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1.
鲁中地区分类强对流天气环境参量特征分析 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
将山东中部地区16 a暖季(4-9月)106次伴随瞬时风力不低于8级的强对流个例划分为雷暴大风、冰雹雷暴大风和强降水混合型等3种类型,利用常规探空资料和地面观测资料,通过箱须图的形式分别讨论3种类型对应的一系列关键环境参数的分布特征和预报阈值。进一步,又将上述106次个例中的特强对流个例,包括产生25 m/s以上瞬时大风的特强雷暴大风个例、产生不小于20 mm直径冰雹的特强冰雹个例以及50 mm/h或以上强度的特强短时强降水个例提取出来构成一个子集,讨论其关键环境参数分布特征和预报阈值,并与全部对流个例的相应关键环境参数进行比较。最后,对鲁中地区强对流系统的触发机制进行了简要阐述和讨论。结果表明:(1)雷暴大风型、冰雹雷暴大风型和强降水混合型对应的850和500 hPa温差的最低阈值为25℃; 3种类型对应的地面露点最低阈值分别为13、16和24℃; 相应的大气可降水量最低阈值分别为20、24和32 mm; 相应对流有效位能的最低阈值分别为300、900和1300 J/kg; 相应的0-6 km风垂直切变最低阈值分别为12.0、12.5和8.0 m/s。(2)通过地面露点、大气可降水量以及暖云层厚度等关键参数的分布特征可以将上述3种类型的前两种与第3种类型即强降水混合型进行一定程度的区分,但要通过各个关键参数的分布特征区分前两种强对流天气是困难的。(3)对于伴随冰雹的强对流天气,适宜的融化层高度为3.0-3.9 km; (4)特强雷暴大风、特强冰雹和特强短时强降水等3种特强对流类型与全部强对流个例的3种类型相比,其条件不稳定度明显增大,体现为850和500 hPa温差的增大、水汽条件有所加强、对流有效位能明显增大,3种类型特强对流天气对应的对流有效位能最低阈值分别为1000、1100和2000 J/kg; 相应的0-6 km风垂直切变最低阈值分别为16、12和11 m/s,即特强雷暴大风型和特强短时强降水型的风垂直切变阈值明显增大。上述工作构成了山东中部伴随雷暴大风的强对流天气短时预报的一个基础,结合各类强对流天气发生的气候概率,可以通过决策树或模糊逻辑方法制作成适合于地、市气象台的分类强对流天气短时预报系统。 相似文献
2.
中国短时强对流天气的若干环境参数特征分析 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
利用中国2005-2009年2 000多个国家级气象观测站雨量资料和2002-2011年部分探空站探空资料,研究了中国短时强降水、强冰雹、雷暴大风以及混合型强对流天气的环境参数特征,通过环境参数特征的对比分析,将上述四种强对流天气加以区分,并对所选取的探空数据和环境参数进行了分类和对比分析,结果表明:(1)通过T-logp图温湿曲线形态、500～700 hPa和850～500 hPa温差、0℃、20℃层和平衡层高度、地面和1.5 km高度的露点温度、1.5 km高度温度露点差、对流有效位能和0～6 km垂直风切变等区分上述四种类型强对流天气的环境背景;(2)纯粹短时强降水天气(包括1、II型)与强冰雹天气、雷暴大风天气环境参数的区别比较显著,前者与后两者相比主要表现在较小的700～500 hPa和850～500 hPa温差,弱的垂直风切变,较高的0℃层、-20℃层和平衡层高度,较大的地面和地面以上1.5 km处的露点温度,其中短时强降水I型(占了纯粹短时强降水的大多数)以其整层较高的相对湿度与其他类型强对流的环境背景差异最为明显;(3)混合型强天气与强冰雹天气、雷暴大风天气在T-logp图温湿曲线形态、对流有效位能及0～6 km垂直风切变诸方面特征相似,表现为对流层中层存在明显干层、较大的对流有效位能和0～6 km垂直风切变,但在相对较高的平衡层高度、较高地面和地面以上1.5 km处露点温度及较小的850～500hPa温差等方面与纯粹短时强降水更为接近. 相似文献
3.
利用2016—2021年ECWMF集合预报资料、浙江自动站实况资料等，计算浙江短时强降水、雷暴大风和冰雹等强对流天气相关物理量的极端天气预报指数（EFI：Extreme Forecast Index），分析EFI分布特征，并构建了分类强对流预报模型。结果表明：强对流天气与物理量的EFI有密切联系，发生短时强降水时，对流有效位能、整层可降水量、850 hPa与500 hPa温差和位温差的EFI较大，而垂直风切变的EFI为负值，因而较小的垂直风切变更有利于出现极端降水；发生雷暴大风和冰雹时，对流有效位能、850 hPa与500 hPa温差和位温差以及850 hPa温度露点差的EFI较大，700 hPa露点温度的EFI为负值，与上层干冷下层暖湿的有利层结条件有关。利用支持向量机多分类方法，将强对流天气相关物理量的EFI作为特征值开展训练，构建的预报模型对于非局地强对流天气有较好的预报效果，其中短时强降水的误判率明显低于雷暴大风。 相似文献
4.
利用探空资料对2016—2020年咸阳市暖季（4—9月）雷暴大风、短时强降水和冰雹三类强对流天气发生的环境物理量特征进行分析,提炼强对流天气的关键物理量参数及预报指标。结果表明：（1）咸阳雷暴大风的高发期在4—5月,短时强降水和冰雹的高发期在6—8月,三类天气均主要出现在14—20时。（2）K指数、CAPE值、垂直风切变、0 ℃层高度和-20 ℃层高度均有明显的季节变化,相对高的0 ℃层高度、较厚的暖云层厚度以及相对小的中高层温度露点差可以区别短时强降水和其他两种强对流天气类型。（3）雷暴大风和冰雹发生时中低层一般表现出“上干下湿”的层结特征,雷暴大风的下沉对流有效位能相对较大,应超过120 J/kg。冰雹形成除了考虑较大的对流有效位能和深层垂直风切变外,还需要适宜的0 ℃层高度（39～51 km）。短时强降水要求“整层湿”,即500 hPa和850 hPa的温度露点差均较小,同时暖云层厚度应超过35 km。 相似文献
5.
利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站观测资料及ERA5 再分析资料对河套灌区 1991-2020年542个冰雹个例和281个短时强降水个例主要流型及局地要素特征进行分析。分析结果显示:1、短时强降水天气主要有西西伯利亚低槽(涡)、东北冷涡、蒙古冷涡、西南气流四类流型；冰雹天气主要有新疆低槽(涡)、东北冷涡、中亚低槽(涡)、新疆冷涡四类流型。2、河套灌区短时强降水和冰雹各关键参数预报阈值均有差异,最低阈值的建议值采用箱线图25％百分位值,其中分别为26℃和33℃；K指数均值分别为27 ℃和35 ℃；CAPE均值分别为515 J·kg-1和405 J·kg-1；0～6 km垂直风切变均为7×10-3ｓ-1；0℃层高度高度均值分别为4656 m和4069 m；-20℃层高度高度均值分别为8070 m和7054 m。3、冰雹需要更大的K指数、以及低层强暖空气；同时冰雹有更低的 0℃层高度和-20℃层高度,较低的0℃层高度可以防止冰雹下落过程融化；此外下垫面因子对不同强对流天气的影响程度不同,海拔高度是影响河套灌区冰雹分布的主要因素。 相似文献
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利用呼和浩特探空站计算的16个物理量,分析了2012—2016年6—8月呼和浩特地区的冰雹、雷暴大风及短时强降水天气过程中各物理量差异,结果表明:①订正后的(对流有效位能)CAPE大于等于1000J·kg-1、0℃层高度约4200m左右,-20℃层约在7200m左右,500hPa和850hPa温差达-25℃,逆温层高度在2km以上基本可以判定为冰雹天气;②短时强降水对水汽的依赖度更高,且具有更强的热力不稳定性,低层的温度露点差、500hPa与850hPa的假相当位温差Δθse(500-850)、大气可降水量PW也是短时强降水天气的重要判据;③订正后的(下沿对流有效位能)DCAPE值雷暴大风明显大于冰雹和短时强降水,约为其他2类强对流天气的2倍,订正后的CAPE略小于其他2类强对流天气。根据四分位数法、所占比例≥70%以及均值法界定各类预报因子阈值大小,进而确立了呼和浩特地区强对流天气预警指标。经检验均值法确定的阈值指标命中率均达到50%以上,可参考价值较高。 相似文献
7.
收集整理2007—2016年岳阳冰雹、雷雨大风、短时强降水3类强对流天气过程及其实况、再分析资料,基于探空图计算能量指标及不稳定指标,分析其与强对流发生的关系,寻找预报指标阈值,并进行预报试验。研究结果表明:①TT≥49℃、A≥20℃、K≥40℃时比较容易出现短时强降水天气,但在降雹与雷雨大风过程中,A10℃或K≥35℃的机率比短时强降水中的低,雷雨大风中的CAPE值明显比冰雹和短时强降水中的大。②2月下旬—4月上旬, LI20℃、Wm1.2 m·s~(-1)、△Z3 000 m(2～3个条件满足)可作为冰雹的预报指标;雷雨大风指标阈值为△θse_(700-850)≤-7℃、SI≤-1.2℃、垂直风切变(1 000～500 hPa)≥10 m·s~(-1);③每年的日能量平衡高度变化可分为两个阶段,当第一阶段中能量平衡高度高于250 hPa,且处于变化曲线中的极值时,往往对应出现强对流天气;第二阶段中能量平衡高度大部分高于250 hPa,要参考其他预报指标进行强对流天气预报。 相似文献
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对2008~2017年阿坝州所有冰雹进行时空分布特征分析,对冰雹直径大于等于5mm的大冰雹个例进行天气形势、物理量分析。阿坝州的冰雹天气主要出现在3~10月,其中5月冰雹日数最多;日变化特征中降雹主要集中在14~19时;空间分布降雹主要集中在西北部海拔3000m以上地区。阿坝州大冰雹天气形势分为西藏高压型,西北气流型、高原切变型3种典型的类型,在大环境下,中低层切变辐合配合层结不稳定和地面冷空气影响,容易出现大冰雹等强对流天气。从环境参数看,有75.8%个例达到上干下湿的不稳定状态;超过75%的大冰雹发生在400~600hPa垂直温度差17℃以上、500hPa为上升运动、BLI为负值的不稳定的大气层结中;所对应的400~600hPa垂直风切变大部超过8.2m·s-1;CAPE值大部分都在325J·kg-1以上,CIN值大部分小于14.4J·kg-1;SSI值大部分大于226.4。 相似文献
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《贵州气象》2019,(6)
该文利用2005-2014年丰都县地面天气、探空数据、NCEP 1°×1°FNL再分析资料等,对丰都地区冰雹、雷暴大风、短时强降水这3类强对流天气特征进行统计分析,得出这3类强对流天气的时空分布特征,并从天气个例出发,利用实况资料对强对流天气的差异进行分析,为强对流天气的预警预报提供参考。得到如下结果:短时强降水通常出现在5-9月,大风通常出现在5—8月,冰雹通常出现南部的七跃山脉和北部的蒋家山和黄草山脉附近~([1]),2005—2014年间共出现了7次,3—8月均有发生。通过计算3种强对流天气环境场参量,归纳出3种物理量参数的差异:大气可降水量、AT500-T850,K指数、抬升指数(LI)、相对湿度、散度场分布等在冰雹、短时强降水和大风天气中有明显的差异,冰雹和短时强降水的AT500-T850相差了近5℃,大风天气的值介于冰雹和短时强降水之间。大气可降水量分布上,短时强降水的大气可降水量(PW)平均值为58 mm,比冰雹值大约多了10 mm,比大风值多了14 mm。短时强降水出现时几乎整层都是处于饱和的状态,冰雹和大风天气几乎只在中低层有较饱和的水汽,而高层的相对湿度平均值在40%～50%左右。对流指数方面,K指数和LI指数都很好的指示了强对流天气的发生,K指数在短时强降水发生时其平均值在39.8℃左右,较冰雹和大风分别高1.6℃和3℃。短时强降水出现环流位置大多位于600 hPa以下,而冰雹则在300 hPa左右,大风在400 hPa左右。 相似文献
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利用鲁中地区2001—2016年伴随瞬时风力不低于8级的所有强对流天气个例共106次进行分析,总结其气候特征,并通过箱须图的形式研究了分类强对流天气相关环境参数的分布特征和预报阈值。结果表明：2001—2016年强对流天气分布呈山区多、平原少、中部多、北部和西南部少的特点;6月和6月中旬是主要月份和旬份;地面辐合线是最主要触发机制类型;雷暴大风型、冰雹雷暴大风型和强降水混合型对应的地面和850 hPa的平均温度露点差,0～1 km和0～3 km垂直风切变,SWEAT指数、LI指数、K指数、风暴相对螺旋度、高度指数等环境参数各有不同的最低阈值;鲁中地区易发生强对流天气的0 ℃层高度为4.1 km左右;对于伴随冰雹的强对流天气,其融化层高度比0 ℃层高度低0.6 km左右。根据以上环境参数的分布特征、高低空垂直风切变的强弱变化可对3类强对流天气进行一定程度的区分。 相似文献
11.
Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d. 相似文献
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Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region. 相似文献
13.
Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms. 相似文献
14.
The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics. 相似文献
15.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2013,(1):67
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted 相似文献
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17.
<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea. 相似文献
18.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,7(6):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
19.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2014,(5):F0003-F0003
AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome. 相似文献
20.
《大气和海洋科学快报》2012,(3):273
正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences 相似文献