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1.
Ekman动量近似下中间边界层模式中的风场结构 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
发展了一个准三维的、中等复杂的边界层动力学模式，该模式包含了EKman动量近似下的惯性加速度和Blackadar的非线性湍流粘性系数，它进一步改进了Tan和Wu(1993）提出的边界层理论模型。该模型在数值计算复杂性上与经典Ekman模式相类似，但由于包含了Ekman动量近似下的惯性项，使得该模式比传统Ekman模式更近于实际过程。中详细地比较了该模式与其他简化边界层模式在动力学上的差异，结果表明：在经典的Ekman模式中，由于忽略了流动的惯性项作用，导致在气旋性切变气流（反气旋性切变气流）中风速和边界层顶部的垂直速度的高估（低估），而在半地转边界层模式中，由于高估了流动惯性项的作用，结果与经典Ekman模式相反。同样，该模式可以应用于斜压边界层，对于Ekman动量下的斜压边界层风场同时具有经典斜压边界层和Ekman动量近似边界层的特征。 相似文献
2.
Summary ?A time-dependent semi-geostrophic Ekman boundary-layer model (SG), including slowly varying eddy diffusivity with height
and inertial term effects, is developed to investigate the diurnal wind variation in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). An
approximate analytical solution of this model is derived by using the WKB method, which extends the Tan and Farahani (1998)’s
solution by including the vertical variable eddy viscosity.
The features of the diurnal wind variation in the PBL mainly depend on three factors: the latitude, horizontal momentum advection
and eddy viscosity. The vertical variable eddy viscosity has little influence on diurnal wind variation in the PBL at the
low latitude, however its effect may be exacerbated in the mid- and high latitudes. In comparing with the constant eddy viscosity
case, the decreasing (increasing) with height eddy viscosity produces a large (small) maximum wind speed (MWS) in the PBL,
however, the eddy viscosity that has a mid-layer peak in the vertical gives rise to a higher height of occurrence of MWS.
For the boundary-layer wind structure, there is a singular point when the modified SG inertial oscillation frequency η equals
the forcing frequency ω. The isotachs of boundary-layer wind speed have almost no tilt to left or right relative to time evolution
and the occurrence time of the MWS is the earliest at the singular point. The feature will be enhanced in the decreasing with
height eddy viscosity case and weakened in the eddy viscosity initially increasing with height case.
Received April 6, 2001; accepted December 27, 2001 相似文献
3.
Zhe-Min Tan 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,98(3):361-385
The WKB method has been used to develop an approximate solutionof the semi-geostrophic Ekman boundary layer with height-dependenteddy viscosity and a baroclinic pressure field. The approximate solutionretains the same simple form as the classical Ekman solution. Behavioursof the approximate solution are discussed for different eddy viscosityand the pressure systems. These features show that wind structure inthe semi-geostrophic Ekman boundary layer depends on the interactionbetween the inertial acceleration, variable eddy viscosity and baroclinicpressure gradient. Anticyclonic shear has an acceleration effect on theair motion in the boundary layer, while cyclonic shear has a decelerationeffect. Decreasing pressure gradient with height results in a super-geostrophicpeak in the wind speed profile, however the increasing pressure gradient withheight may remove the peak. Anticyclonic shear and decreasing the variableeddy viscosity with height has an enhanced effect on the peak.Variable eddy viscosity and inertial acceleration has an important role in thedivergence and vorticity in the boundary layer and the vertical motion at the top of the boundary layer that is called Ekman pumping. Compared to the constanteddy viscosity case, the variable eddy diffusivity reduces the absolute value ofEkman pumping, especially in the case of eddy viscosity initially increasing with height. The difference in the Ekman pumping produced by different eddy diffusivity assumptions is intensified in anticyclonic flow and reduced in cyclonic flow. 相似文献
4.
在边界层动力学中，涡动粘性系数是影响边界层风场结构的一个重要参数。本文利用边界层动力学中的Ekman动量近似理论，给出了涡动粘性系数随高度缓变条件下的Ekman动量近似边界层模式解，着重讨论了边界层的风场结构、水平散度、垂直涡度以及边界层顶部的垂直速度。结果分析表明：与常值涡动粘性系数情况相比，在边界层低层随高度增加的涡动粘性系数可以导致低层边界层风速随高度迅速增加，即风速垂直切变增加，同时风速矢与地转风之间的夹角减小。惯性项作用可以导致上述作用在气旋性区域减小、而在反气旋性区域增大。随高度增加的涡动粘性系数导致水平散度绝对值、垂直涡度绝对值以及边界层顶部的垂直速度绝对值在气旋性区域减小，而在反气性旋区域增大。涡动粘性系数与惯性之间的非线性相互作用是边界层动力学中重要过程。 相似文献
5.
J.-F. Miao D. Chen K. Wyser K. Borne J. Lindgren M. K. S. Strandevall S. Thorsson C. Achberger E. Almkvist 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2008,99(1-2):77-103
Summary The performance of MM5 mesoscale model (Version 3.6.3) using different planetary boundary layer (PBL) and land surface model
(LSM) parameterizations is evaluated and compared using high temporal and spatial resolution G?TE2001 campaign data at local
scale (a few kilometers) over the Greater G?teborg area along the Swedish west coast during 7–20 May 2001. The focus is on
impact of PBL and LSM parameterizations on simulated meteorological variables important for air quality applications such
as global radiation, diurnal cycle of near-surface air temperature and wind, diurnal cycle intensity, near-surface vertical
temperature gradient, nocturnal temperature inversion, boundary layer height, and low-level jet (LLJ). The model performance
for daytime and nighttime and under different weather conditions is also discussed. The purpose is to examine the performance
of the model using different PBL and LSM parameterizations at local scale in this area for its potential applications in air
quality modeling. The results indicate that the influence of PBL and LSM parameterizations on simulated global radiation,
diurnal cycle of near-surface air temperature and wind speed, diurnal cycle intensity, vertical temperature gradient, nocturnal
temperature inversion and PBL heights, which are critical parameters for air quality applications, is evident. Moreover, the
intensity and location of LLJ are simulated well by all schemes, but there also exist some differences between simulated results
by using different PBL and LSM schemes. Therefore, the choice of PBL and LSM parameterizations is important for MM5 applications
to air quality studies.
Correspondence: Junfeng Miao, Department of Earth Sciences, G?teborg University, P.O. Box 460, 405 30 G?teborg, Sweden 相似文献
6.
Two cases of low-level jet events and the interaction of the involved physical processes are investigated. The vertical distribution of the dominant atmospheric motions is studied, using data from a SODAR-RASS system and in situ instrumentation, at a coastal region of the Eastern Mediterranean (Messogia Plain in Attica—Greece). The first low-level jet (LLJ) case was observed during the cold period, after the passage of a cold front and could be characterized as purely synoptic. Coherent inertial motions were found to follow the frontal surface at both the wind components, with larger amplitudes at the alongfront wind component, a fact consistent with the deformation theory. The contribution of the diurnal cycle was found weak in both the components, due to the cloudiness and the small diurnal temperature range, while the synoptic scale dominated the northerly wind component. The second LLJ case represents two successive summertime large-scale jets. The absence of cloudiness and the increased solar radiation provided a favorable environment for the development of local flows which interacted with the synoptic wind field. This interaction led to a LLJ with an oscillating core and a variable depth. The diurnal cycle had a strong imprint on the wind component along the sea breeze direction (easterly), while the synoptic variations dominated the northerly wind component. Strong amplitudes of a coherent quasi 2-day variation were also found in both the cases. 相似文献
7.
梅雨锋强降水与低空急流日变化的观测分析和数值模拟 总被引：6，自引：4，他引：6
利用地面加密自动站逐小时观测资料和ERA-Interim再分析资料,分析了2011年6月江淮流域的5次强降水过程和西南低空急流的日变化特征。发现强降水的日变化与西南低空急流的日变化一致:02—08时增强,14时减弱。这主要是由于夜间边界层内的惯性振荡,导致西南低空急流增强从而使得梅雨锋水汽通量辐合增强,降水增强;而白天由于边界层混合摩擦力增大,致使西南低空急流减弱或消失,降水减弱。WRF数值模拟试验不仅重现了观测的日变化特征,而且证实了江淮暴雨和西南低空急流的日变化主要是由非地转风的日变化造成:白天边界层混合强,风为次地转;而夜间边界层混合消失,气压梯度力和科氏力平衡的惯性振荡使得风为超地转 相似文献
8.
A model of the planetary boundary layer is used to determine the field of vertical motion over large-scale orography. This model represents Ekman boundary-layer dynamics modified by the inclusion of accelerations of the geostrophic wind under the geostrophic momentum approximation. The orography is represented by a circular mountain. The inviscid solution is provided by the sum of a constant translation and a steady, uniform potential vorticity, anticyclonic vortex. The boundary-layer solution vanishes on the mountain, but is matched to the inviscid solution as the top of the boundary layer is approached. The vertical velocity field at the top of the boundary layer is determined by integration of the continuity equation. The field of motion is largely determined by descent from above into the anticyclonic circulation, as in the classical Ekman model. Contributions that arise from the inclusion of accelerations are associated with boundary-layer advection and ageostrophic divergence that produce vorticity tendencies. Finally, the boundary-layer vertical motion is shown to be comparable in magnitude to the vertical motion forced by inviscid flow over the orography, although the distributions of each are significantly different. Effects of mountain asymmetry and a changing pressure field, that can be treated more fully by numerical model simulations, are not considered in the present study.On leave at the University of Colorado, 1990. 相似文献
9.
F. Replogle Jr. 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1983,27(4):327-343
A time-dependent integrated dynamical boundary-layer model is used to study various features of the nocturnal low-level jet (LLJ). The basic concept is that of Thorpe and Guymer (1977). It is extended by entrainment processes, advection and an equation for the upper height of the turbulent layer. Applications show the role of the energy terms and how the LLJ changes considerably under synoptic forcing processes of variable geostrophic wind. 相似文献
10.
11.
1998年青藏高原东侧边界层风场与长江暴雨洪水的关系 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
应用1998年6～8月四川省和重庆市探空资料,分析了青藏高原东侧大气边界层风场演变与长江上游暴雨和长江洪水的关系.结果表明:1998年夏季长江上游的暴雨天气与高原东侧成都边界层风场变化密切相关,当成都边界层为东北风时,高原东侧边界层维持气旋式偏东流场,长江上游未来产生暴雨等强对流天气;当为西南风等其他风向时,高原东侧边界层维持反气旋式偏南流场,未来是无降水天气;高原东侧边界层的动力激发作用是1998年长江上游暴雨产生的重要机制.并且,再次证明了西邻青藏高原的成都是长江上游天气变化关键点的观点. 相似文献
12.
Eight years (1980–1987) of Wake Island rawinsonde data are used to derive atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) depth, integrated boundary-layer moisture, and a measure of boundary-layer ageostrophy. The variability in these processes controls the accumulation of moisture and heat in the tradewind regions and their transport to regions of intense convection. Preliminary analyses using different methods reveal quasi-periodic signals in these data in the 30–60 days range. Cross correlation calculations in this intraseasonal range show that these ABL variables are coherent with each other and with the low-level flow. The integrated ABL variables and the ABL height exhibit local in-phase relationships. At higher frequencies, the analyses show intense diurnal variation of boundary-layer height but only a weak diurnal signal in integrated ABL properties. At the lower frequency range, the analyses show a significant reduction in the amplitude of the seasonal and intraseasonal variation in ageostrophy during the strong El-Niño event of 1982/1983. The results clearly establish a relationship between integrated water vapour and divergent ABL processes (Ekman pumping/suction) in which shallower (deeper) ABLs are associated with mass and moisture divergence (convergence) and higher (lower) sea-level pressure. A possible interpretation in terms of a remote dynamic response of the trade inversion and ABL processes to equatorial deep convection is suggested. 相似文献
13.
一次冬季锋面暴风雪天气过程的斜压边界层特征的观测分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对STORM-FESTIOP17一次冬季锋面暴风雪天气过程的斜压边界层结构演变及特征进行了分析。发现：暖湿空气沿锋面抬升凝结成云，产生降水过程中释放的大量潜热显著增加锋两侧的水平温度差异，产生锋生。与锋生相伴，在锋前产生低空急流和高空急流。当锋生至最强时，锋两侧温差可达20K，锋前低空急流开始减弱，锋后低空急流增强，锋后冷平流开始主导锋两侧的环流系统。该冷平流削弱锋两侧的温度水平梯度，产生锋消作用。对这次锋面斜压对流边界层的湍流特征分析表明：在边界层之上切应力wv明显增大；湍能收支分析表明在边界层之上的风切变产生项很强，即大尺度天气系统有利于斜压对流边界层的发展，边界层内各量充分混合。这次冬季锋面暴风雪天气过程，冷锋前的低空南风急流从墨西哥湾携带来的充足水汽及锋区边界层大气的强斜压性是其产生的关键因子：冷锋过后，大尺度高空急流的作用更有利于对流边界层的充分发展。 相似文献
14.
Dongqian Wang Yaocun Zhang Anning Huang 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2013,49(3):259-270
The major features of the south-westerly low-level jet (LLJ) in the lower troposphere over Southeast China and its climatic impacts are investigated by using FNL reanalysis data and observational precipitation data. Results show that LLJ mainly occurs in spring and summer and the occurrence frequency of LLJ over southeast China has significant diurnal cycle, most LLJ occur in the nighttime (0200 LST and 0800 LST). The high nocturnal occurrence frequency of LLJ is mainly resulting from increased nocturnal ageostrophic wind. Research on the climatic impacts of large-scale conditions depicts that, the occurrence of LLJ in April mainly results from the northward shifting of western pacific subtropical high (WPSH), and the occurrence of LLJ in July results from the strengthening of detouring flow around Tibetan Plateau. Analysis of the climatic effects of LLJ on precipitation distribution in 3 rainy seasons over Southeast China indicates that the rainfall events with strong intensity correspond to strong LLJs. The LLJ affects the precipitation over Southeast China by transporting water vapor and triggering upward motion. Rainfall regions well corresponds to the regions of the moisture convergence and strong upward motion triggered by LLJ. Negative wind divergence anomalies at 850 hPa and positive wind divergence anomalies at 200 hPa over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley strengthen the upward motion over this region, which are conductive to produce more precipitation over the Yangtze-Huaihe River Valley. 相似文献
15.
Radiosonde data from six stations in Kansas and Oklahoma for the period of June 16–24, 1993 indicate that a low-level jet (LLJ) occurred almost every day except on the 20th. Major characteristics of these LLJs are documented in this paper. The maximum wind speed (the jet speed) varied from 13 to 32 m s-1 and heights ranged from 167 to 910 m. All the jets were southerly except the one on June 19 which changed its direction dramatically from a southerly to a northerly direction in about three hours although its intensity did not change appreciably. Thermal stability of the boundary layer during these LLJ occurrences ranged from near-neutral to highly stable. All the low-level jets exhibited significant diurnal variations. Analyses show that relatively weak large-scale forcing existed for the LLJs on June 21 and June 22, while strong forcing was present on other days. Analyses also show that moisture transport by the LLJ from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Plains depends on the location of the LLJ origin. In the two weeks of June 13–19 and 20–26, 1993, powerful storms swept through the central United States, accompanied by tornadoes, strong wind, large hail and heavy rainfall. The analyses indicate that these weather events could be a result of the interactions of the LLJs with synoptic-scale flow. 相似文献
16.
An analytical framework is proposed for studying variations in the diurnal wind structure in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the evolution of the low-level nocturnal jet. A time-dependent eddy-diffusivity coefficient corresponding to solar input is proposed, and an appropriate coordinate transformation ensures that mixing height varies continuously with ground heat-flux changes. The solution exhibits the receding character of the daytime PBL as evening approaches, thereby dividing the PBL into two regimes — the one just above the ground, representing the nocturnal boundary layer, and the region above it. It is assumed that inertial oscillations (IO) are triggered in the upper layer at about the time of sunset when the reversal in the direction of ground heat flux is felt in the upper layer. Two approaches are adopted to determine the characteristic features of IO and the evolution of the nocturnal low-level jet. The first one is based on the physical principle that release of horizontal momentum due to deviation from the geostrophic wind gives rise to the IO. The solution captures all the characteristic features of the IO, such as phase shift and decreasing amplitude of the IO with increasing height. According to this analysis the IO is triggered at a level as soon as the top of the receding boundary layer leaves that level. The solution is discontinuous with respect to the vertical coordinate. In the second approach we solve an initial-value problem to determine the solution in the upper layer, assuming that at about the time of sunset there is a rapid collapse of the daytime PBL to the steady, nocturnal boundary layer. The assumption is based on the mixing-height profiles prepared from climatological data collected at Delhi. The solution for the nocturnal boundary-layer regime is then obtained as a boundary-value problem. The solutions so obtained are continuous throughout the domain of interest and exhibit the characteristic features of an IO. The analysis leads to the conditions under which a low-level nocturnal jet is produced and provides quantitative estimates of the parameters, such as length of night, latitude, mixing height at sunset and nocturnal mixing height, that are conducive to the generation of a jet. The nocturnal wind profile produced by this approach compares well both with typical atmospheric data observed at Delhi and with output from a mesoscale numerical model. There is still some uncertainty related to the time of initiation of the IO as a function of latitude. 相似文献
17.
A 1D model, including a time variation of eddy viscosity and mixed layer depth, is applied to study Ekman spirals. It simulates a weak velocity in the atmosphere but a jet in the upper oceanic mixed layer during daytime; and a strong velocity in the atmosphere but a weak, uniform velocity in the ocean at night. The mean spirals in both atmosphere and ocean are close to the average spirals at midday and midnight, they are not flat as suggested by previous studies but consistent with the observations of Polton et al (2013). Our results also show shorter length scale for magnitude decay than for rotation of mean velocity as observed in the ocean, which comes from the combined effects of the diurnal variation of PBL and the Coriolis force. The latter becomes more important away from the surface. In the upper oceanic mixed layer, the mean velocity mainly comes from the strong jets in the late afternoon and early evening. Near and below the depth of Ekman depth, the weak velocities change with time and cancel out each other if averaged timing is longer than the inertia period. It results in diminishing of magnitude of the mean velocity, but the amplitude of individual parcel oscillating can still be quite large near the Ekman depth. Meanwhile, the change of velocity angle from the surface is near or less than 90 degree. Hence, shorter length scale for magnitude decay than for rotation of the mean velocity is not controlled by viscosity alone. Meanwhile, the model does not need two viscosities as suggested previously.The results also show that either the diurnal variation of surface stress or eddy viscosity alone can create a diurnal oscillation of velocity in the ocean. The interactions between PBL force and the Coriolis force can create a weak instability in the atmosphere and ocean at 30° and 90°. This weak instability may explain the observed nocturnal LLJ near 30 °N on the lee of the Rocky Mountains and the intensification of mesoscale circulation simulated by Sun and Wu (1992). 相似文献
18.
Numerical Simulation of the Heavy Rainfall in the Yangtze-Huai River Basin during Summer 2003 Using the WRF Model 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2 
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下载免费PDF全文 LIU Hong-Bo 《大气和海洋科学快报》2012,5(1):20-25
In this study, a 47-day regional climate simulation of the heavy rainfall in the Yangtze-Huai River Basin during the summer of 2003 was conducted using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model. The simulation reproduces reasonably well the evolution of the rainfall during the study period’s three successive rainy phases, especially the frequent heavy rainfall events occurring in the Huai River Basin. The model captures the major rainfall peak observed by the monitoring stations in the morning. Another peak appears later than that shown by the observations. In addition, the simulation realistically captures not only the evolution of the low-level winds but also the characteristics of their diurnal variation. The strong southwesterly (low-level jet, LLJ) wind speed increases beginning in the early evening and reaches a peak in the morning; it then gradually decreases until the afternoon. The intense LLJ forms a strong convergent circulation pattern in the early morning along the Yangtze-Huai River Basin. This pattern partly explains the rainfall peak observed at this time. This study furnishes a basis for the further analysis of the mechanisms of evolution of the LLJ and for the further study of the interactions between the LLJ and rainfall. 相似文献
19.
Youngseob Kim Karine Sartelet Jean-Christophe Raut Patrick Chazette 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2013,149(1):105-132
Meteorological modelling in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) over Greater Paris is performed using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) numerical model. The simulated meteorological fields are evaluated by comparison with mean diurnal observational data or mean vertical profiles of temperature, wind speed, humidity and boundary-layer height from 6 to 27 May 2005. Different PBL schemes, which parametrize the atmospheric turbulence in the PBL using different turbulence closure schemes, may be used in the WRF model. The sensitivity of the results to four PBL schemes (two non-local closure schemes and two local closure schemes) is estimated. Uncertainties in the PBL schemes are compared to the influence of the urban canopy model (UCM) and the updated Coordination of Information on the Environment (CORINE) land-use data. Using the UCM and the CORINE land-use data produces more realistic modelled meteorological fields. The wind speed, which is overestimated in the simulations without the UCM, is improved below 1,000 m height. Furthermore, the modelled PBL heights during nighttime are strongly modified, with an increase that may be as high as 200 %. At night, the impact of changing the PBL scheme is lower than the impact of using the UCM and the CORINE land-use data. 相似文献
20.
K. N. Nair E. D. Freitas O. R. Sánchez-Ccoyllo M. A. F. Silva Dias P. L. Silva Dias M. F. Andrade O. Massambani 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2004,86(1-2):87-98
Summary Examination of the Doppler SODAR data from Sao Paulo, Brazil, has given valuable information on the coupling between planetary boundary layer (PBL) and the free atmosphere above, which is reported here. In this communication a case study, on the dynamics of the urban boundary layer over the Metropolitan Area of Sao Paulo (MASP), Brazil, is examined for July 27, 1999 when a multiple gravity wave (GW), a low-level jet (LLJ) and a cold front (CF) all occurred in one single day in succession, making use of data from Doppler SODAR, surface meteorological instruments, satellite imageries and model derived values. The experimental findings are compared to provide validations of ground truth with the model-derived profiles based on the mesoscale analysis of Regional Atmospheric Modelling System (RAMS).It is seen that the multiple GW, the LLJ and the CF have different types of nonlinear coupling between the PBL and the free atmosphere. However, there is convincing matching between Doppler SODAR derived features, those of mesoscale analysis from RAMS and satellite view of cloud dynamics. The study provided valuable information on (i) the very nature of these events, (ii) the nonlinear hydrodynamical coupling between the PBL and the free atmosphere above, during such events, and (iii) the possible mechanism of CF influencing the formation of GW and LLJ. 相似文献