种附加阻尼的参数化方案进行了比较,结果表明:冻结状态下动量通量和感热通量的日变化幅度最大,冻结有积雪覆盖时,动量通量和感热通量的日变化幅度最小。动量总体输送系数C_D和感热总体输送系数C_H的值在冻结时最大,冻结有积雪覆盖时最小,动力学粗糙度和热力学粗糙度在冻结状况下最小,冻结有积雪覆盖时最大。未冻结、冻结和冻结有积雪覆盖状态下,三种附加阻尼kB~(-1)参数化方案中,幂函数型方案较为合适。 相似文献
9.
本文基于Cai et al.(2020)建立的云水资源诊断评估方案(CWR-DQ),首先利用2000～2019年NCEP大气再分析资料和卫星资料诊断得到中国地区1°×1°分辨率的三维云场分布产品,进而结合Global Precipitation Climatology Project(GPCP)降水产品,实现了近20年... 相似文献
10.
集合均方根滤波同化地面自动站资料的技术研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
模式地形与观测站地形高度差异一直是地面资料同化面临的棘手问题,合理的同化方案能够将地面自动站资料有效的同化到中尺度数值模式中。本文首先采用Guo et al.(2002)的方案实现了在WRF模式中应用集合Kalman滤波方法同化地面自动站资料;然后对方案进行调整,对10 m高度风场、2 m高度位温、2 m高度露点和地表气压进行同化。通过均方根误差分析,模拟结果和同化增量分析来确定集合平方根滤波(EnSRF)同化地面自动站资料的有效性,并进行敏感性试验分析检验模式对各要素物理量的响应状况。结果表明:在EnSRF同化系统中应用Guo et al.(2002)的方案将地面自动站资料进行同化到数值模式中,能够部分改善模拟结果;地面观测资料(温度、湿度、风场、地表气压)中各物理量分别同化到数值模式都能影响18小时降水预报,但各物理量所起作用大小不同,其中对结果影响最大的是露点;使用位温、露点分别代替温度、比湿进行同化模拟效果更好,对自动站资料的同化也更加有效。 相似文献
11.
选取30多年来近地层湍流通量研究中具有代表性的六种参数化方案, 应用GAME/Tibet试验中那曲通量观测站的实测资料, 对比分析了各方案计算所得的湍流动量输送系数 (CM) 之间的差异。结果表明:六种参数化方案计算得到的湍流动量输送系数之间存在较大差异。对于那曲观测站稀疏短草下垫面而言, 稳定条件下当理查孙数小于0.1时, 除Businger71方案存在显著低估以外, 其他各方案均能较好估算湍流动量输送系数; 不稳定条件下, Dyer74方案对湍流动量输送系数的估算效果最好, 其次为Wang02, Launiainen95和Louis82方案, Businger71方案误差较大。 相似文献
12.
S. R. Karpik 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1988,43(3):273-286
In their Mixed Spectral Finite Difference (MSFD) model for flow over complex terrain, Beljaars et al. (1987) solve a set of coupled, second-order ordinary differential equations (ODEs) for the first-order perturbations to the logarithmic velocity profile caused by nonuniform surface roughness and topography. To solve this set of ODEs, they employ a Forward Euler Shooting Method. It is demonstrated here that the shooting method is computationally unstable for this problem. An absolutely stable finite-difference method based on a block tridiagonal LU factorization of the finite-difference matrix is presented. The advantages of the present algorithm over the method used by Beljaars et al. are demonstrated both by theoretical argument and numerical experiment. 相似文献
13.
A perturbation theory approach of non-linear mechanics is applied to the solution of a non-linear rotation anemometer dynamic equation in a gusty wind. The first two terms of the perturbation series give a simplified equation for the wind-speed overestimation by a rotation anemometer (u-error) in terms of a wind velocity spectrum (or a correlation function). The equation agrees satisfactorily with all the known analytical or numerical solutions of rotation anemometer equations. It agrees, in particular, with recent theoretical estimations of the u-error magnitude by Kondo et al. (1971) and Hyson (1972), but disagrees significantly with the experimental findings of Izumi and Barad (1970) and Högström (1974). The same approach is also used for the estimation of the influence of the vertical wind fluctuations on the rotation anemometer readings (w-error). It is shown that w-error is usually of the same sign as u-error and that the sum of these both types of errors may be in some cases of the same order as an experimental wind-speed overestimation observed by Izumi and Barad and by Högström. However, it seems probable that some additional types of errors contribute also to the real overspeeding of rotation anemometers in a gusty wind. 相似文献
14.
Based on the existing cumulus convective parameterization schemes,a mass flux scheme(MFS)for cumulus convective parameterization has been successfully developed by reference to thework of Chen et al.(1996).The MFS is a comprehensive scheme.In MFS,not only theimportance of the large-scale moisture convergence is taken into account,but also it includes thecumulus updrafts and downdrafts,cumulus-induced subsidence in the environmental air.entrainment,detrainment and evaporation.The interaction between the cumulus and theenvironment is described by using a one-dimensional bulk model.At the same time the schemeincludes the penetrative and shallow convections.The MFS has been successfully incorporated into the regional climate model RegCM2developed by NCAR.The new model has been applied to simulate summer monsoon characteristicsand their variations of heavy rainfall process in the Changjiang-Huaihe River Basins for threemonths from May to July 1991.The results show that the new model can successfully simulate thisrainfall prolonged process.By comparising the model outputs of RegCM2.using the Kuo schemeand the MFS.it is found that the MFS is better in simulating the surface temperature,rainfallposition and amount,and rainfall duration. 相似文献
15.
An Improved Approach for Parameterizing Surface-Layer Turbulent Transfer Coefficients in Numerical Models 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Based on classic iterative computation results, new equations to calculate the surface turbulent transfer coefficients are
proposed, which allow for large ratios of the momentum and heat roughness lengths. Compared to the Launiainen scheme, our
proposed scheme generates results closer to classical iterative computations. Under unstable stratification, the relative
error in the Launiainen scheme increases linearly with increasing instability, even exceeding 15%, while the relative error
of the present scheme is always less than 8.5%. Under stable stratification, the Launiainen scheme uses two equations, one
for 0 < Ri
B ≤ 0.08 and another for 0.08 < Ri
B ≤ 0.2, and does not consider the condition that Ri
B > 0.2, while its relative errors in the region 0 < Ri
B ≤ 0.2 exceed 31 and 24% for momentum and heat transfer coefficients, respectively. In contrast, the present scheme uses only
one equation for 0 < Ri
B ≤ 0.2 and another equation for Ri
B > 0.2, and the relative error of the present scheme is always less than 14%. 相似文献
16.
D. T. Mihailović T. J. Lee R. A. Pielke B. Lalić I. D. Arsenić B. Rajković P. L. Vidale 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2000,67(3-4):135-151
Summary In the last decade, a vast number of land surface schemes has been designed for use in global climate models, atmospheric
weather prediction, mesoscale numerical models, ecological models, and models of global changes. Since land surface schemes
are designed for different purposes they have various levels of complexity in the treatment of bare soil processes, vegetation,
and soil water movement.
This paper is a contribution to a little group of papers dealing with intercomparison of differently designed and oriented
land surface schemes. For that purpose we have chosen three schemes for classification: i) global climate models, BATS (Dickinson
et al., 1986; Dickinson et al., 1992); ii) mesoscale and ecological models, LEAF (Lee, 1992) and iii) mesoscale models, LAPS
(Mihailović, 1996; Mihailović and Kallos, 1997; Mihailović et al., 1999) according to the Shao et al. (1995) classification.
These schemes were compared using surface fluxes and leaf temperature outputs obtained by time integrations of data sets derived
from the micrometeorological measurements above a maize field at an experimental site in De Sinderhoeve (The Netherlands)
for 18 August, 8 September, and 4 October 1988. Finally, comparison of the schemes was supported applying a simple statistical
analysis on the surface flux outputs.
Received November 23, 1999 Revised August 18, 2000 相似文献
17.
Beljaars et al. (1987) developed a model for neutrally stratified boundary-layer flow over roughness changes and topography. It has been discovered that a constant parameter, , was missing in the algebraic-stress closure equations of their paper. This omission also occurred in the MSFD model code but only affects the Askervein Hill shear-stress results for the E-- turbulence closure in Beljaars et al. It also changes the stress results of Karpik (1988), but not his conclusions regarding the robustness of his improved numerical scheme. The present paper demonstrates the effect of the omission of the parameter, , and tests the sensitivity of the model to variations in its value. The new results are compared with the data and model results of Zeman and Jensen (1987). 相似文献
18.
X.-M. Zeng M. Zhao B.-K. Su J.-P. Tang Y.-Q. Zheng Y.-J. Zhang J. Chen 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2002,81(1-2):67-83
Summary ?In order to further understand the land–atmosphere interactions and increase the predictability of climate models, it is
very important to investigate the effects of land-surface heterogeneities. In this paper, we considered roughness-length and
stomatal-resistance heterogeneities in the regional climate model RegCM2 (Giorgi et al., 1993) that employs BATS (Dickinson
et al., 1993) as the land surface scheme. In representing the subgrid heterogeneities, a computationally efficient method,
which is a combination of the mosaic approach and the analytical type of the statistical-dynamical approach, is applied. The
method is also characterized by converting the probability distribution of fundamental variables to probability distributions
of derived quantities. By using the 3-month observational data of 1991 Meiyu season over China, we conducted coupled-model
experiments, and found that: (i) For the whole model domain, the consideration of the two heterogeneities, in which intrapatch
variability plays a very important role, greatly affects the simulations for the surface flux, wind, temperature and precipitation
fields. (ii) The temperature and heat fluxes are quite sensitive to the heterogeneities, which displays the following rule:
for a sub-region, the mean sensible heat flux decreases, the mean latent heat flux increases, and the mean surface temperature
decreases with the increase of the heterogeneities. Furthermore, the mean latent heat flux is more sensitive to the heterogeneities
than the mean sensible heat flux. (iii) It seems that the influence of stomatal-resistance heterogeneity on the latent heat
flux is greater than that of roughness-length heterogeneity. Therefore, it is necessary to appropriately represent subgrid
land-surface heterogeneities so as to improve regional climate modeling.
Received June 19, 2001; Revised January 21, 2002 相似文献
19.
MODIFIED MASS FLUX CUMULUS CONVECTIVE PARAMETERIZATION SCHEME AND ITS SIMULATION EXPERIMENT—PART Ⅰ:MASS FLUX SCHEME AND ITS SIMULATION OF THE 1991 FLOOD EVENT* 
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下载免费PDF全文 Based on the existing cumulus convective parameterization schemes,a mass flux scheme (MFS) for cumulus convective parameterization has been successfully developed by reference to the work of Chen et al. (1996).The MFS is a comprehensive scheme.In MFS,not only the importance of the large-scale moisture convergence is taken into account,but also it includes the cumulus updrafts and downdrafts,cumulus-induced subsidence in the environmental air.entrainment,detrainment and evaporation.The interaction between the cumulus and the environment is described by using a one-dimensional bulk model.At the same time the scheme includes the penetrative and shallow convections.The MFS has been successfully incorporated into the regional climate model RegCM2 developed by NCAR.The new model has been applied to simulate summer monsoon characteristics and their variations of heavy rainfall process in the Changjiang-Huaihe River Basins for three months from May to July 1991.The results show that the new model can successfully simulate this rainfall prolonged process.By comparising the model outputs of RegCM2.using the Kuo scheme and the MFS.it is found that the MFS is better in simulating the surface temperature,rainfall position and amount,and rainfall duration. 相似文献
20.
农田植被层上方湍流通量输送特征分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
根据宵田植被层上方的温湿风梯度观测资料,采用基于莫宁－奥布霍夫相似理论的廓线梯度法计算了农田植被层上方的湍流通量,进而确定出拖曳系数、斯坦顿数和道尔顿数。文中检验了用于农田植被层上方湍流通量计算的普适函数的适用性,讨论了湍流通量以及拖曳系数等随稳定度参数、粗糙度高、平均风速等因子的变化规律。结果表明,农田植被层上方的湍流通量随层结构稳定度变化而变化;拖曳系数、斯坦顿数和道尔顿数也不是常数,而是层结 相似文献