共查询到18条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
气象卫星资料不仅对天气、气候研究非常重要, 对于地表参数模拟和预报也具有重要意义。本文首次将全国自动站观测、卫星降水估计和地面观测融合降水资料(CMORPH)以及风云二号D星(FY-2D)积雪覆盖率数据应用到了高分辨率陆面资料同化系统(u-HRLDAS)。融合降水资料用于驱动u-HRLDAS, 同时用于计算雪水当量;积雪覆盖率资料作为u-HRLDAS强迫变量。区域模拟结果表明, 积雪覆盖率对于地表反照率、地表温度以及地气交换通量模拟有极其重要的影响。密云站土壤湿度模拟结果表明, 融合降水资料准确度优于全球陆面资料同化系统(GLDAS)再分析资料。小汤山站单点验证结果表明, 应用融合降水资料及卫星积雪覆盖率资料可以改进地表温度及地气交换通量的模拟。 相似文献
2.
CCM3模式中LSM积雪方案的改进研究(Ⅰ):修改方案介绍及其单点试验 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
为了改进美国NCARCCM3全球模式中LSM陆面模型中的积雪方案的模拟效果,在Sun等[1]SAST积雪模型的基础上,作了部分修改后,加进CCM3模式LSM模型中.该方案根据格点区域平均积雪深度的不同,把地面雪盖划分为1到3层不等,能在积雪表层和中间层更好地描述温度的日变化和季节变化;较详细地考虑了雪的热传导、太阳辐射的穿透吸收、雪的融化、液态水的储存、渗透和再冻结等积雪内部的主要物理过程;根据Nimbus-7卫星实测雪深资料修改了积雪覆盖度和雪面反照率的计算方案.利用前苏联6个台站1978-1983年的实测积雪资料和大气强迫数据,进行了单点模拟试验,结果表明,新的积雪参数化方案能够较好地再现积雪深度和雪水当量的逐日和季节变化特征,部分提高了积雪参数化方案对积雪的模拟能力. 相似文献
3.
中国冬季多种积雪参数的时空特征及差异性 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
利用1979~2006年冬季中国站点最大雪深和站点雪日、卫星遥感雪深、积雪覆盖率和雪水当量5种积雪资料,从多角度深入细致地分析了我国冬季积雪的时空变化特征。结果表明:5种积雪资料的经验正交分解第一模态都表现为中国南、北方反位相的特征,即当新疆和东北三省-内蒙古地区积雪偏多(少)时,青藏高原和南方地区积雪偏少(多)。新疆和东北三省-内蒙古地区的雪深、积雪覆盖率和雪日随时间有逐渐增多的趋势,而其中边缘山区的雪水当量表现出减少的趋势,青藏高原地区的积雪表现出与其完全相反的特征。南方地区站点最大雪深和雪日表现出随时间减少的趋势,卫星遥感难以监测到该区积雪。相比较而言,卫星遥感资料比较适合高原和山区缺少气象站的地区及北半球更大区域积雪的研究,而站点资料更适用于中国中东部和平原地区积雪的区域研究。雪深、雪日、积雪覆盖率和雪水当量这些多样性积雪参数存在一定的差异性,因此5种积雪资料结合使用才能得到更准确的结论。 相似文献
4.
为了改进美国NCAR CCM3全球模式中LSM陆面模型中的积雪方案的模拟效果，在Sun等SAST积雪模型的基础上，作了部分修改后，加进CCM3模式LSM模型中。该方案根据格点区域平均积雪深度的不同，把地面雪盖划分为1到3层不等，能在积雪表层和中间层更好地描述温度的日变化和季节变化；较详细地考虑了雪的热传导、太阳辐射的穿透吸收、雪的融化、液态水的储存、渗透和再冻结等积雪内部的主要物理过程；根据Nimbus-7卫星实测雪深资料修改了积雪覆盖度和雪面反照率的计算方案。利用前苏联6个台站1978—1983年的实测积雪资料和大气强迫数据，进行了单点模拟试验，结果表明，新的积雪参数化方案能够较好地再现积雪深度和雪水当量的逐日和季节变化特征，部分提高了积雪参数化方案对积雪的模拟能力。 相似文献
5.
为研究不同陆面模式对中国区域土壤温度的模拟效果,基于中国气象局陆面数据同化系统（CMA Land Data Assimilation System,CLDAS）大气驱动数据分别驱动Noah和Noah-MP陆面模式进行中国区域土壤温度的模拟（简称:CLDAS_Noah和CLDAS_Noah-MP试验）,使用2010—2018年中国气象局2380个土壤温度观测站点10和40 cm观测数据以及美国全球陆面数据同化系统（The Global Land Data Assimilation System,GLDAS）驱动的Noah模式（GLDAS_Noah试验）模拟的土壤温度结果,从空间分布、季节、分区等角度进行了评估,实现了不同驱动数据相同陆面模式和相同驱动数据不同陆面模式的对比分析。结果表明: GLDAS_Noah、CLDAS_Noah和CLDAS_Noah-MP试验均能合理模拟出中国区域土壤温度空间分布,但在量级上有一定差异,主要表现在中国东北、新疆、青藏高原等积雪区。对于相同陆面模式不同驱动数据,均方根误差显示CLDAS_Noah试验在季节与分区上均优于GLDAS_Noah试验,间接表明CLDAS大气驱动数据优于GLDAS大气驱动数据,且大气驱动数据是提高土壤温度模拟精度的重要因素之一;对于相同驱动数据不同陆面模式,总体上CLDAS_Noah-MP试验棋拟效果优于CLDAS_Noah试验,其中CLDAS_Noah试验模拟的10和40 cm深度土壤温度在冬季积雪区误差明显大于CLDAS_Noah-MP试验,可能与Noah-MP模式改进了积雪方案有关,但10和40 cm深度下CLDAS_Noah-MP试验在东北、华北、青藏高原地区对春季土壤温度模拟误差明显大于CLDAS_Noah试验,可能与Noah-MP模式融雪方案有关。总之,本研究对于后续开展土壤温度多模式集成、土壤温度站点资料同化,最终研制中国区域高质量土壤温度数据集具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
6.
基于WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting)模式,本研究使用更为准确的气象站点及卫星遥感积雪资料替换初始场中积雪深度、雪水当量等积雪数据,对2014年2月17-27日青藏高原中东部一次积雪消融过程进行模拟研究,评估WRF模式中CLM(Community Land Model)、Noah-LSM(Noah land surface model)和Noah-MP(Noah-Multiparameterization Land Surface Model)3种陆面过程方案对该次积雪消融过程的模拟性能。结果表明：3种陆面过程方案均能较好地再现2 m气温、积雪深度和反照率的日变化趋势,但各试验模拟效果有一定差异。气象站点及卫星遥感积雪资料作为初始场时,CLM陆面过程方案模拟的2 m气温平均误差最小,为0.002℃;Noah-LSM陆面过程方案中2 m气温均方根误差（4.01℃）和平均绝对误差（3.30℃）最小,但昼夜温差较观测显著偏小;同时CLM陆面过程方案模拟的积雪深度均方根误差、平均误差和平均绝对误差均最小,分别为4.70 cm、-1.25 cm和2.75 ... 相似文献
7.
为了提升对中小尺度流域的径流模拟和洪水预报能力,给防灾减灾和科学研究提供参考依据,本文评估了CLDAS-Prcp多源融合降水产品在中小尺度流域中的水文效用以及WRF-Hydro模式在中小尺度流域中的模拟效果。首先利用CLDAS-Prcp多源融合降水产品和IMERG-Final多源融合降水产品分析了綦江流域7个典型洪水个例中的累计降水量空间分布特征以及小时面雨量时序变化特征,再利用两种多源融合降水产品分别驱动WRF-Hydro模式对綦江流域7个典型的洪水个例进行模拟,并与实测径流量进行对比分析。结果表明：（1）CLDAS-Prcp在累计降水量空间分布上比IMERG-Final刻画出了更多的细节,大值落区和降水总量上也更为准确;两种降水产品都能较好地刻画流域小时面雨量在洪水时段的变化趋势,CLDAS-Prcp在面雨量峰值以及变化趋势上更贴近观测数据。（2）基于CLDAS-Prcp多源融合降水产品的4场径流模拟中,有3场径流模拟的纳什系数高于0.9,表现优异;基于IMERG-Final多源融合降水产品的4场径流模拟中,除20200622号洪水事件外,其余场次模拟的纳什系数皆低于0.7,说明基... 相似文献
8.
积雪参数是气候学和水文学研究中所需的重要物理量, 确保积雪参数测定的准确性与及时性对于气候学研究、水文应用以及防灾减灾都非常重要。利用微波数据可获取有云存在时的积雪覆盖图, 遥感雪深和雪水当量信息。采用微波数据判识雪盖并得到积雪状态 (干、湿) 信息, 不仅可以弥补利用光学遥感数据判识雪盖的不足之处, 而且也是利用微波数据反演雪深和雪水当量参数必需的先期工作。该文介绍利用SSM/I的多频双极化微波数据开展我国及周边地区积雪判识方法研究的结果。分析国外全球判识方法的雪盖判识结果指出, 国外算法易在青藏高原等地区将冻土误判为积雪, 造成雪盖面积的偏高估计。研究给出了在我国及周边地区 (17°~57°N, 65°~145°E) 利用SSM/I数据判识积雪的改进方法, 在完成积雪判识的同时还给出了雪深和积雪状态的定性信息, 与已有全球雪盖判识方法相比有较大改进, 大大减小了青藏高原等地区冻土对积雪判识的影响。 相似文献
9.
基于美国冰雪资料中心(NSIDC)提供的卫星遥感雪水当量资料,评估了26个CMIP5(Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project)耦合模式对1981~2005年欧亚大陆冬季雪水当量的模拟能力,在此基础上应用多模式集合平均结果,预估了21世纪欧亚大陆雪水当量的变化情况。结果表明,CMIP5耦合模式对欧亚大陆冬季雪水当量空间分布具有一定的模拟能力,能够再现出欧亚大陆冬季雪水当量由南向北递增、青藏高原积雪多于同纬度其他地区的特征;就雪水当量的幅值而言,几乎所有模式均显著低估了西伯利亚中部雪水当量的大值中心,对中国东北地区雪水当量的模拟也显著偏低,但模式对乌拉尔山以西的东欧平原、我国北方及蒙古地区冬季雪水当量的模拟却比卫星遥感资料显著偏大,此外模式对堪察加半岛及以北的西伯利亚东北部地区的雪水当量也明显偏大。对于青藏高原地区,虽然部分模式可以模拟出青藏高原东部的雪水当量大值区,但大多数模式对青藏高原西部雪水当量的模拟却明显偏大,存在虚假的大值中心。对遥感反演资料的EOF(Empirical Orthogonal Function)分解表明,对于EOF第一个模态所对应欧亚大陆全区一致的年代际变化特征,仅有少数模式具有一定的模拟能力,大多数模式以及多模式集合的结果均未能予以反映;对应于欧亚大陆雪水当量年际变化的EOF第二模态而言,仅有少数模式(如俄罗斯的INMCM4)具有一定的再现能力,绝大多数模式对该模态及其时间演变的特征没有模拟能力。比较CMIP5多模式的集合预估结果与1981~2005年基准时段的雪水当量,可以发现在RCP4.5排放情景下,西伯利亚中东部地区的雪水当量相对于基准时段显著增加,区域平均的增加量在21世纪前、中、后期分别为4.1mm、5.4 mm和6.8 mm,且随时间增加得更显著;对90°E以西的欧洲大陆和青藏高原地区,其雪水当量则相对减少,减少的幅度和显著性也随时间而增大。就雪水当量的相对变化而言,在欧亚大陆东北部存在雪水当量相对变化的大值区,在21世纪后期相对变化显著区大都在5%~10%;但在青藏高原、斯堪的纳维亚半岛进和东欧平原,并没有发现雪水当量相对变化的髙值区,这是由于这些区域冬季雪水当量的幅值较大的缘故。RCP8.5情景下欧亚大陆雪水当量的变化特征与RCP4.5相类似,只是变化的幅度更大。 相似文献
10.
中国区域不同深度土壤湿度模拟和评估 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
利用FY-2静止气象卫星逐小时降水估计产品和地面入射太阳辐射反演产品,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析数据集中的地面气温、湿度、气压和风速数据,构造中国区域高时空分辨率的大气强迫场,驱动CLM3.0陆面模式模拟得到了2005年7月至2010年6月中国区域10 km分辨率的日平均土壤湿度数据集.通过与中国农气观测站土壤湿度数据进行比较分析,结果表明:在0～10 cm和10～20 cm深度上,模式模拟的土壤湿度结果从空间分布和时间变率上均与观测数据有很好的一致性,在70～100 cm深度上,空间分布有较好的一致性,但模式模拟结果的时间变率较小.按照气候特点将中国分为8个区域,分析了区域平均土壤湿度的时间变化规律,中国西北和西南地区有很好的一致性,东北和华北地区次之. 相似文献
11.
Michael A. Wulder Trisalyn A. Nelson Chris Derksen David Seemann 《Climatic change》2007,82(1-2):113-130
Twenty-four winter seasons (1978–2002) of mean February snow water equivalent (SWE) values were analyzed in an exploration of the spatial pattern of temporal variability in snow cover across the non-mountainous interior of Canada. The SWE data were derived from space-borne passive microwave brightness temperatures processed with a land cover-sensitive suite of algorithms. Spatial patterns in the frequency and amount of variability were investigated on an annual basis through comparisons with average trends over all 24 years. Changes in temporal variability through time were also investigated by comparing three eight year time periods to general trends. Analyses were synthesized at the ecozone scale in order to link results both to potential land cover influences on algorithm performance and climatological variability in SWE. Prairie and northern ecozones were typically found to be the most variable in terms of SWE magnitude. Analyses indicate that non-treed land cover classes are generally more variable than treed classes. The results also indicate that extreme weather events appear to be occurring with increasing consistency in the Prairie and Arctic regions. Discerning climatologically significant variability in the time series, compared to algorithm-related issues can be a challenge, but in an era of eroding surface observing networks the passive microwave time series represents an important resource for monitoring and detecting trends and variability in terrestrial snow cover. 相似文献
12.
积雪季节变化特征的数值模拟及其敏感性试验 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
文中利用综合陆面模式 (ComprehensiveLandSurfaceModel,CLSM )对法国ColdePorte 1 993/ 1 994 ,1 994 / 1 995年及BOREASSSA OJP 1 994 / 1 995年积雪个例进行了模拟试验 ,通过模拟结果与观测资料的对比 ,检验了CLSM对积雪变化特征的模拟能力 ,并通过敏感性试验探讨了降雪密度、积雪持水量等积雪参数化方案及植被对积雪模拟可能产生的影响。结果表明 :(1 )CLSM能够准确地模拟出积雪的变化过程 ,对积雪的演变特征作出了合理的描述 ;(2 )降雪密度、积雪持水量参数化方案对积雪模拟结果均具有一定的影响 :降雪密度参数化主要对积雪深度的模拟产生影响 ;而积雪持水量参数化方案对积雪的演变过程 ,尤其是积雪的消融 ,具有重要的作用 ;(3)有、无植被存在的情况下 ,积雪 土壤系统的变化过程存在显著的差别 ,植被通过改变积雪 /土壤表面的能量平衡 ,对积雪及土壤的变化过程产生重要影响 :植被的存在有利于积雪的维持 ,使得积雪融化进程推迟 ,冻结土壤的增温明显偏慢 相似文献
13.
This study investigates the statistical linkage between summer rainfall in China and the
preceding spring Eurasian snow water equivalent (SWE), using the datasets of summer rainfall
observations from 513 stations, satellite-observed snow water equivalent, and atmospheric circulation
variables in the NCEP/NCAR re-analysis during the period from 1979 to 2004. The first two coupled
modes are identified by using the singular value decomposition (SVD) method. The leading SVD mode of
the spring SWE variability shows a coherent negative anomaly in most of Eurasia with the opposite
anomaly in some small areas of the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia. The mode displays strong interannual
variability, superposed on an interdecadal variation that occurred in the late 1980s, with persistent
negative phases in 1979--1987 and frequent positive phases afterwards. When the leading mode is in its
positive phase, it corresponds to less SWE in spring throughout most of Eurasia. Meanwhile, excessive
SWE in some small areas of the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia, summer rainfall in South and Southeast
China tends to be increased, whereas it would be decreased in the up-reaches of the Yellow River. In
recent two decades, the decreased spring SWE in Eurasia may be one of reasons for severe droughts in
North and Northeast China and much more significant rainfall events in South and Southeast China. The
second SVD mode of the spring SWE variability shows opposite spatial variations in western and eastern
Eurasia, while most of the Tibetan Plateau and East Asia are in phase. This mode significantly correlates
with the succeeding summer rainfall in North and Northeast China, that is, less spring SWE in western
Eurasia and excessive SWE in eastern Eurasia and the Tibetan Plateau tend to be associated with decreased
summer rainfall in North and Northeast China. 相似文献
14.
To build land surface dataset for climate model,with application of remote sensing technique as well as the Geographic Information System(GIS),the data of surface type,roughness and albedo over China in 1997 were retrieved,resolutions being 10 km×10 km.Based on these data,an analysis is conducted on the geographic distributions and seasonal variations of surface vegetation cover and roughness as well as albedo over China.Results show that surface vegetation cover is mainly located to the south of Yangtze River,in Southwest and Northeast China andsparse vegetation cover is in the Northwest.The variation of land surface cover affects the variations of land surface roughness and albedo.High albedo occurred in the north of Xinjiang Autonomous Region,the north of Northeast China and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in winter,in correspondence with the location of snow cover.For most part of China,surface roughness decreases and albedo increases in winter,while the roughness increases and the albedo decreases in summer,which could mainly result from land surface cover(snow cover and vegetation cover)and soil moisture changes.This shows that the geographic distribution and seasonal variation of the albedo are almost opposite to those of the roughness,in agreement with theoretical results.Temporally,the amplitude of surface roughness change is quite small in comparison with the roughness itself. 相似文献
15.
By using Comprehensive Land Surface Model (CLSM), three snow cases, i.e., France Col de Porte 1993/1994, 1994/1995 and BOREAS SSA-OJP 1994/1995, were simulated. The simulated results were compared with the observations to examine the capability of the model to describe the evolutions of snow cover under two different land cover conditions. Several sensitivity experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the parameterization schemes of some snow cover internal processes and vegetation on the model results. Results suggest that the CLSM simulates the basic processes of snow cover accurately and describes the features of snow cover evolutions reasonably, indicating that the model has the potential to model the processes related to the snow cover evolution. It is also found that the different parameterization schemes of the snowfall density and snow water holding capacity have significant effects on the simulation of snow cover. The estimation of snowfall density mainly impacts the simulated snow depth, and the underestimation (overestimation) of the snowfall density increases (decreases) the snow depth simulated significantly but with little effect on the simulated snow water equivalent (SWE). The parameterization of the snow water holding capacity plays a crucial role in the evolution of snow cover, especially in the ablation of snow cover. Larger snow water holding capacity usually leads to larger snow density and heat capacity by storing more liquid water in the snow layer, and makes the temperature of snow cover and the snow ablation vary more slowly. To a smaller snow water holding capacity, contrary is the case. The results also show that the physical processes related to the snow cover variation are different, which are dependent on the vegetation existed. Vegetation plays an important role in the evolution of soil-snow system by changing the energy balance at the snow-soil surface. The existence of vegetation is favorable to the maintenance of snow cover and delays the increase of underlying soil temperature. 相似文献
16.
《大气与海洋》2013,51(3):305-320
Abstract Satellite and conventional snow water equivalent (SWE) dataseis reveal a well‐defined zone of high winter season SWE (>100 mm) that extends across the northern boreal forest of Canada. SWE coefficient of variation (CV) patterns derived from a monthly averaged (1978–2002) passive microwave derived time series show a high degree of interannual variability across open prairie, southern boreal, and open tundra regions of North America while SWE across the northern boreal forest was highly invariant. The potential existence of a consistent SWE zone resistant to interannual climatic variability over the past 25 years is intriguing in the context of the sensitivity of snow cover to climate variability and change. A ground sampling campaign conceived specifically to evaluate SWE distribution across the northern boreal forest was conducted in northern Manitoba during the 2003–04 winter season. Data from this survey confirmed the SWE gradient across the boreal forest, although satellite‐derived retrievals for the tundra were consistently low. A series of Canadian Regional Climate Model (CRCM) simulations were conducted to identify feedbacks between the atmosphere and land surface for a domain focused on the northern boreal forest. A control simulation produced monthly patterns of SWE distribution that closely matched the passive microwave retrievals. Water budget computations showed the SWE accumulation pattern to be a function of the modelled regional precipitation pattern, and not the result of surface processes such as melt or evaporation/sublimation. Mean monthly patterns of 850‐hPa fronto genesis forcing corresponded closely to the patterns of accumulated SWE suggesting that lower tropospheric frontal activity was responsible for the snowfall events that led directly to the deposition of the northern boreal SWE band. CRCM sensitivity experiments were conducted with perturbed land cover and terrain. Only subtle differences in SWE accumulation and frontogenesis patterns relative to the control run were found when complete grassland cover was prescribed, though removing orography greatly enhanced the magnitude and zonal extent of the SWE band. 相似文献
17.
ABSTRACTIn situ observations of snow water equivalent (SWE) from manual snow surveys and automated sensors are made at approximately 1000 sites across Canada in support of water resource planning for flood control and hydroelectricity production. These data represent an important source of information for research (e.g., validation of hydrological and climate models), for applied studies (e.g., ground snow loads), and for climate monitoring. This note describes the process to update a Canadian historical snow survey dataset to 2016 and the production of a 0.1° gridded version for research applications. Analysis of trends in SWE, snow depth (SD), and density over the 50-year period from 1967 to 2016 revealed large spatial variability in trend sign and strength, with a relatively small percentage of points showing statistically significant trends. Where SWE and SD trends were significant, they tended to be negative, which is consistent with previous investigations of snow cover changes in Canada. The results show evidence of a latitudinal dependence in SWE trends, with the largest negative trends occurring over lower latitudes, and a tendency for mainly positive trends in Arctic SWE, which is consistent with observations from Russia and climate model projections of the response of Arctic snow cover to climate warming. Arctic sites also showed evidence of an increasing trend in 1 April snowpack density of 6.6?kg m?3 per decade but little corresponding change in SD. This has potentially important consequences for the soil thermal regime because it provides a cooling influence from an increase in the snowpack effective thermal conductivity. The snow survey dataset is available from the Government of Canada Open Data portal. 相似文献
18.
Snow cover changes in the middle (2040–2059) and end (2080–2099) of the twenty-first century over China were investigated with a regional climate model, nested within the global model BCC_CSM1.1. The simulations had been conducted for the period of 1950–2099 under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Results show that the model perform well in representing contemporary (1986–2005) spatial distributions of snow cover days (SCDs) and snow water equivalent (SWE). However, some differences between observation and simulation were detected. Under the RCP4.5 scenarios, SCDs are shortened by 10–20 and 20–40 days during the middle and end of the twenty-first century, respectively. Whereas simulated SWE is lowered by 0.1–10 mm in most areas over the Tibetan Plateau (TP). On the other hand, the spatial distributions of SWE are reversed between the middle and end terms in the northeast China. Furthermore, compared with the changes of RCP4.5 scenario, SCDs are reduced by 5–20 days in the middle period under RCP8.5 scenario with even larger decreasing amplitude in the end term. SWE was lowered by 0.1–2.5 mm in most areas except the northeast of China in middle term under RCP8.5 scenario. The great center of SCDs and SWE changes are always located over TP. The regional mean of SCDs and SWE for the TP and for China display a declining trend from 2006 to 2099 with more pronounced changes in the TP than in China as a whole. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, the changes are enhanced compared to those under RCP4.5. 相似文献