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基于气象研究的城市通风廊道构建初探——以南京江北新区为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用南京江北新区的气象观测数据、NCEP全球再分析资料和卫星遥感数据,采用统计分析、数值模拟以及地表温度反演技术,综合分析了江北新区的背景风场特征和城市热岛分布状况;并结合江北新区土地利用现状及未来规划资料,构建了其核心规划区域的通风廊道系统。结果表明:(1)江北新区主导风向为偏东风,局地存在山谷风和水陆风,风速主要集中在2~4 m·s~(-1)风速段,且近10年呈下降趋势;(2)在空间分布上,城镇、工业园区风速较小,同时是强热岛区域且有热岛连片发展趋势;长江、老山和林地等冷岛区风速较大,空气较为清新,可利用其与城镇进行空气交换;(3)结合当地气候条件、地形特征、用地类型及未来规划,以山体地势为脊骨,以顺势输引主导风向为基本,以沟通冷源和弱风区为目的,构建了东北—西南走向的1条主通风廊道和3条次通风廊道,以及东南—西北、东—西走向的8条局部通风廊道;并对通风廊道的走向、宽度、布局等提出控制指标和构建策略。 相似文献
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以合肥市主城区为例,采用气象观测数据、卫星遥感数据、地理信息等数据,通过计算天空开阔度、地表粗糙度等城市生态参数,对合肥市主城区通风潜力进行等级划分,并对通风廊道建设提出建议。结果表明,位于合肥市主城区的合肥经济技术开发区和双凤开发区热岛效应较严重,中心区域天空开阔度较差,大部分区域在0.5以下,南淝河沿岸地表粗糙度较小,但其两侧地表粗糙度较大。大部分区域地表通风潜力一般,东南侧靠近巢湖区域和南淝河沿岸通风潜力较高,建筑区域与西北侧区域通风潜力较差。结合合肥市主城区的风向玫瑰图、城市空间热环境分析,构建了四纵两横的六条通风廊道。 相似文献
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介绍了城市近地面高分辨率快速风场模型的构建,以中尺度模式结果作为背景驱动场,5m分辨率建筑物资料作为模型数据输入,通过区块处理、分区函数插值和质量守恒约束,实现了在较短时间(2～3 h)内获得可覆盖城市尺度的高分辨率(10 m左右)的近地面风场。基于该模型对北京四环内主城区(20 km×19 km)在8个典型时刻的10 m分辨率风场进行了模拟和检验,结果如下:(1)在风速方面,模拟值与观测值相比往往会偏大些,夏季4个时刻模拟的准确率在90%以上,冬季4个时刻模拟的准确率在60%以上;在风向方面,8个时刻的准确率均在40%以上。(2)基于该风场模型模拟得到的高分辨率风场能够反映出北京主城区风的山谷风日变化特征;明显的风速大值区往往对应着粗糙度较小的下垫面,而一些密集高层建筑区域始终是流场凌乱的风速小值区。(3)以东二环某一区块为例,该高分辨率风场模型还可对重点街区的精细化风场特征进行展示,可以清晰地反映出流场因建筑物分布产生的分流、汇合、局部环流,以及尾流。综上所述,该城市风场模型为实现短时间内获得覆盖城市尺度的高分辨率近地面风场提供了有效途径。掌握城市尺度的精细化风环境特征,有助于识别亟需改善或限制开发的关键区域,辅助城市通风廊道的合理构建和实施,从而达到优化城市内部通风性能、缓解城市热岛、增加风环境舒适度的最终目标。 相似文献
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珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布河谷地面风特征的初步分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
2006年5～6月, "2006珠峰野外观测实验"在青藏高原珠穆朗玛峰(简称珠峰)北坡绒布河谷中进行,沿河谷设立了3个站点,对河谷中的大气环流状况、热力和辐射状况等进行了观测.利用绒布河谷中平均地面风场资料,研究了该河谷中地面风场的日变化结构特征.结果表明,珠峰北坡绒布河谷中地面风场存在明显的日变化,自上午12:00(北京时间)左右至午夜该河谷地区为来自珠峰方向的偏南风控制,该风场日变化与普通山区的山谷风环流日变化存在很大差别.从3个站点风场日变化来看,偏南风首先在河谷南部开始,然后沿河谷向北发展.沿河谷轴线方向不同地点风场日变化有较大差异:偏南风出现时间随距珠峰的距离依次滞后,距珠峰最近的站点观测到的偏南风最大且持续时间最长,而距离珠峰最远的站点偏南风最弱且持续时间最短,甚至出现长时间的偏北风.研究表明,由于珠峰北坡地区地形复杂,地形高度落差大,地表状况分布不均,因此绒布河谷中的主导风是山谷风、坡风以及冰川风等多种局地风系统耦合的结果. 相似文献
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利用2005年1月\_2010年2月自动气象站的地面风观测资料, 分析了四川新津机场地面风的平均日变化、 月变化\, 季变化及年际变化等, 讨论了地面瞬时风与机场跑道的关系, 并对≥5 m·s-1地面瞬时风的预报进行了探索。结果表明： 机场主要受偏北风、 偏西南风和偏东南风影响, 且偏北风和偏东南方向风速较大。全年较大风主要出现在春季。各季节均盛行偏北风, 秋\, 冬季偏北风出现的频率远大于春\, 夏季。下午风速大, 早晨和夜间风速小。全年平均风速小, 年际差异小, 微风和静风频率高。持续时间较长的≥5 m·s-1地面瞬时风的预报重点在于天气系统的预报上。 相似文献
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辽宁北部典型流域水生态功能三级分区与水生态服务功能评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
流域水生态功能区划是水生态和水资源综合保护的重要前提和基础。在综合分析调查辽河流域辽北地区典型流域自然环境特征、水文数据、地理信息数据的基础上,结合辽河流域水生态功能一级、二级分区结果,建立水生态功能三级分区指标体系,对辽宁省辽河流域内清河、汎河流域进行水生态功能三级分区。结果表明：清河流域可分为7个水生态功能三级区,汎河流域可分为4个水生态功能三级区,水生态服务功能类型共划分为5类：生物多样性与生物栖息地维持功能,产品提供与农业生产功能,水源涵养与水文调蓄功能,人居保障与城市发展功能,水土保持与生态修复功能。水生态功能三级分区结果为辽河流域实施水生态综合管理提供了科技支撑,同时也为中国水生态功能分区技术规范的制定提供了科学依据。 相似文献
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利用2009—2018年冬季北京地区200多个自动气象站逐时10 m风速、风向观测数据,分典型区域（山区、山区与平原过渡区、平原区、城区）研究北京地区冬季近地面风的精细特征,并使用有完整记录的2 a（2017和2018年）冬季延庆高山区不同海拔高度10 m风逐时观测数据,多视角分析高山区不同海拔高度近地面风的特征和成因,以深刻认识北京地区复杂地形条件下冬季近地面风的特征和规律。结果表明:（1）北京地区冬季近地面平均风受西部北部地形、城市下垫面粗糙度和冷空气活动共同影响,平均风速沿地形梯度分布,山区高平原低,平原中又以城区风速最小;盛行西北风和北风,在城区东、西两侧盛行风出现扰流,在山区和过渡区一些地方还存在与局地地形环境明显关联的其他盛行风向。（2）4个典型区域冬季近地面风速日变化均表现为白天风速大于夜间,午间风速最大的“峰强谷平”单峰特征,这一特征的稳定性在城区高、山区低。（3）4个区域冬季弱风（< 1 m/s）频率为31%—42%,城区较高、山区较低;强风（> 10.8 m/s）频次则是山区多、城区少,强风风向主要表现为偏西—偏北,与冷空气活动密切关联;城区、平原区和过渡区偏南风频率均为极小,暗示北京“山区—平原”风模态在冬季是“隐式”的、不易被直接观测到。（4）近地面风的水平尺度代表范围在延庆高山区高海拔处明显大于低海拔处,海拔1500 m附近（平均的边界层顶高度）是延庆高山近地面风速日变化特征的“分水岭”,低于该海拔高度时近地面风速日变化表现为前述“峰强谷平”单峰特征,而高于该海拔高度时近地面风速日变化则呈现相反特征,即夜间大白天小、午间最小的“峰平谷深”特征,这是由边界层湍流活动的日变化及伴随的低层自由大气动量向边界层内下传所致。（5）延庆高山近地面风速大体上随观测高度而增大,高海拔站点日平均风速数倍于低海拔站点。白天—前半夜,海拔约2000 m的站点冬季盛行偏西风,风向变化不大,但风速为2—12 m/s;1000 m左右的低海拔站则风速比较稳定（< 6 m/s）,风向从午间至傍晚相对多变。 相似文献
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利用平矩阵风廓线雷达于2007年7月17日至9月28日对上海世博园规划区上空的风垂直分布进行了观测.通过分析该地上空三维风场的日变化,发现夜间以偏西气流为主,白天风速较小,以偏东气流为主,表明该地区以海陆风为主导的环流特征是这一地区的局地环流日变化的基本特征.逐日变化分析表明,在8月2日以前主要以偏西北气流为主,之后基本是以东南气流为主,并且垂直运动特征以上升气流为主,强烈的垂直运动与偏西气流相关密切,同时偏北气流往往带来较强的上升运动.日夜平均廓线分析表明,夜间风速较大,并且夜间风速的垂直变化与白天相比也有很大不同,白天270 m以下风速随高度基本不变,而夜间从近地面向上风速随高度逐渐增大,低层<90 m的范围内白天风速大于夜间风速.城市冠层以上风向的日夜变化不明显,多为偏北气流控制.城郊风廓线的对比表明受城市下垫面粗糙度的影响,城市风速明显比郊区减小.城市和郊区的水平风速变化在城市冠层以上比较接近,相关系数达到了87%. 相似文献
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The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
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Yuepeng PAN Mengna GU Yuexin HE Dianming WU Chunyan LIU Linlin SONG Shili TIAN Xuemei Lü Yang SUN Tao SONG Wendell W. WALTERS Xuejun LIU Nicholas A. MARTIN Qianqian ZHANG Yunting FANG Valerio FERRACCI Yuesi WANG 《大气科学进展》2020,37(9):933-938
正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on 相似文献
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Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
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Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(4):227
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
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《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
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《大气科学进展》2014,(6)
正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献