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1.
采用WRF模式与包含了云凝结核(Cloud Condensation Nuclei,CCN)浓度和霰雹密度预报的NSSL(National Severe Storm Laboratory,国家强风暴实验室)微物理方案,模拟不同CCN初始浓度条件下南京地区的一次冰雹云过程,分析不同CCN初始浓度影响下冰雹云过程的宏微观演变特征,以及对流发展不同阶段的水凝物粒子及流场、温度场的垂直分布特征。研究发现:1)较大的CCN初始浓度虽然抑制了前期对流降水,但对后期对流降水的产生有促进作用;2)CCN初始浓度的增加使得模拟雷达回波的强回波区域(大于40 dBz)缩小,中等强度区域(小于40 dBz)扩张。3)CCN初始浓度增大不利于对流发展初期云雨自动转化过程的发生,但是促进了冰晶与雪的产生,使得冰雹含量峰值出现的时间推迟。4)CCN浓度增大抑制了雨水产生,间接使得霰粒子更倾向于干增长,平均密度更小;5)较大的CCN浓度促使冰雹云单体的发展时间增长。 相似文献
2.
Impacts of Two Ice Parameterization Schemes on the Cloud Microphysical Processes and Precipitation of a Severe Storm in Northern China 
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下载免费PDF全文 A severe storm that occurred over Beijing in northern China on 23 June 2011 was simulated with two different ice crystal parameterization schemes(the DeMott scheme and Meyers scheme) by using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System. Compared with the DeMott scheme, the simulation results with the Meyers scheme have the following characteristics:(1) Updrafts are stronger and more numerous;(2) The cloud is better organized and contains a greater peak of ice-phase hydrometeor mixing ratios;(3) Cloud water and hail mixing ratios increase while graupel mixing ratios decrease;(4) The surface precipitation is initially greater. However, at the end of the simulation, less precipitation is produced. In short, the differences between the two schemes are not obvious, but the De Mott scheme has a relatively more reasonable result. 相似文献
3.
采用耦合了Saunders和Takahashi两种非感应起电参数化方案的RAMS(Regional Atmospheric Modeling System)模式,对重庆地区一次雷暴过程进行模拟,对比分析了两种起电参数化方案下,电荷开始分离时和雷暴云发展到成熟阶段时的水成物粒子的分布、所带电荷密度以及雷暴云的电荷结构分布。模拟结果表明,在Saunders起电参数化方案下,雷暴云的电荷结构从起电到放电都呈现偶极性特征,而在Takahashi参数化方案下,雷暴云的电荷结构则由反偶极性发展成正偶极性。为研究CCN(cloud condensation nuclei)对雷暴云的影响,本文进行了两组敏感性试验,随着云滴初始数浓度增加,雷暴云的电荷结构没有发生极性翻转,但雷暴云中电荷量增加,电荷分布区域变大,有利于闪电发生。在Saunders起电参数化方案下,当云滴初始数浓度大于2 000 cm-3时,电荷量变小。通过分析微物理量场和微物理过程发现,随着云滴初始数浓度增加,冰相粒子质量混合比增加,在Saunders起电参数化方案下,当云滴初始数浓度大于2 000 cm-3时,霰粒子质量混合比减小。验证了CCN的变化能影响云的微物理过程,从而影响雷暴云的电荷分布以及闪电的发生,尤其是冰相物质的变化显著影响了雷暴云的起电过程。 相似文献
4.
利用带有分档微物理方案的中尺度模式（WRF-SBM）模拟了一次新疆夏季的冰雹天气过程,并通过敏感性试验研究了气溶胶浓度变化对雹云微物理特征、降水过程及冰雹形成机制的影响。结果表明:初始气溶胶浓度越大,对流云发展越旺盛。雹云发展阶段,云中液水含量随气溶胶浓度增加而增多,冰水含量在中度污染时最多。冰雹的含量随气溶胶浓度的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势,相较而言中度污染条件下,云滴尺度适当,过冷云水含量相对充足,更有利于液相水成物向冰粒子的转化,也更有利于冰雹的生长。冰雹最初几乎全部由冰晶碰冻过冷水生成,随后该过程迅速减弱,液滴冻结过程短暂地成为主要来源,但冰雹一旦形成,自身就会迅速收集过冷水开始生长,成为冰雹生长的主导过程。重度污染条件导致各种成雹过程推迟发生。气溶胶浓度增大导致地面液相累积降水增加,冰相累积降水先增加减少,并且气溶胶浓度适当增大可使降雹量及冰相降水中冰雹的比重增加,过量则会减小。在此基础上,本文提出最适合冰雹生长的“最优气溶胶浓度”,同时也是人工防雹工作中应重点关注的浓度。 相似文献
5.
I. Geresdi 《Atmospheric Research》1998,45(4):237-252
One of the purposes of the Fourth Cloud Modeling Workshop was to compare different microphysical treatments. In this paper, the results of a widely used bulk treatment and five versions of a detailed microphysical model are presented. Sensitivity analysis was made to investigate the effect of bulk parametrization, ice initiation technique, CCN concentration and collision efficiency of rimed ice crystal–drop collision. The results show that: (i) The mixing ratios of different species of hydrometeors calculated by bulk and one of the detailed models show some similarity. However, the processes of hail/graupel formation are different in the bulk and the detailed models. (ii) Using different ice initiation in the detailed models' different processes became important in the hail and graupel formation. (iii) In the case of higher CCN concentration, the mixing ratio of liquid water, hail and graupel were more sensitive to the value of collision efficiency of rimed ice crystal–drop collision. (iv) The Bergeron–Findeisen process does not work in the updraft core of a convective cloud. The vapor content was always over water saturation; moreover, the supersaturation gradually increased after the appearance of precipitation ice particles. 相似文献
6.
This study investigates aerosol indirect effects on the development of heavy rainfall near Seoul, South Korea, on 12 July 2006, focusing on precipitation amount. The impact of the aerosol concentration on simulated precipitation is evaluated by varying the initial cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Double-Moment 6-class (WDM6) microphysics scheme. The simulations are performed under clean, semi-polluted, and polluted conditions. Detailed analysis of the physical processes that are responsible for surface precipitation, including moisture and cloud microphysical budgets shows enhanced ice-phase processes to be the primary driver of increased surface precipitation under the semi-polluted condition. Under the polluted condition, suppressed auto-conversion and the enhanced evaporation of rain cause surface precipitation to decrease. To investigate the role of environmental conditions on precipitation response under different aerosol number concentrations, a set of sensitivity experiments are conducted with a 5?% decrease in relative humidity at the initial time, relative to the base simulations. Results show ice-phase processes having small sensitivity to CCN number concentration, compared with the base simulations. Surface precipitation responds differently to CCN number concentration under the lower humidity initial condition, being greatest under the clean condition, followed by the semi-polluted and polluted conditions. 相似文献
7.
The effects of the initial cloud condensation nuclei(CCN) concentrations(100–3000 mg~(-1)) on hail properties were investigated in an idealized non-severe hail storm experiment using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF) model, with the National Severe Storms Laboratory 2-moment microphysics scheme. The initial CCN concentration(CCNC) had obvious non-monotonic effects on the mixing ratio, number concentrations, and radius of hail, both in clouds and at the surface, with a CCNC threshold between 300 and 500 mg~(-1). An increasing CCNC is conducive(suppressive) to the amount of surface hail precipitation below(above) the CCNC threshold. The non-monotonic effects were due to both the thermodynamics and microphysics. Below the CCNC threshold, the mixing ratios of cloud droplets and ice crystals increased dramatically with the increasing CCNC, resulting in more latent heat released from condensation and frozen between 4 and 8 km and intensified updraft volume. The extent of the riming process, which is the primary process for hail production, increased dramatically. Above the CCNC threshold, the mixing ratio of cloud droplets and ice crystals increased continuously, but the maximum updraft volume was weakened because of reduced frozen latent heating at low level. The smaller ice crystals reduced the formation of hail and smaller clouds, with decreased rain water reducing riming efficiency so that graupel and hail also decreased with increasing CCNC, which is unfavorable for hail growth. 相似文献
8.
初始云滴浓度（CCN）对对流性降水作用的数值试验 总被引：10，自引：4，他引：6
本文利用一个二维滞弹性非静力平衡云模式[1],选择三个典型个例,就初始云滴浓度（CCN）对对流性暖雨和冷雨过程的效应进行了数值试验。模拟结果表明：初始CCN对对流性降水影响较大。对暖雨过程而言,随着初始CCN的增大,地面累积降水量减弱;对冷雨过程而言,增大初始CCN,可削弱对流强度,减少地面累积降雹量,延缓液态水到达地面的时间,但最终增强了地面累积液态降水量。并且分析了初始CCN导致暖雨和冷雨过程这种差别的原因。 相似文献
9.
利用WRF v3.6.1模式,采用Thompson云微物理参数化方案对北京奥运会期间的一次降水过程进行了模拟,通过3组数值试验对比分析了高、中、低云凝结核浓度对降水的影响。数值试验结果显示:(1)在云凝结核浓度较低的情况下,云凝结核浓度增加使24 h累积降水量增加,且增加的幅度相对较低;在云凝结浓度较高的情况下,云凝结核浓度增加使24 h累积降水量减少,且减少的幅度相对较高。(2)从地面雨强分布来看,不同的云凝结核浓度对暴雨、大雨、中雨、小雨的影响均体现在降水强度上,对降水位相的影响不显著。(3)云凝结核浓度的变化对低云量的影响与其对降水的影响相一致,故低云量是影响降水的一个重要因素。 相似文献
10.
不同云底温度雹云成雹机制及其引晶催化的数值研究 总被引：24，自引：1，他引：23
用二维准弹性冰雹云模式模拟了中国不同地区的冰雹云的成雹机制和人工引晶催化的效果,结果表明：强对流云中自然初始降水元的形成主要同云雨自动转化相关;云底温度较低的冰雹云的雹胚形成以云霰转化过程为主,暖云底的雹云则以雨霰转化为主。人工引晶的作用有三：（１）加强云中冰霰转化过程,雹胚过多争食防雹;（２）促进雨霰转化过程,使雹胚浓度增加,并且减少过冷雨滴,抑制冰雹碰冻过冷雨滴的增长;（３）使云的下部霰量增加,降低降水粒子的增长轨迹,阻碍霰雹的增长。多次催化有时比一次大剂量催化的防雹增雨效果好。 相似文献
11.
A cloud-resolving mesoscale model with a two-moment microphysical scheme has been used. The software package for cloud seeding and two categories of precipitation elements (graupel and frozen raindrops) are incorporated in the model. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of cloud droplet concentration on hail suppression effectiveness. The concentration level of cloud droplets is prescribed in the model. We performed sensitivity tests of precipitation amounts (rain and hail) on the cloud droplet concentration in unseeded and seeded cases. We demonstrated for the unseeded case that increasing the concentration of cloud droplets created a reduction in rain accumulation, while the amount of hail accumulation increased. It is necessary to understand whether natural diversity in the cloud droplet concentration can affect the effectiveness of hail suppression. For operational cloud seeding activities, it would be helpful to determine whether it is possible to suppress hail if we know the optimal level of concentration for cloud droplets. Our study showed that hail suppression effectiveness had the greatest influence on lowering cloud droplet concentration levels; suppression effectiveness decreased as the cloud droplet concentration increased. 相似文献
12.
Numerical Simulation of Macro- and Micro-structures of Intense Convective Clouds with a Spectral Bin Microphysics Model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
By use of a three-dimensional compressible non-hydrostatic convective cloud
model with detailed microphysics featuring spectral bins of cloud
condensation nuclei (CCN), liquid droplets, ice crystals, snow and graupel
particles, the spatial and temporal distributions of hydrometeors in a
supercell observed by the (Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and
Precipitation Study) STEPS triple-radar network are simulated and analyzed.
The bin model is also employed to study the effect of CCN concentration on
the evolution characteristics of the supercell. It is found that the CCN
concentration not only affects the concentration and spectral distribution
of water droplets, but also influences the characteristics of ice crystals
and graupel particles. With a larger number of CCN, more water droplets and
ice crystals are produced and the growth of graupel is restrained. With a
small quantity of CCN the production of large size water droplets are
promoted by initially small concentrations of water droplets and ice
crystals, leading to earlier formation of small size graupel and restraining
the recycling growth of graupel, and thus inhibiting the formation of large
size graupel (or small size hail). It can be concluded that both the macroscopic
airflow and microphysical processes influence the formation and growth of large
size graupel (or small size hail). In regions with heavy pollution, a high
concentration of CCN may restrain the formation of graupel and hail, and in
extremely clean regions, excessively low concentrations of CCN may also limit
the formation of large size graupel (hail). 相似文献
13.
为了利用人工增雨技术合理开发六盘山地区空中水资源,首先需要了解该地区水汽场、地形对当地降水的影响和空中水资源的特征及典型降水过程中云系的降水效率。本文采用欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)发布的高时空分辨率ERA5再分析数据集和中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)数据,通过统计分析研究了该地区水汽的输送、地形强迫作用下的辐合抬升状况和地形云参量特征,并分别利用WRF模式数值模拟的输出结果和ERA5再分析数据,估算2016~2017年夏季自西向东移经该山区的多次混合降水云系的水凝物降水效率。研究结果表明:位于西北地区东部的六盘山地区具有较为丰沛的大气可降水量和更强的水汽输送。受亚洲季风影响,夏季偏南风向六盘山地区输送了丰沛的水汽,山区成为相对湿度高值区;春、夏、秋季午后山区云量(CF)达70%及以上,夏季云水路径(CWP)和云光学厚度(COT)均明显大于周边地区。在夏季降水过程中,地形引起的动力场对降水有明显的影响,在日降水量5 mm以上强度的过程中,气流遇迎风坡地形产生明显辐合抬升,且辐合抬升越强时降水强度越大。夏季典型降水系统中,山区水凝物降水效率平均约为48.1%,空中还有较大部分的水凝物未能成为降水。因此作为水源涵养地的六盘山地区夏季空中水资源相对丰富而降水量不足,空中水资源具有一定开发空间。 相似文献
14.
采用二维分档对流云模式,模拟研究了不同的云凝结核(CCN)背景下三江源地区对流云及其降水的发展,以及吸湿剂的催化效果。结果表明:该地区对流云以冰相过程为主,霰粒子在降水发展过程中具有支配性的作用;初始CCN数浓度增加使降水延迟、降水量减少;催化效果在初始CCN数浓度较高的环境下更好;在云发展的早期,于云底上升气流区播撒吸湿剂,能够获得较好的降水增加效果;对催化结果起决定作用的是粗粒子,小粒子对催化起到负作用。这些结果表明,在合理的催化方案下对该地区作吸湿性催化能得到较为理想的增雨效果。 相似文献
15.
播撒碘化银粒子进行人工防雹的数值试验 总被引：16，自引：13，他引：16
本文在二维完全弹性冰雹云数值模式中，引入冰晶浓度和播撒物质AgI粒子的守恒方程，建立了一个二维催化模式，考虑了人工冰核的三种成核机制，即凝华核化（包含凝结—冻结核化）及与云、雨滴的接触冻结核化，模拟了几种不同冰雹云、不同催化方案下的人工防雹催化效果，指出了防雹的最佳催化方案和适宜催化作业的冰雹云条件。 相似文献
16.
三维对流云催化数值模式人工冰晶参数化方案的改进与个例模拟试验 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
在中国科学院大气物理研究所的三维全弹性对流风暴云催化数值模式(简称为IAP-CSM3D)的基础上,对模式中催化部分的参数化方案进行了改进,推导出人工冰晶与其它粒子之间相互作用的微物理过程的参数化方程。改进后的模式将催化产生的人工冰晶单独作为预报量进行处理,把人工冰晶与自然冰晶区分开,且考虑的人工冰晶谱型为双参数粒子谱,使模式更符合实际。利用改进后的模式模拟了2005年7月8日发生在辽宁省朝阳市的一次冰雹云天气过程,着重分析了催化云人工冰晶的微物理过程、空间分布和谱型,以及对冰相降水粒子的贡献。数值试验表明,自然雹云模拟结果与观测事实相吻合,说明改进后的模式对冰雹云具有较可靠的模拟能力。模拟分析表明,冻滴是该例自然雹云冰雹胚胎的主要来源,对该冰雹云进行AgI催化可明显地减少降雹量,特别是在云中冰雹形成初期进行催化防雹效果最好,既可产生最大的防雹作业效果又不至于过度减少降雨量。催化减雹的主要原因是催化显著地减少了云中冻滴向冰雹胚胎的转化总量。进一步研究发现,人工冰晶在云的不同阶段对各种冰相降水粒子的贡献是不同的。人工冰晶对雪花总质量的贡献较小,对霰总质量的贡献有所增大,而对冻滴总质量的贡献较大。模拟的冰晶粒子谱可较好地反映出人工冰晶谱型较窄,浓度较大,尺度较小的特征。 相似文献
17.
Aerosol particles can serve as cloud condensation nuclei(CCN)to influence orographic clouds.Autoconversion,which describes the initial formation of raindrops from the collision of cloud droplets,is an important process for aerosol-cloud-precipitation systems.In this study,seven autoconversion schemes are used to investigate the impact of CCN on orographic warm-phase clouds.As the initial cloud droplet concentration is increased from 100 cm-3to 1000 cm-3(to represent an increase in CCN),the cloud water increases and then the rainwater is suppressed due to a decrease in the autoconversion rate,leading to a spatial shift in surface precipitation.Intercomparison of the results from the autoconversion schemes show that the sensitivity of cloud water,rainwater,and surface precipitation to a change in the concentration of CCN is different from scheme to scheme.In particular,the decrease in orographic precipitation due to increasing CCN is found to range from-87%to-10%depending on the autoconversion scheme.Moreover,the surface precipitation distribution also changes significantly by scheme or CCN concentration,and the increase in the spillover(ratio of precipitation on the leeward side to total precipitation)induced by increased CCN ranges from 10%to 55%under different autoconversion schemes.The simulations suggest that autoconversion parameterization schemes should not be ignored in the interaction of aerosol and orographic cloud. 相似文献
18.
气溶胶影响云和降水的机理和观测研究进展 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
气溶胶对云和降水的影响,对于气候系统、大气环境以及水循环至关重要。气溶胶粒子作为云凝结核和大气冰核影响云的微物理过程,进而影响雨、雪、雹和其他形式的降水。近年来,在理解气溶胶的化学成分,气溶胶微物理特性以及气溶胶作为云凝结核和大气冰核影响云降水等方面已取得重大进展。本文对于气溶胶的概念、来源以及气溶胶的直接和间接效应进行了简要概述,重点总结了国内外在气溶胶影响云和降水的机理研究方面的成果,回顾了近年来利用卫星、地面观测设备、机载探测设备等对气溶胶和云进行遥感观测和直接观测所获得的观测事实并讨论了其可能的物理机制,在总结前人研究成果的基础上对未来的研究方向进行了讨论。 相似文献
19.
云数值模拟是研究降雹过程和人工防雹试验的重要手段。利用三维冰雹云AgI催化模式,对北京1996年6月10日的一次降雹过程进行AgI不同催化高度、催化剂量和催化时间的系列催化模拟试验,并优选催化方案,为外场防雹设计和作业提供依据。在催化系列模拟中发现,不同催化高度的催化剂均在上升到-5℃高度后开始核化。在2.1~4.9 km高度范围内催化,AgI成核率比较高,防雹效果较好。核化的人工冰晶有效弥补了该高度上自然冰晶的不足。小剂量催化,可在减雹的同时增加部分降雨量,而大剂量催化,在减雹的同时会减少降雨。在催化时间、剂量和高度的系列催化试验中得出,采用在模拟的第15分钟在5 km高度附近播撒AgI,连续4次以5×106 kg-1的催化剂量进行催化,催化效果较好,可减少降雹量约60%,同时可避免降雨量的大幅减少。 相似文献
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本文对夏季贵州自然降水性云的冰雪晶、大粒子作了初步分析。主要结果有:(1)冰雪晶平均浓度比北方地区的低,另外云中含水量大的区域冰雪晶平均浓度值也较大。(2)积状云冰雪晶浓度频数分布较集中,大多数集中于平均值附近,不超过一个量级。(3)冰雪晶和大粒子空间分布有明显差异。(4)在浓积云内暖云部分有冰雪晶沉降。(5)贵州夏季自然云降水及其人工催化的研究必须考虑冰相过程。 相似文献