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Xuewei FANG Zhi LI Chen CHENG Klaus FRAEDRICH Anqi WANG Yihui CHEN Yige XU Shihua LYU 《大气科学进展》2023,40(2):211-222
Since the 1990s, the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau(QTP) has experienced a strikingly warming and wetter climate that alters the thermal and hydrological properties of frozen ground. A positive correlation between the warming and thermal degradation in permafrost or seasonally frozen ground(SFG) has long been recognized. Still, a predictive relationship between historical wetting under warming climate conditions and frozen ground has not yet been well demonstrated,despite the expectation that it will b... 相似文献
3.
对植被的动态监测可以从一定程度上反映气候变化趋势。该文利用2000—2005年MODIS NDVI数据对锡林郭勒盟典型草原植被变化进行动态监测,在此基础上,以降水量、水汽压、平均气温、最高气温、最低气温、日照时数作为气候指标,分析锡林郭勒盟典型草原和荒漠草原MODIS NDVI与同期及前期气候因子的相关性,探讨草原植被变化的气候驱动因子。结果表明:2000—2005年锡林郭勒盟植被改善面积大于退化面积,植被退化面积最大的区域为荒漠草原,占全盟面积的12.84%,植被改善面积最大的区域为典型草原,占全盟面积29.09%。4类草原改善趋势由强到弱的顺序为草甸草原、典型草原、沙地草原、荒漠草原。对于典型草原,其NDVI与最高气温关系最密切,其次为水汽压;对于荒漠草原,其NDVI与最高气温关系最为密切,其次为最低气温。此外,NDVI对气候因子的响应表现出明显的时滞效应。 相似文献
4.
Guojie Hu Lin Zhao Ren Li Xiaodong Wu Tonghua Wu Changwei Xie Xiaofan Zhu Junming Hao 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2020,140(3):1081-1091
Ground temperature is an important factor influencing ground source heat pumps, ground energy storage systems, land-atmosphere processes, and ecosystem dynamics. This paper presents an accurate development model (DM) based on a segment function: it can derive ground temperatures in permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) from air temperature in case of shallow soil depths and without using air temperature data in case of deep soil depths. Here, we applied this model to simulate the active layer and permafrost ground temperature at the Tanggula observation station. The DM results were compared with those from the artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machine (SVM), and multiple linear regressions (MLR) models, which were based on climatic variables from prior models and on ground temperatures derived from observations at different depths. The results revealed that the effect of air temperature on simulated ground temperatures decreased with increasing depth; moreover, ground temperatures fluctuated greatly within the shallow layers but remained rather stable with deeper layers. The results also indicated that the DM has the best performance for the estimation of soil temperature compared to the MLR, SVM, and ANN models. Finally, we obtained the three average statistics indexes, i.e., mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE), and the normalized standard error (NSEE) at TGL site: they were equal to 0.51 °C, 0.63 °C, and 0.15 °C for the ground temperature of active layer and to 0.08 °C, 0.09 °C, and 0.07 °C for the permafrost temperature. 相似文献
5.
活动层水热状况与地-气系统间能水交换直接影响着寒区生态环境、水文过程以及多年冻土的稳定性。利用唐古拉站2007年实测资料和SHAW模型,对研究点活动层土壤剖面温湿度进行了模拟。土壤温度方面,模型的纳什效率系数NSE≥0.93;水分方面,纳什效率系数的平均值为0.69,说明SHAW模型可用于多年冻土区活动层内水热动态变化的模拟研究。基于模型的输出结果,对唐古拉站活动层土壤冻融过程中的水分动态、地表能量收支的变化特征进行了分析讨论。结果表明:(1)活动层冻融过程中,土壤水分的冻结和融化响应时间随土壤深度的增加而逐渐滞后,水分迁移通量随土壤深度的增加逐渐减小;(2)地表能量平衡收支在季风活动引起的降水与活动层的冻融循环共同影响下,表现出明显的季节性变化特征。同时,通过改变SHAW模型植被输入参数中的叶面积指数,分析了植被覆盖变化对多年冻土区土壤蒸散发的影响。结果表明:植被蒸腾量、土壤蒸发量与总的蒸散发量与植被的叶面积指数呈正相关关系,而浅层土壤含水率(20 cm)则表现为负相关,当叶面积指数在-100%(裸土)~100%变化时,总蒸散发量的变化幅度为-5%~13%。 相似文献
6.
Heidrun Matthes Annette Rinke Paul A. Miller Peter Kuhry Klaus Dethloff Annett Wolf 《Climatic change》2012,111(2):197-214
This paper discusses the effects of vegetation cover and soil parameters on the climate change projections of a regional climate
model over the Arctic domain. Different setups of the land surface model of the regional climate model HIRHAM were realized
to analyze differences in the atmospheric circulation caused by (1) the incorporation of freezing/thawing of soil moisture,
(2) the consideration of top organic soil horizons typical for the Arctic and (3) a vegetation shift due to a changing climate.
The largest direct thermal effect in 2 m air temperature was found for the vegetation shift, which ranged between −1.5 K and
3 K. The inclusion of a freeze/thaw scheme for soil moisture shows equally large sensitivities in spring over cool areas with
high soil moisture content. Although the sensitivity signal in 2 m air temperature for the experiments differs in amplitude,
all experiments show changes in mean sea level pressure (mslp) and geopotential height (z) throughout the troposphere of similar
magnitude (mslp: −2 hPa to 1.5 hPa, z: −15 gpm to 5 gpm). This points to the importance of dynamical feedbacks within the
atmosphere-land system. Land and soil processes have a distinct remote influence on large scale atmospheric circulation patterns
in addition to their direct, regional effects. The assessment of induced uncertainties due to the changed implementations
of land surface processes discussed in this study demonstrates the need to take all those processes for future Arctic climate
projections into account, and demonstrates a clear need to include similar implementations in regional and global climate
models. 相似文献
7.
Yanhui Qin Wenfeng Liu Zonghe Guo Shanbin Xue 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2020,140(3):1055-1069
A change in soil temperature (ST) is a significant indicator of climate change, so understanding the variations in ST is required for studying the changes of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) permafrost. We investigated the performance of three reanalysis ST products at three soil depths (0–10 cm, 10–40 cm, and 40–100 cm) on the permafrost regions of the QTP: the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts interim reanalysis (ERA-Interim), the second version of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System (CFSv2), and the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2 (MERRA-2). Our results indicate that all three reanalysis ST products underestimate observations with negative mean bias error values at all three soil layers. The MERRA-2 product performed best in the first and second soil layers, and the ERA-Interim product performed best in the third soil layer. The spatiotemporal changes of annual and seasonal STs on the QTP from 1980 to 2017 were investigated using Sen’s slope estimator and the Mann–Kendall test. There was an increasing trend of ST in the deeper soil layer, which was less than that of the shallow soil layers in the spring and summer as well as annually. In contrast, the first-layer ST warming rate was significantly lower than that of the deeper soil layers in the autumn and winter. The significantly (P < 0.01) increasing trend of the annual ST indicates that the QTP has experienced climate warming during the past 38 years, which is one of the factors promoting permafrost degradation of the QTP. 相似文献
8.
Responses of Grassland and Forest to Temperature
and Precipitation Changes in Northeast China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) as an indicator of vegetation growth, we explored the characteristics and differences in the response to drought of five vegetation biomes in Northeast China, including typical steppe, desert steppe, meadow steppe, deciduous coniferous forest and deciduous broad-leaved forest during the period 1982-2009. The results indicate that growing season precipitation may be the primary vegetation growth-limiting factor in grasslands. More than 70% of the temporal variations in NDVI can be explained by the amount of precipitation during the growing season in typical and desert steppes. During the same period, the mean temperature in the growing season could explain nearly 43% of the variations in the mean growing season NDVI and is therefore a dominant growth-limiting factor for forest ecosystems. Therefore, the NDVI trends differ largely due to differences in the vegetation growth-limiting factors of the different vegetation biomes. The NDVI responses to droughts vary in magnitude and direction and depend on the drought-affected areas of the five vegetation types. Specifically, the changes in NDVI are consistent with the variations in precipitation for grassland ecosystems. A lack of precipitation resulted in decreases in NDVI, thereby reducing vegetation growth in these regions. Conversely, increasing precipitation decreased the NDVI of forest ecosystems. The results also suggest that grasslands under arid and semi-arid environments may be more sensitive to drought than forests under humid environments. Among grassland ecosystems, desert steppe was most sensitive to drought, followed by typical steppe; meadow steppe was the least sensitive. 相似文献
9.
浅层土壤温度的变化可以指示活动层厚度变化。利用青藏高原及毗邻地区74个站1977—2006年近30年的土壤温度资料,研究了青藏高原及毗邻地区土壤热状况。结果表明,自1977年的近30年来,5 cm土壤负积温绝对值有减小的趋势,在高原的不同区域减小的幅度不同,对整个研究区域而言,负积温绝对值每10年降低了35℃;近30年来研究区内土壤的最大冻结深度呈现减薄的趋势;冻结期间（冷季）高原腹地负积温变化幅度要比边缘地区大,而在一个完整的冻融循环过程中,高原腹地相对于边缘地区稳定;近30年来高原地区冻融强度（FTI）呈现增大的趋势,这在某种程度上表明高原多年冻土区冻土的稳定性发生了变化;纬度及海拔对FTI值的影响较大,当海拔低于4000 m时,33°N南北两区域FTI值随海拔升高的减小率不同,南部减小的量是北部的2.5倍,海拔高于4000 m时,FTI值受纬度影响相对减弱。 相似文献
10.
C. R. Lloyd R. J. Harding T. Friborg M. Aurela 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2001,70(1-4):19-33
Summary Measurements of the surface fluxes of heat and water vapour were taken at four sites across the European Arctic as part of
the EU funded LAPP project. The sites cover a range of latitudinal, altitudinal and climatic conditions. The most northerly
site is near Ny-?lesund, Svalbard, a polar semi-desert with continuous permafrost. A second permafrost site is a fen area
in the Zackenberg valley, East Greenland. Finally two sites in northern Finland, Skalluvaara and Kaamanen are on the southern
boundary of the region affected by permafrost. At all sites measurements were made of the turbulent fluxes of heat and water
vapour using eddy correlation equipment for at least one active season.
The net radiation totals for July and August are similar at all sites. At the sites with permafrost a substantial proportion
(over 20%) of the net radiation goes into soil heat flux, to thaw the soil moisture in the top metre. Of the remaining energy
just over half is used for evaporation. At the Finnish sites the vegetation is largely deciduous and this is seen in the record
with higher evaporative ratios in July and August, after the vegetation becomes green. The Finnish sites tend to have higher
surface resistance to evaporation; however, the evaporative demand is greater leading to slightly higher evaporation rates.
The two Finnish sites have a similar seasonal pattern determined by the water table and seasonality of the vegetation. The
two northern sites show a pattern that is determined primarily by the variation of water table only. It is concluded that
the water balance through the active season is influenced primarily by the history of snow cover. The seasonality of the vegetation,
the permafrost and the depth of water table are also important influences.
Received November 1, 1999 Revised April 17, 2000 相似文献
11.
Influence of vegetation changes during the Last Glacial Maximum using the BMRC atmospheric general circulation model 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The influence of different vegetation distributions on the atmospheric circulation during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM,
21 000 years before present) is investigated. The atmospheric general circulation model of the Bureau of Meteorology Research
Center was run using a modern vegetation and in a second experiment with a vegetation reconstruction for the LGM. It is found
that a change from conifer to desert and tundra causes an additional LGM cooling of 1–2 °C in Western Europe, up to −4 °C
in North America and −6 °C in Siberia. An expansion of dryland vegetation causes an additional annual cooling of 1–2 °C for
Australia and northern Africa. On the other hand, an increase of temperature (2 °C) is found in Alaska due to changes in circulation.
In the equatorial region the LGM vegetation leads to an increased modelled temperature of 0.5–1.5 °C and decreased precipitation
(30%) over land due to a reduction of the tropical rainforest, mainly in Indonesia, where the reduction of precipitation over
land is associated with an increase of precipitation of 30% over the western Pacific.
Received: 15 December 1999 / Accepted: 10 January 2001 相似文献
12.
青海南部高寒草地土壤冻融交替期水热特征分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为进一步了解高寒草地土壤冻融交替过程及其对水热因子的响应机制,通过2014年8月1日至2015年8月1日不同土层土壤温度和水分观测资料的对比分析,较为系统地探讨了青南高寒草地土壤冻融期不同深度土层土壤温度和水分的变化特征。结果表明,青南高寒草地土壤冻融阶段大体可分为初冻期、稳定冻结中期、稳定冻结后期和消融期4个时期;不同土层土壤温度随气温的变化呈周期性波动,且随着土层的加深变幅减小;不同冻融期表层和亚表层土壤温度和水分波动幅度较大,下层土壤对水热因子的敏感性较小;土壤完全冻结的天数达44~115d,日冻融交替过程主要发生在表层和亚表层土壤。土壤冻融交替增强了土壤的保水性,对该区草地植被提前返青和初级生产力的提高具有促进作用。 相似文献
13.
Effects of Irrigation on Nitrous Oxide, Methane and Carbon Dioxide Fluxes in an Inner Mongolian Steppe 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
LIU Chunyan Jirko HOLST Nicolas BRUGGEMANN Klaus BUTTERBACH-BAHL YAO Zhisheng HAN Shenghui HAN Xingguo ZHENG Xunhua 《大气科学进展》2008,25(5):748-756
Increased precipitation during the vegetation periods was observed in and further predicted for Inner Mongolia. The changes in the associated soil moisture may affect the biosphere-atmosphere exchange of greenhouse gases. Therefore, we set up an irrigation experiment with one watered （W） and one unwatered plot （UW） at a winter-grazed Leymus chinensis-steppe site in the Xilin River catchment, Inner Mongolia. UW only received the natural precipitation of 2005 （129 mm）, whereas W was additionally watered after the precipitation data of 1998 （in total 427 mm）. In the 3-hour resolution, we determined nitrous oxide （N20）, methane （CH4） and carbon dioxide （CO2） fluxes at both plots between May and September 2005, using a fully automated, chamber-based measuring system. N20 fluxes in the steppe were very low, with mean emissions （±s.e.） of 0.9-4-0.5 and 0.7-4-0.5 μg N m^-2 h^-1 at W and UW, respectively. The steppe soil always served as a CH4 sink, with mean fluxes of -24.1-4-3.9 and -31.1-4- 5.3 μg C m^-2 h^-1 at W and UW. Nighttime mean CO2 emissions were 82.6±8.7 and 26.3±1.7 mg C m^-2 h^-1 at W and UW, respectively, coinciding with an almost doubled aboveground plant biomass at W. Our results indicate that the ecosystem CO2 respiration responded sensitively to increased water input during the vegetation period, whereas the effects on CH4 and N2O fluxes were weak, most likely due to the high evapotranspiration and the lack of substrate for N2O producing processes. Based on our results, we hypothesize that with the gradual increase of summertime precipitation in Inner Mongolia, ecosystem CO2 respiration will be enhanced and CH4 uptake by the steppe soils will be lightly inhibited. 相似文献
14.
Long-term comparisons of net radiation calculation schemes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
J. H. Kjaersgaard R. H. Cuenca F. L. Plauborg S. Hansen 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2007,123(3):417-431
Six commonly used models for calculating daily net radiation were tested against measured net radiation. Meteorological data
from 32 and 7 consecutive years obtained at two temperate sites were used. The extensive duration of the datasets ensured
that all weather conditions and extreme events were captured. A set of statistical procedures was used to evaluate the performance
of the models. The mean bias errors ranged from 0.0 W m−2 to 24.8 W m−2 and 0.1–24.7 W m−2 and root mean square error from 11.0 W m−2 to 28.1 W m−2 and 10.0–27.9 W m−2 at the two sites respectively, for days without snow cover on the ground. The best agreement was found when locally calibrated
model coefficients were used. Only negligible differences in model performances were found between the two sites and the differences
were lower than the inaccuracies of the net radiation instruments used. Including days with snow cover in the analysis lead
to a slight increase in the bias and scatter of the predictions. Model performances were in general better during summertime
than wintertime. Altered albedo values during winter caused by generally low sun angles were likely the cause of this. Analysis
showed that at least 5 years of data were needed to obtain stable calibration coefficients for local calibration of the models.
Based on the results from this study, and due to their physical background, two physical based models were recommended for
calculating daily values of net radiation under temperate climate regimes. A simple adjustment of the calibration coefficients
based on climate regime was suggested for these models. 相似文献
15.
利用青藏高原腹地安多站土壤观测资料,根据10cm土壤日最高和最低温度将冻土分为融化过程、完全融化、冻结过程和完全冻结四个阶段,并结合感热通量、积雪深度、相对湿度和降水资料定性的探讨了冻融过程对地气热量、水分交换的影响。结果表明:各层土壤在东亚季风爆发前期由上至下完成融化过程,10月中旬～12月上旬完成冻结过程,融化期普遍长于冻结期。土壤湿度大值区在时间上集中在高原雨季,空间上10cm深度以上为湿度大值区,而且上层土壤的温度梯度要明显大于下层。在融化阶段整层土壤的温度长期保持0℃的等温相变现象,此时,表层土壤温度日变化幅度为全年最大,最高日变幅达22.5℃。安多站地面除12月个别天数和1月上旬是冷源外,全年为地面热源,近地面感热通量从1月开始增大,到6月上旬达到峰值,之后逐渐减小。同时,感热通量的变化对相对湿度、降水和积雪的变化较为敏感。 相似文献
16.
The high sensitivity of the Arctic implies that impact of climate change and related environmental changes on river discharge can be considerable. Sensitivity of discharge to changes in precipitation, temperature, permafrost and vegetation, was studied in the Usa basin, Northeast-European Russia. For this purpose, a distributed hydrological model (RHINEFLOW) was adapted. Furthermore, the effect of climate change simulated by a GCM (HADCM2S750 integration) on runoff was assessed, including indirect effects of permafrost thawing and changes in vegetation distribution. The study shows that discharge in the Usa basin is highly sensitive to changes in precipitation and temperature. The effect of precipitation change is present throughout the year, while temperature changes affect discharge only in seasons when temperature fluctuates around the freezing point (April and October). Discharge is rather sensitive to changes in vegetation. Sensitivity to permafrost occurrence is high in winter, because infiltration and consequently base flow increases if permafrost melts. The effect of climate change simulated by the scenario on discharge was significant. Peak flow can both decrease (by 22%) and increase (by 19%) comparedwith present-day, depending on the amount of winter precipitation. Also, runoff peaks earlier in the season. These results can have implications for the magnitude and timing of the runoff peak, break-up and water-levels. 相似文献
17.
Carbon storage in the grasslands of China based on field measurements of above- and below-ground biomass 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Jiangwen Fan Huaping Zhong Warwick Harris Guirui Yu Shaoqiang Wang Zhongmin Hu Yanzhen Yue 《Climatic change》2008,86(3-4):375-396
Above- and below-ground biomass values for 17 types of grassland communities in China as classified by the Chinese Grasslands
Resources Survey were obtained from systematic replicated sampling at 78 sites and from published records from 146 sites.
Most of the systematic samples were along a 5,000-km-long transect from Hailar, Inner Mongolia (49°15′N, 119°15′E), to Pulan,
Tibet (30°15′N, 81°10′E). Above-ground biomass was separated into stem, leaf, flower and fruit, standing dead matter, and
litter. Below-ground biomass was measured in 10-cm soil layers to a depth of 30 cm for herbs and to 50 cm for woody plants.
Grassland type mean total biomass carbon densities ranged from 2.400 kg m−2 for swamp to 0.149 kg m−2 for alpine desert grasslands. Ratios of below- to above-ground carbon density varied widely from 0.99 for tropical tussock
grassland to 52.28 for alpine meadow. Most below-ground biomass was in the 0–10 cm soil depth layer and there were large differences
between grassland types in the proportions of living and dead matter and stem and leaf. Differences between grassland types
in the amount and allocation of biomass showed patterns related to environments, especially aridity gradients. Comparisons
of our estimates with other studies indicated that above-ground biomass, particularly forage-yield biomass, is a poor predictor
of total vegetation carbon density. Our estimate for total carbon storage in the biomass of the grasslands of China was 3.32 Pg
C, with 56.4% contained in the grasslands of the Tibet-Qinghai plateau and 17.9% in the northern temperate grasslands. The
need for further standardized and systematic measurements of vegetation biomass to validate global carbon cycles is emphasised. 相似文献
18.
A gap model of environmental processes and vegetation patterns in boreal forests was used to examine the sensitivity of permafrost and permafrostfree forests in interior Alaska to air temperature and precipitation changes. These analyses indicated that in the uplands of interior Alaska, the effect of climatic warming on the ecology of boreal forests may not be so much a direct response to increased air temperature as it may be a response to the increased potential evapotranspiration demands that will accompany climatic warmings. On poorlydrained north slopes with permafrost, the drier forest floor reduced the flux of heat into the soil profile. This was offset by increased fire severity, which by removing greater amounts of the forest floor increased the depth of soil thawing and converted the cold black spruce forests to warmer mixed hardwood-spruce forests. On well-drained south slopes, the increased potential water loss reduced available soil moisture, converting these mesic sites to dry aspen forests, or if too dry to steppe-like vegetation. Increases in precipitation offset the effects of increased potential evapotranspiration demands and mitigated these forest changes. 相似文献
19.
Fully coupled climate/dynamical vegetation model simulations over Northern Africa during the mid-Holocene 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
The climate and vegetation patterns of the middle Holocene (6000 years ago; 6 ka) over Northern Africa are simulated using
a fully-synchronous climate and dynamical vegetation model. The coupled model predicts a northward shift in tropical rainforest
and tropical deciduous forest vegetation by about 5 degrees of latitude, and an increase in grassland at the present-day simulated
Saharan boundaries. The northward expansion of vegetation over North Africa at 6 ka is initiated by an orbitally-induced amplification
of the summer monsoon, and enhanced by feedback effects induced by the vegetation. These combined processes lead to a major
reduction in Saharan desert area at 6 ka relative to present-day of about 50%. However, as shown in previous asynchronous
modelling studies, the coupled climate/vegetation model does not fully reproduce the vegetation patterns inferred from palaeoenvironmental
records, which suggest that steppe vegetation may have existed across most of Northern Africa. Orbital changes produce an
intensification of monsoonal precipitation during the peak rainy season (July to September), whilst vegetation feedbacks,
in addition to producing further increases in the peak intensity, play an important role in extending the rainy season from
May/June through to November. The orbitally induced increases in precipitation are relatively uniform from west to east, in
contrast to vegetation feedback-induced increases in precipitation which are concentrated in western North Africa. Annual-average
precipitation increases caused by vegetation feedbacks are simulated to be of similar importance to orbital effects in the
west, whilst they are relatively unimportant farther to the east. The orbital, vegetation and combined orbital and vegetation-induced
changes in climate, from the simulations presented in this study, have been compared with results from previous modelling
studies over the appropriate North African domain. Consequently, the important role of vegetation parametrizations in determining
the magnitude of vegetation feedbacks has been illustrated. Further modelling studies which include the effects of changes
in ocean temperature and changes in soil properties may be needed, along with additional observations, to resolve the discrepancy
between model predictions of vegetation and palaeorecords for North Africa.
Received: 15 June 1999 / Accepted: 14 December 1999 相似文献
20.
Simulation of the global bio-geophysical interactions during the Last Glacial Maximum 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
The bio-geophysical feedbacks during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 21 000 y BP) are investigated by use of an asynchronously
coupled global atmosphere-biome model. It is found that the coupled model improves on the results of an atmosphere-only model
especially for the Siberian region, where the inclusion of vegetation-snow-albedo interaction leads to a better agreement
with geological reconstructions. Furthermore, it is shown that two stable solutions of the coupled model are possible under
LGM boundary conditions. The presence of bright sand desert at the beginning of a simulation leads to more extensive subtropical
deserts, whereas an initial global vegetation cover with forest, steppe, or dark desert results in a northward spread of vegetation
of up to some 1000 km, mainly in the western Sahara. These differences can be explained in the framework of Charney’s theory
of a “self-induction” of deserts through albedo enhancement. Moreover, it is found that the tropical easterly jet is strengthened
in the case of the “green” Sahara, which in turn leads to a modification of the Indian summer monsoon.
Received: 20 June 1997/Accepted: 14 January 1998 相似文献