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1.
何吉成 《气候变化研究进展》2011,7(4):281-287
基于中国民航部门逐年统计数据,计算了1960—2009年中国民航飞机的CO2逐年排放量,分析了中国民航飞机CO2排放强度及其变化特点。结果表明:中国民航飞机CO2总排放量由1960年的12.0万t增至2009年的4144万t;CO2排放强度呈明显的降低趋势,由1960年的2.9 kg/换算吨公里降至2009年的0.96 kg/换算吨公里,年均降低0.04 kg/换算吨公里。中国民航飞机的CO2排放量占整个交通运输仓储和邮政行业CO2排放量的比例较低,仅占6.6%,占全国化石燃料燃烧CO2排放量的比例也很小,平均只有0.25%。 相似文献
2.
兰州城区稳定能量及其与空气污染的关系 总被引：11，自引：16，他引：11
从能量学的观点出发，提出了描述地面至特定高度大气层结构稳定度的参数－稳定能量，并给出了具体计算方法。根据1988－1992年兰州气象站逐日08：00（北京时，下同）的探空资料，计算了300－1000m每隔50m共15层的稳定能量。利用同期兰州市环境监测站自动监测系统监测的兰州城区3种主要空气污染物二氧化硫、一氧化碳和氮氧化物（SO2、CO、NOX）的日平均浓度资料，计算了地面气象要素、低空气象参数、低空风和稳定能量等气象因子与SO2、CO、NOX之间的相关。结果表明：（1）用稳定能量来描述低层大气的稳定性更为合理一些；（2）在诸多气象因子中，稳定能量与SO2、CO、NOX浓度之间的相关性最显著；（3）稳定能量的年变化规律与空气污染浓度的年变化规律基本一致；（4）逐月看，各层稳定能量与SO2浓度之间均为正相关，除7月份以外，大多数层次均通过了α＝0．01显著性水平的相关性检验。 相似文献
3.
基于我国铁路部门逐年统计数据,计算了1975-2005年我国铁路机车的CO2排放量,分析了我国铁路机车CO2排放强度及其变化特点。结果表明,由于蒸汽机车不断被内燃机车和电力机车所取代,我国蒸汽机车CO2年排放量逐年降低,内燃机车的CO2年排放量逐年上升,铁路机车CO2总排放量由1975年的4223万t降至2005年的1640万t,CO2排放强度呈现明显的降低趋势,年均降低2.4 g /换算吨公里。我国铁路机车的CO2排放量占整个交通运输仓储和邮政行业CO2排放量的比重也呈逐年降低趋势。 相似文献
4.
以陕西省关中地区大气环境中SO2和PM10作为评估对象进行大气环境承载力研究,基于关中5市共46个地面气象台站的逐时气象观测资料和2010—2013年污染物排放资料,采用烟云足迹分析法计算了各市2010—2013年环境容量系数A值和SO2、PM10大气环境承载力的时空分布状况。结果表明:关中地区5市中铜川和咸阳的A值相对最大,渭南、宝鸡、西安的A值较小,且呈现出逐年下降的趋势。2010—2013年关中地区SO2环境承载力已无余额,PM10环境承载力仍有余额。SO2环境承载力西安市和渭南市4年均无余额,其他市均有余额且呈逐年上升趋势;PM10环境承载力除渭南市2013年无余额外,其他市4年均有余额且年际变化较为平稳。 相似文献
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6.
许金华范英 《气候变化研究进展》2013,(5):341-349
中国水泥行业生产了全球水泥总产量的一半以上,能耗和CO2排放仅次于电力行业.通过国际比较和宏观经济驱动力分析,预估了水泥产量在2010-2030年间3种可能的发展趋势.采用基于工艺流程的自底向上核算方法,评估了每种产量趋势下中国水泥行业在2010-2030年间的节能潜力和CO2减排潜力.结果显示,相比基准情景,在最佳技术情景下,水泥行业存在13.4％～ 14.6％的节能潜力和15.3％～ 16.3％的CO2减排潜力,分别带来平均4.2亿t标煤的累积节能量和37.2亿t的累积CO2减排量.总体上,燃料和熟料替代措施的节能减排效应要优于能效提高措施.在3种CO2排放源中,过程减排约贡献了总减排量的42％,其次是燃烧减排(36％)和电力减排(22％). 相似文献
7.
中国二氧化碳排放源现状分析 总被引：23，自引：1，他引：22
通过对20世纪90年代中国几个主要温室气体研究项目中关于二氧化碳(CO2)排放源研究结果的综合分析,结合最新资料,对1990年的中国CO2排放源进行了收集和完善,对1994年中国CO2排放源重新做了计算.其中,工业生产过程的CO2排放,在以前的研究中仅仅计算了水泥一项,本研究中我们增加了石灰、钢铁、电解铝三项,力求使结果更接近实际情况.结果表明,1990年和1994年中国CO2矿物燃料燃烧和工业过程总排放分别为2218.9×106t(合605.1×106t碳)和2787.8×106t(合760.3×106t碳),分别占当年全球CO2总排放的10.2%和12.7%.能源和工业生产活动的CO2排放均有不同程度的增长.矿物燃料燃烧是中国CO2的最大排放源,占总排放的90%以上.对CO2排放源的不确定性分析表明,中国CO2排放存在大于10%的减排潜力. 相似文献
8.
北京上甸子本底站2003年秋冬季痕量气体浓度变化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2003年9月至2004年2月在北京上甸子区域大气污染本底监测站(117°07′E,40°39′N,海拔293.9 m)开展了对大气中痕量气体的连续在线监测,获得了NO、NO2、SO2、CO和O3等气体组分的变化特征、变化规律和浓度水平。初步分析表明,NO、NO2、SO2、CO和O3有明显的日变化和月变化特征。O3浓度在秋季较高,冬季较低;NO、NO2和SO2冬季出现浓度高值。探讨了O3和痕量气体与气象因子的关系。O3与NO、NO2、NOx、CO和SO2皆为负相关,CO与NOx和SO2具有较好的相关性。本底站痕量气体浓度与同期观测的城区污染物浓度相比其变化趋势基本呈同位相。 相似文献
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10.
利用2015-2018年郑州市气态污染物(SO_2、CO、NO_2和O_3)的浓度数据和郑州市气象数据资料,分析了郑州市气态污染物浓度的变化趋势和影响因素。结果显示:2015-2018年郑州市SO_2、CO、NO_2的年均浓度逐年降低,但其污染物浓度在31个省会城市中排名相对靠后,污染较为严重。SO_2、CO和NO_2浓度均为冬季的最高,其次是春季和秋季的,夏季的最低,O_3浓度与之相反。气态污染物浓度与气象因素的相关性分析结果表明:SO_2、NO_2、CO浓度均与温度呈显著负相关,O_3浓度与温度呈显著正相关;各污染物与气压的相关性与温度相反;SO_2、NO_2、CO浓度与降水量均呈负相关,降水对O_3的具体影响还有待深入研究。 相似文献
11.
Terje Berntsen Jan Fuglestvedt Gunnar Myhre Frode Stordal Tore F. Berglen 《Climatic change》2006,74(4):377-411
Today's climate policy is based on the assumption that the location of emissions reductions has no impact on the overall climate
effect. However, this may not be the case since reductions of greenhouse gases generally will lead to changes in emissions
of short-lived gases and aerosols. Abatement measures may be primarily targeted at reducing CO2, but may also simultaneously reduce emissions of NOx, CO, CH4 and SO2 and aerosols. Emissions of these species may cause significant additional radiative forcing. We have used a global 3-D chemical
transport model and a radiative transfer model to study the impact on climate in terms of radiative forcing for a realistic
change in location of the emissions from large-scale sources. Based on an assumed 10% reduction in CO2 emissions, reductions in the emissions of other species have been estimated. Climate impact for the SRES A1B scenario is
compared to two reduction cases, with the main focus on a case with emission reductions between 2010 and 2030, but also a
case with sustained emission reductions. The emission reductions are applied to four different regions (Europe, China, South
Asia, and South America). In terms of integrated radiative forcing (over 100 yr), the total effect (including only the direct
effect of aerosols) is always smaller than for CO2 alone. Large variations between the regions are found (53–86% of the CO2 effect). Inclusion of the indirect effects of sulphate aerosols reduces the net effect of measures towards zero. The global
temperature responses, calculated with a simple energy balance model, show an initial additional warming of different magnitude
between the regions followed by a more uniform reduction in the warming later. A major part of the regional differences can
be attributed to differences related to aerosols, while ozone and changes in methane lifetime make relatively small contributions.
Emission reductions in a different sector (e.g. transportation instead of large-scale sources) might change this conclusion
since the NOx to SO2 ratio in the emissions is significantly higher for transportation than for large-scale sources. The total climate effect
of abatement measures thus depends on (i) which gases and aerosols are affected by the measure, (ii) the lifetime of the measure
implemented, (iii) time horizon over which the effects are considered, and (iv) the chemical, physical and meteorological
conditions in the region. There are important policy implications of the results. Equal effects of a measure cannot be assumed
if the measure is implemented in a different region and if several gases are affected. Thus, the design of emission reduction
measures should be considered thoroughly before implementation. 相似文献
12.
This paper analyses factors that contributed to the evolution of SO2, NOx and CO2 emissions in Europe from 1960 to 2010. Historical energy balances, along with population and economic growth data, are used to quantify the impacts of major determinants of changing emission levels, including energy intensity, conversion efficiency, fuel mix, and pollution control. Time series of emission levels are compared for countries in Western and Eastern Europe, throwing light on differences in the importance of particular emission-driving forces. Three quarters of the decline in SO2 emissions in Western Europe resulted from a combination of reduced energy intensity and improved fuel mix, while dedicated end-of-pipe abatement measures played a dominant role in the reduction of NOx emissions. The increase in atmospheric emissions in Eastern Europe through the mid-1990s was associated with the growth of energy-intensive industries, which off-setted the positive impact of better fuel quality and changes in fuel mix. A continuous decrease in energy intensity and higher conversion efficiencies have been the main factors responsible for the moderate rate of growth of European CO2 emissions. 相似文献
13.
Kyung-Min Nam Caleb J. Waugh Sergey Paltsev John M. Reilly Valerie J. Karplus 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(6):1648-1661
Air pollution has been recognized as a significant problem in China. In its Twelfth Five Year Plan, China proposes to reduce SO2 and NOx emissions significantly, and here we investigate the cost of achieving those reductions and the implications of doing so for CO2 emissions. We extend the analysis through 2050, and either hold emissions policy targets at the level specified in the Plan, or continue to reduce them gradually. We apply a computable general equilibrium model of the Chinese economy that includes a representation of pollution abatement derived from detailed assessment of abatement technology and costs. We find that China's SO2 and NOx emissions control targets would have substantial effects on CO2 emissions leading to emissions savings far beyond those we estimate would be needed to meet its CO2 intensity targets. However, the cost of achieving and maintaining the pollution targets can be quite high given the growing economy. In fact, we find that the near term pollution targets can be met while still expanding the use of coal, but if they are, then there is a lock-in effect that makes it more costly to maintain or further reduce emissions. That is, if firms were to look ahead to tighter targets, they would make different technology choices in the near term, largely turning away from increased use of coal immediately. 相似文献
14.
Xuechun LUO Xiao TANG Haoyue WANG Lei KONG Huangjian WU Weiguo WANG Yating SONG Hongyan LUO Yao WANG Jiang ZHU Zifa WANG 《大气科学进展》2023,40(4):601-618
In recent years, China has implemented several measures to improve air quality. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH)region is one area that has suffered from the most serious air pollution in China and has undergone huge changes in air quality in the past few years. How to scientifically assess these change processes remain the key issue in further improving the air quality over this region in the future. To evaluate the changes in major air pollutant emissions over this region, this paper employs ens... 相似文献
15.
Chinmay Mallik S. Venkataramani Shyam Lal 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2012,48(2):171-180
Continuous measurements of SO2, NOx and O3 along with sampling based measurements of CO, CH4, NMHCs and CO2 were carried out during May, 2010 at Ahmedabad. The diurnal variations of SO2 in ambient air exhibited elevated values during the night and lower levels during the sunlit hours. The mean concentration of SO2 during the study period was 0.95 ± 0.88 ppbv. However, the ambient SO2 exceeded 17 ppbv in the night of 20 May, 2010. On the same day, tropospheric columnar SO2 from OMI showed almost 350% increase corroborating the surface observations over an extended height regime. This was also the highest columnar value of SO2 during the summer of 2010. Columnar loadings were also found to be high for formaldehyde, precipitable water vapor and aerosol optical depth on 20 May. Elevated concentrations were also recorded for other trace gases like NO2 and O3. Analysis of related data of trace gases indicated characteristics of fresh emissions with dominant contributions from mobile sources during the study period. However, SO2/NO2 ratio of 0.36 during the event period on 20th May connotes non-local influences. Analyses of meteorological parameters suggest combined impacts of transport and inversion causing higher levels of SO2 and other pollutants during 20?C21 May. Episodes of such enhancements may perturb chemical and radiative balance of the atmosphere. 相似文献
16.
以武汉市为研究区域,基于实地调查获得典型行业污染源活动水平,以大气污染物排放清单编制技术指南为参考,利用排放因子法建立2014年武汉市大气污染源排放清单,并结合经纬度、人口密度分布、土地利用类型、道路长度等数据将排放清单进行了3 km×3 km网格化处理.结果表明,2014年武汉市SO2、NOx、PM10、PM2.5、CO、BC、OC、VOCs和NH3排放量分别为10.3、17.0、16.3、7.1、63.1、0.6、0.4、19.8和1.6万t.固定燃烧源为SO2排放的主要来源,其贡献率约64%;移动源为NOx的主要来源,其贡献率约51%;颗粒物排放主要来源于扬尘源和工艺过程源;CO和VOCs主要来源于工艺过程源,BC和OC排放均以移动源和生物质燃烧源为主,NH3排放主要来自农业源.污染物排放主要集中在青山区至新洲区一带. 相似文献
17.
Mercedes M. C. Bustamante Carlos A. Nobre Roberto Smeraldi Ana P. D. Aguiar Luis G. Barioni Laerte G. Ferreira Karla Longo Peter May Alexandre S. Pinto Jean P. H. B. Ometto 《Climatic change》2012,115(3-4):559-577
The study estimated, for the first time, the greenhouse gas emissions associated with cattle raising in Brazil, focusing on the period from 2003 to 2008 and the three principal sources: 1) portion of deforestation resulting in pasture establishment and subsequent burning of felled vegetation; 2) pasture burning; and 3) bovine enteric fermentation. Deforestation for pasture establishment was only considered for the Amazon and Cerrado. Emissions from pasture burning and enteric fermentation were accounted for the entire country. The consolidated emissions estimate lies between approximately 813 Mt CO2eq in 2008 (smallest value) and approximately 1,090 Mt CO2eq in 2003 (greatest value). The total emissions associated with Amazon cattle ranching ranged from 499 to 775 Mt CO2eq, that of the Cerrado from 229 to 231 Mt CO2eq, and that of the rest of the country between 84 and 87 Mt CO2eq. The full set of emissions originating from cattle raising is responsible for approximately half of all Brazilian emissions (estimated to be approximately 1,055 Mt CO2eq in 2005), even without considering cattle related sources not explicitly estimated in this study, such as energy use for transport and refrigeration along the beef and derivatives supply chain. The potential for reduction of greenhouse gas emissions offered by the Brazilian cattle industry is very high and might constitute Brazil’s most important opportunity for emissions mitigation. The study offers a series of policy recommendations for mitigation that can be implemented by public and private administrators at a low cost relative to other greenhouse gas reduction options. 相似文献
18.
Dale F. Hurst David W. T. Griffith John N. Carras David J. Williams Paul J. Fraser 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1994,18(1):33-56
During 18–23 July 1990, 31 smoke samples were collected from an aircraft flying at low altitudes through the plumes of tropical savanna fires in the Northern Territory, Australia. The excess (above background) mixing ratios of 17 different trace gases including CO2, CO, CH4, several non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), CH3CHO, NO
x
(– NO + NO2), NH3, N2O, HCN and total unspeciated NMHC and sulphur were measured. Emissionratios relative to excess CO2 and CO, and emissionfactors relative to the fuel carbon, nitrogen or sulphur content are determined for each measured species. The emission ratios and factors determined here for carbon-based gases, NO
x
, and N2O are in good agreement with those reported from other biomass burning studies. The ammonia data represent the first such measurements from savanna fires, and indicate that NH3 emissions are more than half the strength of NO
x
emissions. The emissions of NO
x
, NH3, N2O and HCN together represent only 27% of the volatilised fuel N, and are primarily NO
x
(16%) and NH3 (9%). Similarly, only 56% of the volatilised fuel S is accounted for by our measurements of total unspeciated sulphur. 相似文献
19.
We present and apply a simple bottom–up model for estimating non-energy use of fossil fuels and resulting CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions. We apply this model for the year 2000: (1) to the world as a whole, (2) to the aggregate of Annex I countries and non-Annex I countries, and (3) to the ten non-Annex I countries with the highest consumption of fossil fuels for non-energy purposes. We find that worldwide non-energy use is equivalent to 1,670 ± 120 Mt (megatonnes) CO2 and leads to 700 ± 90 Mt CO2 emissions. Around 75% of non-energy use emissions is related to industrial processes. The remainder is attributed to the emission source categories of solvent and other product use, agriculture, and waste. Annex I countries account for 51% (360 ± 50 Mt CO2) and non-Annex I countries for 49% (340 ± 70 Mt CO2) of worldwide non-energy use emissions. Among non-Annex I countries, China is by far the largest emitter of non-energy use emissions (122 ± 18 Mt CO2). Our research deepens the understanding of non-energy use and related CO2 emissions in countries for which detailed emission inventories do not yet exist. Despite existing model uncertainties, we recommend NEAT-SIMP to inventory experts for preparing correct and complete non-energy use emission estimates for any country in the world. 相似文献
20.
Characteristics of gaseous pollutants near a main traffic line in Beijing and its influencing factors 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Jianhua Chen Wei Wang Jianyu Zhang Hongjie Liu Lihong Ren Xiaoyu Liu Wenjie Zhang Xuan Wang 《Atmospheric Research》2009,94(3):470-480
Automobile exhaust emissions are becoming increasingly serious with the drastic increase of the number of vehicles in Beijing. In order to investigate the air pollution level and characteristics in the areas near the main traffic lines in Beijing and to identify the contributions from traffic and other sources, gaseous pollutants including NOx, CO, O3, SO2, and meteorological parameters have been monitored at a monitoring site and a contrasting site in winter and summer in 2006. The volumes of vehicles on Beiyuan Road were recorded. The average concentrations of NO, NO2, NOx, CO, O3, and SO2 at the monitoring site were 0.148 mg/m3, 0.107 mg/m3, 0.333 mg/m3, 5.110 mg/m3, 0.006 mg/m3, and 0.157 mg/m3, respectively during the sampling period in winter and 0.021 mg/m3, 0.068 mg/m3, 0.101 mg/m3, 4.170 mg/m3, 0.083 mg/m3, and 0.056 mg/m3, respectively in summer. The high concentrations of CO and O3 reflect the influence of vehicles emission near the traffic lines evidently. The higher concentrations of CO, NO and O3 in summer may indicate that the characteristics of traffic pollution were more pronounced in summer. Results of regression analysis showed that in winter the concentrations of SO2 and CO were significantly positively correlated with the emission of heating boilers at night and negatively correlated with wind speed in daytime. The concentrations of NO and NOx were negatively correlated with wind speed, positively correlated with emission of heating boilers in daytime and positively correlated with traffic density at nighttime. The concentrations of NO2 were positively correlated with the emission of heating boilers in daytime and traffic density at nighttime. In summer, the air quality at the monitoring site and the contrasting site was mainly influenced by the traffic emissions. 相似文献