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南海夏季风活动的年际和年代际特征 总被引：41，自引：1，他引：40
利用NCEP风场资料和候平均向外长波辐射（OLR）资料分析了南海区域低层风场与对流活动的关系,在此基础上,采用南海中南部的纬向风平均值来定义南海夏季风的爆发,确定了长序列（1949～1998）的南海夏季风爆发日期和强度指数,并研究南海夏季风活动的年际和年代际变化特征。结果表明：南海夏季风爆发日期和强度指数呈显著的反相关;50年来的气候趋势是,爆发日期逐渐偏晚,强度指数逐渐减弱。二者都存在着明显的年际和年代际变化,它们在不同阶段上的波动是各种时间尺度振荡叠加的结果,而年代际尺度具有非常重要的作用。东印度洋海温异常在南海夏季风爆发前后,均与南海夏季风强度指数呈显著的反相关。东太平洋海温异常在南海夏季风爆发之前,与强度指数反相关,而爆发之后,与强度指数正相关。这体现了南海夏季风活动与ENSO事件的密切关系。 相似文献
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通常La Nina年南海夏季风爆发偏早，但是2021年La Nina背景下南海夏季风于5月第6候爆发，较常年偏迟。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料，从热带海温异常（SSTA）和季节内振荡（ISO）北传的角度来分析2021年南海夏季风爆发偏迟的原因。结果表明La Nina确实使春季的西太平洋副热带高压（以下简称西太副高）减弱，特别是4月之前；但是由于热带印度洋海温在冬春季持续偏暖的背景下抵消了La Nina的影响，特别是在5月，La Nina的影响小于热带印度洋的作用，导致5月西太副高偏强，南海夏季风爆发偏迟。此外，受La Nina影响，4月西太副高偏弱，南海地区背景正压南风偏弱，〖JP2〗不利于南海地区赤道ISO的北传，这与气候态正好相反；随着热带印度洋SSTA的影响越来越显著，西太副高逐渐加强，直到5月下旬，背景正压经向南风才扩展到10°N以南地区，导致2021年南海地区赤道ISO北传偏迟，这也是2021年南海夏季风爆发偏迟的一个重要原因。热带印度洋和太平洋SSTA通过“竞争”共同对南海夏季风爆发产生影响，因此关注二者在冬春季的发展非常重要。 相似文献
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南海夏季风爆发的大气热源特征及其爆发迟早原因的探讨 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：3
利用ECMWF(1979～1993年)的再分析资料分析了南海夏季风爆发前后的大气热源演变特征,并由此确定了南海夏季风爆发的大气热源判据。将该判据应用于1979~1993年总共15年的平均场,可判定南海夏季风平均于28候(5月第4候)爆发。而且,对于逐年南海夏季风爆发,该判据也有较好的指示意义。本文还发现,南海夏季风爆发的迟早与4月份40 S纬圈平均的大气热源垂直积分有着非常密切的联系,由此得到的南海夏季风爆发时间的前期判定指标能较好地判断南海夏季风的爆发时间。南海夏季风爆发迟早的原因,及其与4月份40 S纬圈平均之间的联系,可以通过南北半球哈得莱环流的变化得到解释。 相似文献
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南海夏季风爆发与热带海洋海温和大气环流异常变化关系的研究 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
用合成和相关分析方法及SVD技术研究了南海夏季风爆发早、晚年份4～6月季风建立时期季风环流的异常及其与热带太平洋-印度洋海温的关系。结果表明,南海夏季风爆发与热带大气环流和海温变异密切相关。（1）当热带中、东太平洋—印度洋（主要在西南部）及南海海温低（高）,西太平洋—澳洲邻近海域海温高（低）时,南海夏季风爆发早（晚）。不同区域海温对季风的影响有明显的季节差异,印度洋主要为晚春至初夏（4～6月）,南海为5～6月,而热带太平洋从前冬一直持续到夏季。（2）不同的海温异常产生不同的季风环流型,南海夏季风爆发早、晚年大气环流的异常变化基本相反。南海夏季风的活动主要受印度季风环流变化的影响,与前期冬春季西太副高的强弱及位置变化密切相关。西太副高弱时,南海夏季风爆发早;反之,爆发晚。（3）热带太平洋—印度洋海温异常引起季风环流和Walker环流的异常变化可能是影响南海夏季风爆发早、晚的物理过程。 相似文献
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台风内部的中尺度波动与多边形眼墙的形成 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
用小波变换分析了1948～2003年南海夏季风强度指数序列振荡特征,并研究了Lanczos滤波器滤出的不同时间尺度上南海夏季风强度与SODA资料提供的海洋热力条件的关系。结果表明,南海夏季风强度变化存在准4年的年际变化、约9年周期的十年际变化和38年左右周期的年代际变化。年际变化最强,年代际变化最弱。不同尺度上的南海夏季风强度变化与海洋热力条件的显著相关区有很大的地域差异。南海夏季风强度的年际变化主要与近赤道地区的热带海洋变化有关,相关关系呈准2年变化。若前一年秋冬季节的赤道东印度洋、赤道西太平洋出现海温和温跃层深度正异常和赤道西印度洋、赤道中东太平洋出现海温和温跃层深度负异常时,对应于当年的年际尺度上的南海夏季风加强;反之则减弱。南海夏季风强度与后期海温的对应关系为:南海夏季风加强,秋季时,南海周边海区和澳大利亚东部海区海温显著负相关;冬季时,热带西印度洋、赤道中东太平洋和赤道大西洋海温出现显著的正相关。南海夏季风强度的年代变化受PDO的调制。年代际尺度上南海夏季风强度的变化即与全球变暖有关,也与PDO有关。 相似文献
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影响南海夏季风爆发因子的诊断研究 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
通过南海夏季风爆发偏早年和偏晚年前期冬春季东亚地区的环流、积雪及海温等要素特征的诊断分析,揭示了南海夏季风爆发时间早晚与前期冬季东亚大气环流、热带对流、热源及热带太平洋海温的异常分布有密切联系,南海夏季风爆发偏早年的前期有冬季风偏强,高原积雪偏少,海洋大陆地区的对流活跃、热源增强及LaNina型海温分布等主要特征;南海夏季风爆发偏晚年的前期特征则基本相反。根据1997～1998年冬春环流、积雪及海温等的特征作了1998年南海夏季风爆发时间的预测,其结果与1998年的实况基本一致。 相似文献
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南海夏季风爆发日期在1993/1994年出现年代际偏早的转变,利用海温和再分析资料的研究证实西北太平洋增暖和两类海温型的年代际差异可能是导致此种变化的重要成因。进一步的研究揭示出在南海夏季风爆发出现年代际变化的背景下,南海夏季风爆发日期与太平洋海温的关系也出现明显的变化:1993/1994年之前的第一年代东太平洋(EP)型海温异常起主导作用,而1993/1994年之后的第二年代两类海温型均影响了季风爆发,但以中太平洋(CP)型海温异常为主。第一年代,东太平洋型增温(EPW)通过抑制西北太平洋-孟加拉湾的对流活动,在菲律宾海、孟加拉湾西部激发出两个距平反气旋,使越赤道气流建立偏晚、孟加拉湾低槽填塞、西北太平洋副热带高压增强,进而导致南海夏季风爆发偏晚,且其影响可从4月维持到5月;而中太平洋型增温(CPW)对季风爆发前期的流场无显著影响。第二年代,CPW通过抑制菲律宾-孟加拉湾东部的对流活动,在菲律宾-孟加拉湾激发出一个距平反气旋,使孟加拉湾低槽填塞、南海地区副高增强,进而阻碍季风爆发,且显著影响仅出现在4月;EPW对4月大气环流场的影响与第一年代较为接近,在菲律宾-孟加拉湾一带产生的风场、对流场异常稍弱于CPW,但其影响无法持续到5月。 相似文献
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亚洲夏季风动力学研究综述 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
亚洲夏季风按照气候带可以分为东亚副热带夏季风和亚洲热带夏季风。就气候平均而言,东亚副热带夏季风于4月初在我国江南(泛称“华南”)地区建立,而亚洲热带夏季风首先于5月初在孟加拉湾东北部建立,之后向东推进,于5月第4候到达南海,然而夏季风无法直接西传至印度地区,因此印度夏季风的爆发表现为热带对流在阿拉伯海上空自赤道向北逐步推进的特征。东亚副热带夏季风与亚洲热带夏季风的爆发机制和时空变率都存在明显差异。亚洲夏季风的建立与青藏高原的动力和热力强迫作用联系紧密,其中东亚副热带夏季风的建立又与东亚大陆-西北太平洋的纬向海陆热力差异的季节转换紧密联系,而亚洲热带夏季风的爆发则与亚洲南部地区对流层中上部经向温度梯度的季节变化有关。同时,亚洲热带夏季风的建立过程还与亚洲南部高、低空环流的垂直耦合密切相关。就季节内变化而言,东亚副热带夏季风在4月份表现出10～20天季节内振荡,这与青藏高原表面感热的季节内变化有关,而盛夏的东亚副热带夏季风则存在准双周和21～30天两种振荡信号。亚洲热带夏季风的季节内振荡包含30～60天的北传信号和10～20天的西传信号,其中北传信号与环境气流的垂直切变、边界层辐合以及暖SST下垫面有关。亚洲夏季风年际变率的主要外强迫是ENSO事件,同时印度洋和大西洋海温异常、南极海冰以及青藏高原的冬、春季积雪和感热异常也影响着亚洲夏季风的年际变率。而亚洲夏季风的年代际变化既与气候系统的自然变率有关,又受热带海温强迫、人为排放气溶胶浓度和青藏高原表面热状况长期变化影响。 相似文献
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南海-西太平洋春季对流10~30天振荡强度对南海夏季风爆发早晚的影响 总被引：1，自引：3，他引：1
采用NCEP再分析资料,揭示了南海-西太平洋春季对流存在显著的10~30天振荡周期。在年际尺度上,南海-西太平洋春季对流10~30天振荡强度（简称SCSWP_SISO）与南海夏季风爆发日期存在显著的负相关关系。当春季菲律宾和西太平洋海温偏高、赤道太平洋中部及以东地区海温偏低时,索马里、110 °E越赤道气流会加强,南海-西太平洋偏西风加强,产生异常气旋性环流,垂直上升运动增强,水汽异常偏多,东西风切变增强,有利于SCSWP_SISO增强。而SCSWP_SISO增强时,有由南往北、自西向东的异常气旋传播,从而减弱低层副热带高压使之较早撤出南海,南海夏季风得以较早爆发。反之亦然。在不同的年代际背景下,SCSWP_SISO经历了偏弱、较弱和偏强的变化,但影响其变化的因子并不完全一致。在第一阶段（1958—1976年）,主导因子是南海-西太平洋冷的海温与异常下沉运动、异常减弱的水汽-对流条件。在第二阶段（1977—1993年）,主导因子为中东太平洋异常偏冷的海温以及局地异常减弱的风场垂直切变。在第三阶段（1994—2011年）,主导因子为热带海温的整体偏暖、风场垂直切变的增强以及水汽-对流的加强。但随着SCSWP_SISO的年代际增强,其与南海夏季风爆发日期的相关关系却呈现下降趋势。 相似文献
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南海夏季风爆发的一般特征是南亚高压移至中南半岛北部;西太平洋副热带高压连续向东撤出南海地区,移到120°E以东的热带洋面上;高（低）空东北（西南）气流占据南海大部分地区,相应的105°E附近的越赤道气流建立,南海季风槽形成并同时伴有对流降水的发展和温、湿等要素的突变。国家气候中心的监测表明,2007年南海夏季风于5月第5候爆发。该年季风爆发后,虽然源自热带地区的低空西南气流迅速占据南海上空,高空盛行东北气流,且南亚高压西移至中南半岛上空,但对流、高度场以及降水场的突变特征均很不明显,表现为季风爆发后南海上空的对流依然偏弱,副高没有马上撤离南海,同时华南地区的降水量也没有迅速增强。因此,2007年南海夏季风爆发前后大气环流的变化特征具有非典型性。 相似文献
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The NCEP reanalyzed data, OLR and SST observations are used to study the onset time and the multi-time scales features of the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon in 1998 and its interaction with the sea surface temperature and the effect on the precipitation in Guangdong province. It is found that the 1998 SCS summer monsoon set in on May 17 (in the fourth pentad of the month). The year witnesses a weak monsoon with the OLR oscillating at cycles of about 1 month and the Southwest Monsoon of about 1/2 month. The mon-soon over the Bay of Bengal and the cross-equatorial current near 105°are two driving forces for low-frequency variations of the SCS monsoon. The weak activity in the year was resulted from positive anomalies of SST in the equatorial eastern Pacific in early spring and subsequent formation of positive anomalies of SST in the SCS through the Arabian Sea. 相似文献
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本文利用NCAR开发的CAM5.1(Community Atmosphere Model Version 5.1)模式,针对我国东部大规模城市下垫面发展对南海夏季风爆发的影响进行了数值模拟研究。结果表明我国东部大规模城市群发展可能使得南海夏季风提前1候爆发;机理分析表明:在南海夏季风爆发之前,中国东部城市群发展引起的陆面增温,使得南海及其附近地区南北温差提前逆转、中国东部区域海平面气压降低,导致中南半岛到南海地区西南气流加强,中南半岛到南海地区降水增加,而凝结潜热垂直变化强迫出的异常环流,促进了南亚高压的加强及提前北跳,相伴随的高层抽吸作用有助于季风对流的建立和西太平洋副高的减弱东撤,从而形成了有利于南海夏季风爆发的高低层环流条件,导致南海夏季风提前爆发。另外,观测结果表明1993年之后南海夏季风爆发的日期相对上一个年代明显提前约2候,城市化快速发展阶段与南海夏季风爆发的年代际变化存在时间段的吻合,表明城市下垫面发展可能是南海夏季风提前爆发的原因之一。 相似文献
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2012年华南前汛期降水特征及环流异常分析 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
2012年华南前汛期于4月第2候开始,6月第5候结束。前汛期降水经历了三个不同的阶段：第一阶段是4月第2候至5月第3候的降水集中期（锋面降水）,江南大部和华南大部降水偏多25％以上,第二阶段是5月第4候至6月第2候的少雨期,华南中部和东部降水偏少50％以上,第三阶段是6月第3—5候的第二个降水集中期（季风降水）,江南东南部至华南中西部降水偏多50％以上。对各阶段大气环流距平场的分析结果表明：华南前汛期开始后,偏强的乌拉尔山高压脊导致南下的冷空气偏强,偏强的低层副热带高压使得我国南方为整层水汽输送的异常辐合区,两者共同导致华南前汛期第一阶段的锋面降水较常年同期偏多;南海夏季风在爆发后偏弱和西北太平洋副热带高压（以下简称副高）持续3候异常偏北是导致第二阶段前汛期降水明显偏少的主要原因;第三阶段,南海夏季风异常偏强,副高南落并增强,以及孟加拉湾季风槽的偏强使得华南前汛期此阶段的季风降水偏多。 相似文献
15.
QIAN Yongfu ZHANG Yan JIANG Jing YAO Yonghong XU Zhongfeng 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2005,19(2):129-142
The multi-yearly averaged pentad meteorological fields at 850 hPa of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dada and the TBB fields of the Japan Meteorological Agency during 1980-1994 are analyzed. It is found that if the pentad is taken as the time unit of the monsoon onset, then the tropical Asian summer monsoon (TASM) onsets earliest, simultaneously and abruptly over the whole area in the Bay of Bengal (BOB), the Indo-China Peninsula (ICP), and the South China Sea (SCS), east of 90°E, in the 27th to 28th pentads of a year (Pentads 3 to 4 in May), while it onsets later in the India Peninsula (IP) and the Arabian Sea (AS), west of 90°E. The TASM bursts first at the south end of the IP in the 30th to 31st pentads near 10°N, and advances gradually northward to the whole area, by the end of June. Analysis of the possible mechanism depicts that the rapid changes of the surface sensible heat flux, air temperature, and pressure in spring and early summer in the middle to high latitudes of the East Asian continent between 100°E and 120癊are crucially responsible for the earliest onset of the TASM in the BOB to the SCS areas. It is their rapid changes that induce a continental depression to form and break through the high system of pressure originally located in the above continental areas. The low depression in turn introduces the southwesterly to come into the BOB to the SCS areas, east of 90°E, and thus makes the SCS summer monsoon (SCSSM) burst out earliest in Asia. In the IP to the AS areas, west of 90°E, the surface sensible heat flux almost does not experience obvious change during April and May, which makes the tropical Indian summer monsoon (TISM) onset later than the SCSSM by about a month. Therefore, it is concluded that the meridian of 90°E is the demarcation line between the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM, i.e., the TISM) and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM, including the SCSSM). Besides, the temporal relations between the TASM onset and the seasonal variation of the South Asian high (SAH) are discussed, too, and it is found that there are good relations between the monsoon onset time and the SAH center positions. When the SAH center advances to north of 20°N, the SCSSM onsets, and to north of 25°N, the TISM onsets at its south end. Comparison between the onset time such determined and that with other methodologies shows fair consistency in the SCS area and some differences in the IP area. 相似文献
16.
Renguang Wu 《Climate Dynamics》2010,34(5):629-642
Analysis of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) data for the period 1998–2007 reveals large
subseasonal fluctuations in sea surface temperature (SST) of the South China Sea during the summer monsoon onset. These subseasonal
SST changes are closely related to surface heat flux anomalies induced by surface wind and cloud changes in association with
the summer monsoon onset. The SST changes feed back on the atmosphere by modifying the atmospheric instability. The results
suggest that the South China Sea summer monsoon onset involves ocean–atmosphere coupling on subseasonal timescales. While
the SST response to surface heat flux changes is quick and dramatic, the time lag between the SST anomalies and the atmospheric
convection response varies largely from year to year. The spatial–temporal evolution of subseasonal anomalies indicates that
the subseasonal variability affecting the South China Sea summer monsoon onset starts over the equatorial western Pacific,
propagates northward to the Philippine Sea, and then moves westward to the South China Sea. The propagation of these subseasonal
anomalies is related to the ocean–atmosphere interaction, involving the wind-evaporation and cloud-radiation effects on SST
as well as SST impacts on lower-level convergence over the equatorial western Pacific and atmospheric instability over the
Philippine Sea and the South China Sea. 相似文献
17.
This study depicts the sub-seasonal prediction of the South China Sea summer monsoon onset (SCSSMO) and investigates the associated oceanic and atmospheric processes, utilizing the hindcasts of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2). Typically, the SCSSMO is accompanied by an eastward retreat of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH), development of the cross-equatorial flow, and an increase in the east-west sea surface temperature (SST) gradient. These features are favorable for the onset of westerlies and strengthening of convection and precipitation over the South China Sea (SCS). A more vigorous SCSSMO process shows a higher predictability, and vice versa. The NCEP CFSv2 can successfully predict the onset date and evolution of the monsoon about 4 pentads (20 days) in advance (within 1–2 pentads) for more forceful (less vigorous) SCSSMO processes. On the other hand, the climatological SCSSMO that occurs around the 27th pentad can be accurately predicted in one pentad, and the predicted SCSSMO occurs 1–2 pentads earlier than the observed with a weaker intensity at longer leadtimes. Warm SST biases appear over the western equatorial Pacific preceding the SCSSMO. These biases induce a weaker-than-observed WNPSH as a Gill-type response, leading to weakened low-level easterlies over the SCS and hence an earlier and less vigorous SCSSMO. In addition, after the SCSSMO, remarkable warm biases over the eastern Indian Ocean and the SCS and cold biases over the WNP induce weaker-than-observed westerlies over the SCS, thus also contributing to the less vigorous SCSSMO. 相似文献
18.
The unique role of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) onset process in the development of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is demonstrated in this study. The SCSSM onset process is examined in terms of the vertical linkage between the Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and the South Asian high (SAH). A composite analysis is performed in order to adequately describe the vertical linkage in a synoptic timescale. The South China Sea (SCS) is a key region for the seasonal migrations of the WPSH and the SAH, with the former retreating northeastward, the latter advancing northwestward, and both taking place over the SCS during the SCSSM onset period. The SCSSM onset process is characterized by a significant change in the relative configuration of the ridge lines of the WPSH and the SAH. Just prior to the onset period, the ridge lines intersect vertically over the SCS, thus prohibiting convective activities. During the onset period, the ridge line intersection moves away from the SCS due to the retreating WPSH and the northward shift of the SAH ridge line. This coincides with the emergence of monsoonal convective activities over the SCS and the establishment of a moisture channel from the tropics, which in turn provides favorable conditions for the development of deep convective activity. The northeastward intrusion of the lower level southwesterlies and the moisture supplying channel are closely related to the development of a preexisting twin cyclone in the Bay of Bengal. The northeastward lower level southwesterlies form a monsoonal ascending motion in the SCS, which further merges upward into the northeasterlies to the south of the SAH ridge line. This is a signature of the establishment of the local Hadley circulation, which marks the beginning of the EASM. The frontal system is the most frequent attendant synoptic event during the SCSSM onset. From the viewpoint of synoptic process, the SCSSM undergoes a two-stage onset process which is characterized by the southward intrusion of the frontal system in the earlier stage and the outbreak of the tropical convection in the later stage. The frontal system may act as a trigger for the outbreak of the tropical convection in the later stage. The burst out of the monsoonal convection over the SCS is essential for the breakdown of the vertical intersection between the WPSH and the SAH therein. 相似文献
19.
Summary Interannual variations of the summer monsoon onset over the South China Sea (SCS) have been studied using data from over
seventeen years (1979–1995) of NMC global analysis and of Outgoing Longwave Radiation (OLR) observed with NOAA polar-orbitting
satellites. It was found that the summer monsoon onset in the SCS occurs abruptly with a sudden change of zonal wind direction
from easterly to westerly and an exploding development of deep convection in the whole SCS region in the middle of May.
Based on the criteria defined in this paper for the SCS summer monsoon onset, the average onset date over the SCS from 1979
to 1995 is around the fourth pentad of May. The airflow and general circulation over the SCS changes dramatically after the
onset. The ridge of the subtropical high in the western Pacific in the lower troposphere weakens and retreats eastward from
the SCS region with an establishment of westerly winds over the whole region. During the SCS monsoon onset, the most direct
impact in the vicinity of the SCS are the equatorial westerlies in the Bay of Bengal through their eastward extension and
northward movement. An indirect influence on the SCS onset is also caused by the enhancement of the Somali cross-equatorial
flow and the vanishing Arabian High over the sea; the latter may be a signal for the SCS onset.
There are quite significant interannual variations in the SCS onset. In the years of a delayed onset, the most profound feature
is that the easterly winds stay longer in the SCS than on average. Deep convection activities are suppressed. The direct cause
is the abnormal existence of the western Pacific subtropical high over the SCS region. Moreover, compared to the average,
the equatorial westerlies in the Bay of Bengal are also weaker in the years of a delayed onset. No significant changes for
the cross-equatorial flow at 105 °E are observed for these years. It has also been found that the interannual variations of
the SCS onset are closely related with the ENSO events. In the years of a delay, the Walker circulation is weaker, and the
sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the western Pacific are negative.
Received April 14, 1997 Revised July 11, 1997 相似文献