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1.
Summary This paper presents a brief synopsis of past, current and anticipated progress and problems in the use of acoustic remote
sensing for basic and applied research of the lower atmosphere. The potential and reality of the sodar for determination of
meteorological parameters and turbulence characteristics is discussed. Sodars’ place alongside other ground-based remote sensors,
including radar wind profilers, radioacoustic sounding systems (RASS) and lidars, is elucidated. Areas of atmospheric research
where Doppler sodar has certain advantages are described such as cost, sensitivity, spatial and temporal resolution and surface
layer measurements. The use of sodar in networks of integrated radar/RASS systems designed to supply uninterrupted monitoring
of atmospheric parameters for improvements in forecasts of weather and air quality is demonstrated.
The special potential role of sodar in education and training of specialists is suggested to aid in developing and using new
methods of atmospheric measurements and meeting the requirements of modern environmental science.
A number of problems are formulated whose solution would favor further advancement of acoustic remote sensing in integrated
systems for remote monitoring of the atmospheric boundary layer.
Received November 23, 1998 Revised January 29, 1999 相似文献
2.
Comparison of meteorological tower measurements with a high resolution CW-FM radar indicates that the device is applicable to studies of structure of temperature inversions, stable and unstable waves upon such inversions, thermal plumes and convective processes within the boundary layer. The radar also appears to follow the transport of insects by such processes. 相似文献
3.
H. Linné B. Hennemuth J. Bösenberg K. Ertel 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2007,87(1-4):201-211
Summary Water vapour flux profiles in the atmospheric boundary layer have been derived from measurements of water vapour density fluctuations
by a ground-based Differential Absorption Lidar (DIAL) and of vertical wind fluctuations by a ground-based Doppler lidar.
The data were collected during the field experiment LITFASS-2003 in May/June 2003 in the area of Lindenberg, Germany. The
eddy-correlation method was applied, and error estimates of ±50 W/m2 for latent heat flux were found. Since the sampling error dominates the overall measurement accuracy, time intervals between
60 and 120 min were required for a reliable flux calculation, depending on wind speed. Rather large errors may occur with
low wind speed because the diurnal cycle restricts the useful interval length. In the lower height range, these measurements
are compared with DIAL/radar-RASS fluxes. The agreement is good when comparing covariance and error values. The lidar flux
profiles are well complemented by tower measurements at 50 and 90 m above ground and by area-averaged near surface fluxes
from a network of micrometeorological stations. Water vapour flux profiles in the convective boundary layer exhibit different
structures mainly depending on the magnitude of the entrainment flux. In situations with dry air above the boundary layer
a positive entrainment flux is observed which can even exceed the surface flux. Flux profiles which linearly increase from
the surface to the top of the boundary layer are observed as well as profiles which decrease in the lower part and increase
in the upper part of the boundary layer. In situations with humid air above the boundary layer the entrainment flux is about
zero in the upper part of the boundary layer and the profiles in most cases show a linear decrease. 相似文献
4.
利用常规气象观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h分析资料、微波辐射计资料及FY-2E气象卫星及雷达探测资料,针对2013年6月4日发生在北京及周边地区的一次暴雨过程中边界层东风活动及作用进行了天气学诊断分析,结果表明:对流性暴雨过程伴随有源自东北平原的边界层东风活动,东风活动具有尺度小、降温明显和湿度大等特点。暴雨过程是边界层东风和中低空暖式切变线、偏南风急流和500 hPa短波槽共同作用的结果;东风湿冷空气的锋面抬升和地形抬升作用共同加强了中低层暖湿气流的辐合上升运动,同时东风冷垫和地形抬升作用触发了雷暴的再次发生,相应雷暴具有高架对流特点。东风气流起到了边界层水汽输送作用,中低层偏南暖湿气流为暴雨的产生提供了充足的水汽和不稳定层结条件。 相似文献
5.
Links Between Weather Phenomena and Characteristics of Refractivity Measured by Precipitation Radar 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Lucas Besson Chiraz Boudjabi Olivier Caumont Jacques Parent du Chatelet 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2012,143(1):77-95
Refractivity depends on meteorological parameters such as temperature and water vapour pressure and can be measured using
a weather radar. A realistic atmospheric simulation from the Meso-NH numerical model is used in order to describe and establish
the relation between refractivity and the dynamic and thermodynamic phenomena responsible for the development and propagation
of convection. These investigations lead to discussion of the complementarity between the refractivity and the convective
available potential energy. The relation observed between the refractivity signal and the meteorological parameters calls
the refractivity measurement into question, since it is based on phase differentiation with time and space and can be degraded
by phase aliasing problems. These aliasing problems increase with the radar frequency (perceptible in the S-band, serious
in the C-band, and more serious in the X-band) and also with the integration range and sampling time. Thus, a statistical
approach permits us to simulate the possibility of measuring the refractivity with operational radar during convective events.
A typical case in the south-east region of France is selected to simulate measurements by radar (S-band, C-band, X-band) in
convective systems, in order to evaluate the measurement feasibility, particularly in terms of phase ambiguity, related to
temporal and spatial sampling, of a future implementation of the refractivity measurement over the French operational radar
network. This numerical statistical approach is completed with a similar study using in-situ measurements performed at the
Trappes station. The seasonal and diurnal dependencies of aliasing are investigated, leading to clarification of the impact
of the turbulent fluxes on the refractivity measurement. 相似文献
6.
Summary ?This paper describes the configuration of measurement systems operated continuously at the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg
with the aim of constructing combined profiles of wind and temperature – so-called composite profiles – covering the boundary
layer with high temporal and vertical resolution. This is required for the forcing of a micro-α-scale model in order to simulate
the atmospheric boundary layer structure over a heterogeneous landscape during the LITFASS-98 experiment. The problems of
combining measurements of different remote sensing and in-situ systems are briefly discussed. Although the measuring range
of individual remote sensing systems is variable, the height coverage of wind and temperature profile measurements by sodar/RASS
and two wind profiler radar/RASS complement each other very well. Using a simple merging procedure composite wind and temperature
profiles have been synthesized based on radiosonde, windprofiler/RASS, sodar/RASS and tower measurements. Time-height cross
sections of hourly composite profiles show considerably more details of the boundary layer structure than simple radiosonde
interpolation due to the higher sampling frequency, higher vertical resolution and increased accuracy at the lower levels.
Finally some qualifications of the formulated algorithm are suggested for future application.
Received June 18, 2001; revised May 30, 2002; accepted June 6, 2002 相似文献
7.
Fanny Girard-Ardhuin B. Bénech B. Campistron J. Dessens S. Jacoby-Koaly 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,106(1):93-115
On 11 August 1999, a near-total solar eclipse (80%) was observed in Campistrous, France. The influence of this particular event on the atmospheric boundary layer was observed with a UHF-RASS radar, a sodar and an instrumented mast. The changes in turbulence intensity, radar reflectivity, and temperature on the radiative budget are described in relation to collocated ground meteorological data. The impact of the eclipse induces a clear response of the atmosphere, with a time lag of 15 to 30 min, perceptible in several mean and turbulent meteorological variables up to the top of the atmospheric boundary layer. 相似文献
8.
多重解析多普勒（MANDOP）方法是用解析表达式进行三维风场反演。它成功地应用于处理地基多普勒雷达资料，获取对流系统层状降水区域的风场结构。本文将MANDOP方法在机载雷达情况下的进行推广并通过模拟研究径向速度测量中信号噪声、雨滴降落速度估计误差、平流速度估计误差、尤其是由于机载特性的引入产生的雷达束定位误差等对方法的影响。模拟结果显示，在机载雷达的技术参数下，MANDOP方法能够提供误差可以接受的三维风场反演。这为利用MANDOP方法处理在CaPE实验中获取的历史上第一次机载双束多普勒雷达资料建立了可靠的基础。 相似文献
9.
The study of the liquid water content and reserve of convective cloudiness accompanied by the rain showers, thunderstorms, and hail is carried out. The values of liquid water content and reserve were obtained by means of computations on the basis of the radar characteristics of cumulonimbus cloudiness as well as with the aid of a number of empirical dependences. It was demonstrated that the use of meteorological radar information for the purpose of computation of the microphysical cloud characteristics such as liquid water content and reserve enables to supplement and specify the data of the ground-based meteorological and aerological observations. 相似文献
10.
目前，临近预报技术主要包括雷暴识别追踪和外推预报技术、数值预报技术以及以分析观测资料为主的概念模型预报技术等。其中，识别追踪和外推预报技术主要以雷达资料为基础，在这方面，交叉相关外推和回波特征追踪识别外推是比较成熟的技术，已经用于许多的临近预报业务系统中，其缺陷是预报时效较短，准确率也不是很高。随着精细数值天气预报技术和计算机技术的发展，利用多普勒天气雷达资料和其它中小尺度观测资料进行数值模式初始化，来预报雷暴的发生、发展和消亡已经成为一个研究的热点，该技术发展很快但还不成熟。概念模型预报技术主要是通过综合分析多种中小尺度观测资料，包括雷达和气象卫星资料等，在此基础上建立雷暴发生、发展和消亡的概念模型，特别是边界层辐合线和强对流的密切关系等，再结合数值模式分析预报和其它外推技术的结果，然后建立雷暴临近预报的专家系统，其不但可以获取雷暴和对流降水移动、发展的信息，还可以预报它们的生成和消亡。检验和定性评估也表明，将多种资料和技术集于一体的概念模型专家系统，其临近预报的准确率最高，时效也最长，是临近预报技术未来发展的主要趋势之一。NCAR的Auto Nowcaster系统是雷暴临近预报概念模型专家系统的一个典型代表。 相似文献
11.
双发双收双偏振天气雷达差分反射率工程标定方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
分析了利用小雨、太阳、边界层顶的Bragg散射、地物等外界目标对双偏振天气雷达差分反射率(Zdr)进行标定的原理和局限性,介绍了一种可以在线获得发射机、接收机和天线引入的Zdr偏差的工程标定方法,并提出了一种提高Zdr测量精度的方法,即在每个脉冲重复周期,实时测量每个通道的发射功率耦合测试信号和气象目标回波信号在接收机数字中频的输出值,用于补偿发射功率和接收机增益的变化。该文介绍的两种工程标定方法可用于水平通道和垂直通道同时发射同时接收的双偏振天气雷达系统,能够满足在线实时标定的业务运行要求。 相似文献
12.
Results on the structure of the convective atmospheric boundary layer based on the analyses of data from the instrumented NSSL-KTVY tower, airborne Doppler lidar, and ground-based Doppler radars are presented. The vertically averaged wind over the boundary layer was found to be insensitive to baroclinicity, supporting the hypothesis of Arya and Wyngaard (1975). The computed momentum flux profiles were affected by baroclinicity. Horizontal wind spectra from lidar, radar, and tower data compared well with each other both in shape and magnitude. A consistent peak found near 4 km in all the computed spectra might have been caused by horizontally symmetric cells with horizontal wavelength 4 times the boundary-layer height as shown in Kuettner (1971) for the case of weak wind shear. 相似文献
13.
G. Javier Fochesatto Phillippe Drobinski Cyrille Flamant Daniel Guedalia Claire Sarrat Pierre H. Flamant Jacques Pelon 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2001,99(3):451-464
The diurnal cycle of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) hasbeen documented on 8 August 1998 in the framework of the Étude et Simulation de la QUalité de l'air en Ile-de-France (ESQUIF) experiment that took place in the Paris area. The ABL structure was documented by means of a ground-based lidar, surface meteorological stations and soundings. The interaction between the residual layer and the convective boundary layer is investigated using the collected data as well as mesoscale modelling. As opposed to the generally accepted concept, we find evidence of entrainment at the top ofthe residual layer. High temporal simulations of the 8 August 1998 casemade with the mesoscale atmospheric model Meso-NH also show evidenceof mixing at the top of the residual layer (RL). This mixing is believed to be related to the presence of convective (gravity) waves in the RL. 相似文献
14.
As a study on exploiting and popularizing the advanced dual-polarization weather radartechnique in China,the physical mechanism for the propagation effect of the radar wave isdiscussed by using the widely adapted extended boundary condition method,and some theoreticresults are provided for improving rain measurement accuracy.Furthermore,phase information,another important characteristic quantity of microwave,is considered for tapping the potentialitiesof the new meteorological radar system. 相似文献
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17.
I. N. Ezau T. Wolf E. A. Miller I. A. Repina Yu. I. Troitskaya S. S. Zilitinkevich 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2013,38(10):715-722
Considered is the application of MTP-5 meteorological temperature profiler used for the remote sensing of vertical profiles of the air temperature in the planetary boundary layer and the lower one-kilometer layer of the atmosphere. The measurements were carried out in Bergen (Norway) in 2011–2012. The obtained dataset of temperature profiles has temporal resolution of five minutes and vertical resolution of 50 m. The MTP-5 data are complemented with the measurements of the air temperature and the wind taken at two automatic weather stations and with the measurements of the rain intensity made with the rain radar. Studied is the impact of meteorological conditions and precipitation on the MTP-5 readings. It is revealed that formation of a thin water film (of ice or, to a smaller degree, of sleet) on the surface of the sensor cover of MTP-5 has a significant impact on the data of the temperature monitoring. The removal of intensive precipitation (the precipitation rate is >0.2 mm/hour) improved the reliability and quality of the temperature profile monitoring. In particular, it is demonstrated that significant air pollution and stably stratified atmospheric conditions which lead to low temperatures are reliably monitored with this instrument. 相似文献
18.
Radiative aerosols are known to influence the surface energy budget and hence the evolution of the planetary boundary layer. In this study, we develop a method to estimate the aerosol-induced reduction in the planetary boundary layer height(PBLH) based on two years of ground-based measurements at a site, the Station for Observing Regional Processes of the Earth System(SORPES), at Nanjing University, China, and radiosonde data from the meteorological station of Nanjing. The observations show that increased aerosol loads lead to a mean decrease of 67.1 W m-2for downward shortwave radiation(DSR) and a mean increase of 19.2 W m-2for downward longwave radiation(DLR), as well as a mean decrease of 9.6W m-2for the surface sensible heat flux(SHF) in the daytime. The relative variations of DSR, DLR and SHF are shown as a function of the increment of column mass concentration of particulate matter(PM2.5). High aerosol loading can significantly increase the atmospheric stability in the planetary boundary layer during both daytime and nighttime. Based on the statistical relationship between SHF and PM2.5column mass concentrations, the SHF under clean atmospheric conditions(same as the background days) is derived. In this case, the derived SHF, together with observed SHF, are then used to estimate changes in the PBLH related to aerosols. Our results suggest that the PBLH decreases more rapidly with increasing aerosol loading at high aerosol loading. When the daytime mean column mass concentration of PM2.5reaches 200 mg m-2, the decrease in the PBLH at 1600 LST(local standard time) is about 450 m. 相似文献
19.
BOUNDARY LAYER GROWTH AND LAPSE RATE CHANGES DETERMINED BY LIDAR AND SURFACE HEAT FLUX IN SOFIA* 
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下载免费PDF全文 In this study the results from a boundary layer experiment,conducted in autumn 1991 over a flat,build-up urban area in Southeast Sofia,together with some models for mixed layer growth rates are used to investigate the layered structure of the vertical atmospheric stability distribution in the Sofia Valley.Lidar measurements of aerosol layer heights and morning boundary layer development are combined with surface eddy correlation measurements of kinematic heat and moisture fluxes,profiles of temperature and humidity,wind speed and wind direction.A diagnostic method is presented for determining vertical lapse rates using surface meteorological measurements and lidar returns observed during the transition from nighttime stable stratification to daytime convective boundary layer after the sunrise. 相似文献
20.
BOUNDARY LAYER GROWTH AND LAPSE RATE CHANGES DETERMINED BY LIDAR AND SURFACE HEAT FLUX IN SOFIA 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 In this study the results from a boundary layer experiment,conducted in autumn 1991 over a flat,build-up urbanarea in Southeast Sofia,together with some models for mixed layer growth rates are used to investigate the layered struc-ture of the vertical atmospheric stability distribution in the Sofia Valley.Lidar measurements of aerosol layer heightsand morning boundary layer development are combined with surface eddy correlation measurements of kinematic heatand moisture fluxes,profiles of temperature and humidity,wind speed and wind direction.A diagnostic method is pres-ented for determining vertical lapse rates using surface meteorological measurements and lidar returns observed duringthe transition from nighttime stable stratification to daytime convective boundary layer after the sunrise. 相似文献