共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Flow around a windbreak in oblique wind 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Ido Seginer 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1975,9(2):133-141
Wind speed was measured near the surface, along a line normal to a single, 50 % porous windbreak. The results for near-neutral atmospheric conditions were strongly dependent on the incidence angle of the wind, a, and slightly dependent on the roughness of the surface. A measure of the shelter effect - the protected distance - was found to decrease faster than cos . The drag coefficient of the windbreak decreased proportionally with cos . The effect of increased roughness was to increase the wind speed near the surface in the lee of the windbreak. 相似文献
2.
Characteristics of the Drag Coefficient in the Roughness Sublayer over a Complex Urban Surface 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
The statistics of momentum exchange in the urban roughness sublayer are investigated. The analysis focuses on the characteristics of the dimensionless friction velocity, \({u_{*}}/U\) , which is defined as the square root of the drag coefficient. The turbulence observations were made at a height of 47 m above the ground on the 325-m meteorological tower, which is located in a very inhomogeneous urban area in Beijing. Under neutral conditions, the dependence of the drag coefficient on wind speed varies with wind direction. When the airflow is from the area of densely built-up buildings, the drag coefficient does not vary with wind speed, while when the airflow is from the area covered by vegetation, the drag coefficient appears to decrease with increasing wind speed. Also, the drag coefficient does not vary monotonically with the atmospheric stability. Both increasing stability and increasing instability lead to the decrease of the drag coefficient, implying that the roughness length and zero-plane displacement may vary in urban areas. 相似文献
3.
Measurements and Modelling of the Wind Speed Profile in the Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
We present measurements from 2006 of the marine wind speed profile at a site located 18 km from the west coast of Denmark
in the North Sea. Measurements from mast-mounted cup anemometers up to a height of 45 m are extended to 161 m using LiDAR
observations. Atmospheric turbulent flux measurements performed in 2004 with a sonic anemometer are compared to a bulk Richardson
number formulation of the atmospheric stability. This is used to classify the LiDAR/cup wind speed profiles into atmospheric
stability classes. The observations are compared to a simplified model for the wind speed profile that accounts for the effect
of the boundary-layer height. For unstable and neutral atmospheric conditions the boundary-layer height could be neglected,
whereas for stable conditions it is comparable to the measuring heights and therefore essential to include. It is interesting
to note that, although it is derived from a different physical approach, the simplified wind speed profile conforms to the
traditional expressions of the surface layer when the effect of the boundary-layer height is neglected. 相似文献
4.
Thermal stability changes the properties of the turbulent atmospheric boundary layer, and in turn affects the behaviour of wind-turbine wakes. To better understand the effects of thermal stability on the wind-turbine wake structure, wind-tunnel experiments were carried out with a simulated convective boundary layer (CBL) and a neutral boundary layer. The CBL was generated by cooling the airflow to 12–15 °C and heating up the test section floor to 73–75 °C. The freestream wind speed was set at about 2.5 m s?1, resulting in a bulk Richardson number of ?0.13. The wake of a horizontal-axis 3-blade wind-turbine model, whose height was within the lowest one third of the boundary layer, was studied using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (S-PIV) and triple-wire (x-wire/cold-wire) anemometry. Data acquired with the S-PIV were analyzed to characterize the highly three-dimensional turbulent flow in the near wake (0.2–3.2 rotor diameters) as well as to visualize the shedding of tip vortices. Profiles of the mean flow, turbulence intensity, and turbulent momentum and heat fluxes were measured with the triple-wire anemometer at downwind locations from 2–20 rotor diameters in the centre plane of the wake. In comparison with the wake of the same wind turbine in a neutral boundary layer, a smaller velocity deficit (about 15 % at the wake centre) is observed in the CBL, where an enhanced radial momentum transport leads to a more rapid momentum recovery, particularly in the lower part of the wake. The velocity deficit at the wake centre decays following a power law regardless of the thermal stability. While the peak turbulence intensity (and the maximum added turbulence) occurs at the top-tip height at a downwind distance of about three rotor diameters in both cases, the magnitude is about 20 % higher in the CBL than in the neutral boundary layer. Correspondingly, the turbulent heat flux is also enhanced by approximately 25 % in the lower part of the wake, compared to that in the undisturbed CBL inflow. This study represents the first controlled wind-tunnel experiment to study the effects of the CBL on wind-turbine wakes. The results on decreased velocity deficit and increased turbulence in wind-turbine wakes associated with atmospheric thermal stability are important to be taken into account in the design of wind farms, in order to reduce the impact of wakes on power output and fatigue loads on downwind wind turbines. 相似文献
5.
Determination of the Drag Coefficient over the Tibetan Plateau 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Li Guoping Duan Tingyang Wan Jun Gong Yuanf Shigenori Haginoy Chen Longxun Li Weiliang 《大气科学进展》1996,13(4):511-518
In this paper,a preliminary study is given on the drag (i.e.bulk transfer for momentum) coefficient,on the basis of data from four sets of AWS in Tibet during the first observational year from July 1993 to July 1994 according to China Japan Asian Monsoon Cooperative Research Program.The results show that the drag coefficient over the Tibetan Plateau is 3.3 to 4.4×103.In addition,monthly and diurnal variations of drag coefficient and the relationship among the drag coefficients and the bulk Richardson number,surface roughness length and wind speed at 10 m height are discussed in detail. 相似文献
6.
利用ISC3模型模拟了某电厂不同高度烟囱在不同风速、不同稳定度情况下SO2的最大落地浓度和落地距离。结果表明:在烟囱高度不变的情况下,稳定度不变,如果风速逐渐加大,则SO2最大落地浓度变小,且最大落地距离亦变小;烟囱高度不变且风速不变情况下,稳定度由稳定趋向于不稳定,则SO2最大浓度变小且最大落地距离变小;在风速和稳定度不变的条件下,随着烟囱高度的减小,SO2最大浓度变大且最大落地距离不变;在建烟囱最高高度不宜超过300 m。 相似文献
7.
We describe the results of an experiment focusing on wind speed and momentum fluxes in the atmospheric boundary layer up to
200 m. The measurements were conducted in 1996 at the Cabauw site in the Netherlands. Momentum fluxes are measured using the
K-Gill Propeller Vane. Estimates of the roughness length are derived using various techniques from the wind speed and flux
measurements, and the observed differences are explained by considering the source area of the meteorological parameters.
A clear rough-to-smooth transition is found in the wind speed profiles at Cabauw. The internal boundary layer reaches the
lowest k-vane (20 m) only in the south-west direction where the obstacle-free fetch is about 2 km. The internal boundary layer
is also reflected in the roughness lengths derived from the wind speed profiles. The lower part of the profile (< 40 m) is
not in equilibrium and no reliable roughness analysis can be given. The upper part of the profile can be linked to a large-scale
roughness length. Roughness lengths derived from the horizontal wind speed variance and gustiness have large footprints and
therefore represent a large-scale average roughness. The drag coefficient is more locally determined but still represents
a large-scale roughness length when it is measured above the local internal boundary layer. The roughness length at inhomogeneous
sites can therefore be determined best from drag coefficient measurements just above the local internal boundary layers directly,
or indirectly from horizontal wind speed variance or gustiness. In addition, the momentum and heat fluxes along the tower
are analysed and these show significant variation with height related to stability and possibly surface heterogeneity. It
appears that the dimensionless wind speed gradients scale well with local fluxes for the variety of conditions considered,
including the unstable cases. 相似文献
8.
农田植被层上方湍流通量输送特征分析 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
根据宵田植被层上方的温湿风梯度观测资料,采用基于莫宁－奥布霍夫相似理论的廓线梯度法计算了农田植被层上方的湍流通量,进而确定出拖曳系数、斯坦顿数和道尔顿数。文中检验了用于农田植被层上方湍流通量计算的普适函数的适用性,讨论了湍流通量以及拖曳系数等随稳定度参数、粗糙度高、平均风速等因子的变化规律。结果表明,农田植被层上方的湍流通量随层结构稳定度变化而变化;拖曳系数、斯坦顿数和道尔顿数也不是常数,而是层结 相似文献
9.
Roland R. Draxler 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1988,42(1-2):43-53
Experimental studies have shown that tracers injected over short time intervals can often be measured downwind near the ground for a much longer time than would be expected considering the duration of the release and the wind speed. A two-dimensional advection-diffusion model was used in a numerical study to investigate this effect. The results from the numerical study showed that the rate of decrease in concentrations downwind at a receptor after a source has stopped emitting was more sensitive to magnitude of the wind speed and alongwind mixing coefficient than the rate of increase in concentrations when the source first starts emitting. The lower the wind speed or the greater the mixing, the more slowly the concentration decreased as the region upwind of the receptor continued to contribute tracer until it was depleted by advection and vertical diffusion. These atmospheric processes are able, qualitatively, to account for the slowly decreasing air concentrations. 相似文献
10.
Markov Chain Simulations of Vertical Dispersion in the Neutral Surface Layer for Surface and Elevated Releases 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
John D. Reid 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1979,16(3):3-22
Vertical dispersion in the neutral surface layer is investigated using a Markov Chain simulation procedure. The conceptual
basis of the procedure is discussed and computation procedures outlined. Wind and turbulence parameterizations appropriate
to the neutral surface layer are considered with emphasis on the Lagrangian time scale. Computations for a surface release
are compared with field data. Good agreement is found for the variation of surface concentration and cloud height to distances
500 m downwind of the source. The functional form of the vertical concentration profile is examined and an exponential with
exponent ∼1.6 is found to give the best fit with simulations.
For elevated releases, it is demonstrated that an initial dip of the mass mean height from the simulation can be normalized
for various release heights using a non-dimensionalized downwind coordinate incorporating advective wind speed and wind shear.
The vertical distribution standard deviation (σz), as employed in Gaussian models, shows a fair degree of independence with source height but close examination reveals an
optimum source height for maximum σz at a given downwind distance,x. This source height increases with downwind distance. Also the simulations indicate that vertical wind shear is more important
than vertical variation of Lagrangian time scale close to the source, with a reverse effect farther downwind. 相似文献
11.
The potential for porous windbreaks to enhance wind-turbine power production is studied using linearized theory and wind-tunnel experiments. Results suggest that windbreaks have the potential to substantially increase power production, while lowering mean shear, and leading to negligible changes in turbulence intensity. The fractional increase in turbine power output is found to vary roughly linearly with windbreak height, where a windbreak 10% the height of the turbine hub increases power by around 10%. Wind-tunnel experiments with a windbreak imposed beneath a turbulent boundary layer show the linearized predictions to be in good agreement with particle-image-velocimetry data. Power measurements from a model turbine further corroborate predictions in power increase. Moreover, the wake of the windbreak showed a significant interaction with the turbine wake, which may inform windbreak use in large wind farms. Power measurements from a second turbine downwind of the first with its own windbreak show that the net effect for multiple turbines is dependent on windbreak height. 相似文献
12.
利用福建沿海某个厂址所建的100 m气象铁塔观测数据,采用2018年1月1日至2018年12月31日塔层所获取的风向、风速、温度的观测资料以及地面站太阳辐射表观测的总辐射值和净辐射值,用太阳辐射法、温度梯度法、温度梯度—风速法、理查逊数法计算大气的稳定度。从观测区域各类稳定度结果四季的分布、各类稳定度频率的日变化和不同来流情况下各类稳定度的分布三个方面,分析了这四种方法在该地区稳定度分类结果的不同。鉴于该区域日间辐射强、低层风速值较小的特点,四种分类方法中以温度梯度—风速法和理查逊数法对本区域大气稳定度的划分适用性比较好。 相似文献
13.
Determination Of The Surface Drag Coefficient 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
L. Mahrt Dean Vickers Jielun Sun Niels Otto Jensen Hans Jørgensen Eric Pardyjak Harindra Fernando 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,99(2):249-276
This study examines the dependence of the surface drag coefficienton stability, wind speed, mesoscale modulation of the turbulent flux and method of calculation of the drag coefficient. Data sets over grassland, sparse grass, heather and two forest sites are analyzed. For significantly unstable conditions, the drag coefficient does not depend systematically on z/L but decreases with wind speed for fixed intervals of z/L, where L is the Obukhov length. Even though the drag coefficient for weak wind conditions is sensitive to the exact method of calculation and choice of averaging time, the decrease of the drag coefficient with wind speed occurs for all of the calculation methods. A classification of flux calculation methods is constructed, which unifies the most common previous approaches.The roughness length corresponding to the usual Monin–Obukhovstability functions decreases with increasing wind speed. This dependence on wind speed cannot be eliminated by adjusting the stability functions. If physical, the decrease of the roughness length with increasing wind speed might be due to the decreasing role of viscous effectsand streamlining of the vegetation, although these effects cannot be isolated from existing atmospheric data.For weak winds, both the mean flow and the stress vector often meander significantly in response to mesoscale motions. The relationship between meandering of the stress and wind vectors is examined. For weak winds, the drag coefficient can be sensitive to the method of calculation, partly due to meandering of the stress vector. 相似文献
14.
基于1961-2010年安徽省气象台站的定时观测资料,采用国标法计算安徽省近50年大气稳定度、混合层厚度和大气环境容量系数,并结合合肥市空气质量逐日观测数据初步分析了大气环境容量系数对空气质量的影响。结果表明：安徽省大气稳定度以中性类居多,稳定类其次;近50年来,中性类稳定度呈明显下降趋势,不稳定类和稳定类呈显著上升;不稳定类和稳定类有明显的季节差异,中性类不明显。年平均混合层厚度显著下降;春季混合层厚度在2000年左右发生转折,夏、秋、冬三季下降趋势显著;春、夏季混合层厚度高于秋、冬季,冬季最低,春季最高。安徽省大气环境容量系数以沿淮中部、大别山区南部和沿江中西部最大,淮北大部、大别山区北部和江南南部最小,各地均呈现一致的显著下降趋势,并具有明显的年代际变化特征。年内大气环境容量系数呈"双峰型"分布,秋、冬季为低值时段,大气对污染物容纳能力较差,不利于扩散和清除,空气质量较差。总的来看,1961-2010年安徽省大气稳定度显著增加,混合层厚度较明显下降、风速快速减弱是全省大气环境容量系数变小、大气自净能力减弱的最主要原因。 相似文献
15.
16.
We examine the influence of a modern multi-megawatt wind turbine on wind and turbulence profiles three rotor diameters ( $D$ D ) downwind of the turbine. Light detection and ranging (lidar) wind-profile observations were collected during summer 2011 in an operating wind farm in central Iowa at 20-m vertical intervals from 40 to 220 m above the surface. After a calibration period during which two lidars were operated next to each other, one lidar was located approximately $2D$ 2 D directly south of a wind turbine; the other lidar was moved approximately $3D$ 3 D north of the same wind turbine. Data from the two lidars during southerly flow conditions enabled the simultaneous capture of inflow and wake conditions. The inflow wind and turbulence profiles exhibit strong variability with atmospheric stability: daytime profiles are well-mixed with little shear and strong turbulence, while nighttime profiles exhibit minimal turbulence and considerable shear across the rotor disk region and above. Consistent with the observations available from other studies and with wind-tunnel and large-eddy simulation studies, measurable reductions in wake wind-speeds occur at heights spanning the wind turbine rotor (43–117 m), and turbulent quantities increase in the wake. In generalizing these results as a function of inflow wind speed, we find the wind-speed deficit in the wake is largest at hub height or just above, and the maximum deficit occurs when wind speeds are below the rated speed for the turbine. Similarly, the maximum enhancement of turbulence kinetic energy and turbulence intensity occurs at hub height, although observations at the top of the rotor disk do not allow assessment of turbulence in that region. The wind shear below turbine hub height (quantified here with the power-law coefficient) is found to be a useful parameter to identify whether a downwind lidar observes turbine wake or free-flow conditions. These field observations provide data for validating turbine-wake models and wind-tunnel observations, and for guiding assessments of the impacts of wakes on surface turbulent fluxes or surface temperatures downwind of turbines. 相似文献
17.
An FM/CW radar sounding system designed and built by one of us (Richter, 1969) reveals atmospheric wave structure in unparalleled detail.The most outstanding features evident in the record are; internal gravity waves; features resembling Kelvin/Helmholtz instability structures; and multiple layering, often with lamina only a few meters thick.This paper shows a variety of atmospheric structural patterns and compares them with several hypothetical models of internal waves to obtain more insight into the atmospheric processes at work. Special attention is given to the distribution of the Richardson number in trapped and untrapped gravity waves. It is proposed that the multiple layers result from untrapped internal gravity waves whose propagation vector is directed nearly vertically within very stable height regions. It is argued that the layers are caused by dynamic instability resulting from reduction in the Richardson number due to wave induced shear and to some background wind shear when the amplitude-to-wavelength ratio grows during propagation into thermally stable height regions of the atmosphere. 相似文献
18.
综述了国际评估风电场对局地和全球气候变化的短期和较长期的可能影响,并且将其影响与人类排放的影响作简单的对比.大量的观测和数值模拟研究表明,风电场的运行明显减小下游风速,同时随局地近地层稳定度的不同也造成下游温度明显上升或下降.一些数值模拟研究表明,如果全球建立大量大型风电场,例如假定全球使用风能占总能源10％以上,即全... 相似文献
19.
John D. Reid 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1979,16(1):3-22
Vertical dispersion in the neutral surface layer is investigated using a Markov Chain simulation procedure. The conceptual basis of the procedure is discussed and computation procedures outlined. Wind and turbulence parameterizations appropriate to the neutral surface layer are considered with emphasis on the Lagrangian time scale. Computations for a surface release are compared with field data. Good agreement is found for the variation of surface concentration and cloud height to distances 500 m downwind of the source. The functional form of the vertical concentration profile is examined and an exponential with exponent 1.6 is found to give the best fit with simulations.For elevated releases, it is demonstrated that an initial dip of the mass mean height from the simulation can be normalized for various release heights using a non-dimensionalized downwind coordinate incorporating advective wind speed and wind shear. The vertical distribution standard deviation (
z
), as employed in Gaussian models, shows a fair degree of independence with source height but close examination reveals an optimum source height for maximum z at a given downwind distance,x. This source height increases with downwind distance. Also the simulations indicate that vertical wind shear is more important than vertical variation of Lagrangian time scale close to the source, with a reverse effect farther downwind. 相似文献
20.
A wind tunnel study of turbulent flow around single and multiple windbreaks, part I: Velocity fields 总被引：10，自引：5，他引：5
This paper describes wind-tunnel experiments on the flow around single and multiple porous windbreaks (height H), sheltering a model plant canopy (height H/3). The mean wind is normal to the windbreaks, which span the width of the wind tunnel. The incident turbulent flow simulates the adiabatic atmospheric surface layer. Five configurations are examined: single breaks of three solidities (low, medium, high; solidity = 1 - porosity), and medium-solidity multiple breaks of streamwise spacing 12H and 6H. The experimental emphases are on the interactions of the windbreak flow with the underlying plant canopy; the effects of solidity; the differences in shelter between single and multiple windbreaks; and the scaling properties of the flow. Principal results are: (1) the "quiet zones" behind each windbreak are smaller in multiple than single arrays, because of the higher turbulence level in the very rough-wall internal boundary layer which develops over the multiple arrays. Nevertheless, the overall shelter effectiveness is higher for multiple arrays than single windbreaks because of the "nonlocal shelter" induced by the array as a whole. (2) The flow approaching the windbreak decelerates above the canopy but accelerates within the canopy, particularly when the windbreak solidity is high. (3) A strong mixing layer forms just downwind of the top of each windbreak, showing some of the turbulence and scaling properties of the classical mixing layer formed between uniform, coflowing streams. (4) No dramatic increase in turbulence levels in the canopy is evident at the point where the deepening mixing layer contacts the canopy (around x/H = 3) but the characteristic inflection in the canopy wind profile is eliminated at this point. 相似文献