共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 78 毫秒
1.
1961～2009年我国地面太阳辐射变化特征及云对其影响的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
基于我国100个地面站点的地面太阳总辐射、日平均云量资料分析1961～2009年我国地面太阳辐射(Surface Solar Radiation,SSR)变化特征及云在不同时期对SSR的影响。结果显示:1961～2009年我国SSR经历了先下降后上升的变化过程,其中1961～1990年SSR显著下降("变暗"),下降速率为-4.3%/10 a(7.87 W m–2(10 a)–1),各地SSR变化趋势比较一致;1990年后SSR开始上升("变亮"),上升速率为2.8%/10 a(2.4 W m–2(10 a)–1),各地SSR变化趋势不如前一阶段一致,但没有显著的地域分布特征。晴空条件的设置对1961～1990年各站点SSR变化特征影响不大,仍为大范围下降("变暗"),但对1990～2009年的结果影响显著。相比全天空条件的结果,晴空条件下1990～2009年我国SSR变化有明显的南北特征,南方地区以"变亮"为主,而北方地区大多继续"变暗",但"变暗"速度减缓。1961～1990年我国总云量总体呈小幅下降趋势,下降速率很慢,这一时期总云量与全天空SSR没有很好的对应关系;1990～2009年我国总云量总体呈小幅上升趋势,有显著的南北分布差异,北方地区以上升趋势为主,南方地区以下降趋势为主,期间云量与全天空情况下SSR有很好的对应关系。这些结果表明,在"变暗"阶段,云对SSR的作用不显著,而在"变亮"阶段,云的作用变得较为突出。 相似文献
2.
利用1961-2010年杭州站太阳总辐射、日照、降水、云量、水汽压和视程障碍日数资料,采用气候倾向率、突变检测和相关分析等方法,研究了近50 a太阳总辐射和日照时数的变化特征及其成因.结果表明,近50 a杭州年太阳总辐射和日照时数均呈减少趋势,以日照时数下降更明显,其突变年份分别发生在1975和1971年;年太阳总辐射下降主要出现在1961-1992年,1993-2010年呈波动变化,1993年以后未出现明显“变亮期”,而年日照时数在上述两个时段都表现为显著下降趋势,至21世纪00年代降到最低.夏、秋、冬3季太阳总辐射和日照时数趋势变化与年变化基本一致,春季两者在1961-1992年均呈下降趋势,1993年后存在较明显的“变亮期”.降水量、低云量和轻雾日的增加是造成杭州年及夏、秋、冬3季太阳总辐射和日照时数减少的主要原因,春季太阳总辐射的增加则主要与降水量、雨日、总云量和低云量减少关系密切,此外,霾日数变化对日照时数的影响也非常重要. 相似文献
3.
利用1960—2005年京津冀地区的地面太阳辐射资料,综合分析了该地区45年太阳辐射的分布状况和变化趋势,并结合云量、降水量、气溶胶光学厚度和大气含水量,分析了该地区太阳辐射的变化原因。结果表明:(1)京津冀地区的太阳辐射并没有出现20世纪80年代末到90年代中期的"变亮"现象;同期冬、春季总辐射下降,夏、秋季上升;(2)在1985—1997年间,依据总辐射变化情况,京津冀地区被分为截然相反的两个区域:东部地区总辐射增加,倾向率为1.016 MJ.m-2.mon-1.(10a)-1;西部地区总辐射减少,倾向率为10.092MJ.m-2.mon-1.(10a)-1;(3)总辐射增加的区域,主要是由于云量减少、降水量减少所伴随的日照时数增加以及气溶胶光学厚度降低所造成的;(4)总辐射减少的区域,云量、气溶胶光学厚度和降水量变化并不显著,总辐射持续减少。 相似文献
4.
5.
6.
华南地面太阳辐射状况及其转折特征分析 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
利用华南地区1961—2003年的太阳总辐射、直接辐射和散射辐射资料分析了该地区地面太阳辐射状况,包括年际变化和季节变化,重点分析了该地区太阳总辐射在1980—1990年代期间的转折过程,并与全国平均状况进行对比。结果表明：1961—2003年,华南地区的总辐射和直接辐射整体呈下降趋势,散射辐射的变化不显著,与全国平均辐射状况的变化趋势一致。1983年之前,华南总辐射处于迅速下降阶段,之后发生转折开始回升,至2001年前后已经恢复到平均水平。华南地区总辐射和散射辐射的季节变化非常明显,夏季最高,春秋两季次之,冬季最低,一年中散射辐射的最高和最低值相比总辐射提前一个月出现。另外,结合云量和能见度资料初步分析了广州市地面太阳辐射的变化和转折过程,表明广州地面太阳总辐射的下降及转折过程主要与该地区的大气清洁程度相关。 相似文献
7.
华南沿海地区太阳直接辐射、能见度及大气气溶胶变化特征分析 总被引：26，自引：5，他引：21
分析了中国华南地区福州、广州、海口、南宁等地1961～1990年太阳直接辐射总量、日照时数、总云量、大气能见度和地面水汽压等资料,并利用这些资料反演了该地区大气气溶胶的光学厚度值。结果表明：近30年来,华南地区太阳直接辐射总量和日照时数呈明显下降趋势。与60年代相比,80年代各站太阳直接辐射总量的年平均值均下降20%以上,其中广州下降29.2%;日照时数,广州减少了1.1 h,福州1 h,南宁0.9 h,海口0.5 h。分析发现,造成下降的原因不是由于云量或大气中水汽含量的变化,而是由于地面能见度的明显减小和大气气溶胶的增加。4站中,14时地面能见度均以夏季最好,最高值出现在7月;而地面能见度最差的季节海口、南宁两站在冬季,福州和广州两站在春季3、4月份。相比较而言,海口能见度最好,福州和南宁次之,广州最差。4站大气气溶胶光学厚度值的大小、年及季节变化与地面能见度有密切的关系,但两者不尽一致,因此,在研究气溶胶的辐射和气候效应时必须合理地考虑中高层大气气溶胶的分布。 相似文献
8.
1961～2007年西北地区地面太阳辐射长期变化特征研究 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
利用西北地区16个甲级辐射站1961～2007年的总辐射资料,和1961～1992年的直接辐射、散射辐射资料,研究该地区地面太阳辐射的长期变化特征。发现,从1961～2007年总辐射的长期变化经历了"维持"、"变暗"、"变亮"和"回落"4个阶段。其中从70年代至80年代中期总辐射持续"变暗",之后开始转折"变亮"。"变亮"过程持续到90年代中期基本停止,之后振荡"回落"。各个季节总辐射的长期变化都表现出"变暗"和"变亮"这两个明显特征,其中冬季的"变暗"过程持续时间最长,"变亮"过程持续时间最短。从1961～1992年,直接辐射的变化过程为先下降后回升,散射辐射则是先上升后下降,两者的变化趋势和相对幅度决定了总辐射在不同阶段的变化趋势。60年代至80年代中期是西北地区直接辐射下降的主要时期,直接辐射和日照时数的下降过程具有地域性和季节性差异,表现为省会城市和冬季的下降百分率最显著。这种特征表明气溶胶排放的增加或许是影响该地区直接辐射和日照时数减小的因子之一。 相似文献
9.
基于中国大陆中东部484个气象站1980—2009年日照时数、总云量、能见度数据,按区域分析了地表太阳辐射长期变化特征及云量和气溶胶对辐射变化的可能影响,深入理解地表太阳辐射变化趋势成因。中国大陆中东部地区地表太阳辐射呈下降趋势（-0.7 Wm-2/10a）。从季节变化分析,下降趋势主要集中于夏季（-2.7 Wm-2/10a）;从区域分析,下降幅度最大的为华北地区（-3.9 Wm-2/10a）,该区云量不明显上升、能见度明显下降,且地表太阳辐射与云量低频部分相关系数（年代际变率）约-0.25,与气溶胶低频部分相关系数达-0.87,以此推测华北地区地表辐射的长期变化是气溶胶与总云量共同作用的结果。华南地区春季辐射上升（4.2 Wm-2/10a）则归因于总云量的下降（-2.1%/10a）。地表太阳辐射与总云量高频部分的相关系数（年际变率）达到-0.85以上,表明地表太阳辐射的年际短期变率主要贡献是来自于总云量的年际变化。 相似文献
10.
利用南宁气象站1961-2009年太阳辐射观测资料,运用线性倾向估计、M-K突变检验等方法对近49年来太阳辐射变化的主要特征进行了分析。结果表明,近49年来年太阳总辐射呈弱下降趋势,下降突变点为1964年,线性下降速率为28.9 (MJ/m2) /10a,其中下降主要发生在1961-1992年,1993年后显著增加;春、秋和冬季太阳总辐射变化趋势和全年相似,夏季则呈弱增加趋势。分析表明,总云量和表征气溶胶多少的能见度是影响太阳总辐射变化的主要气象因子。 相似文献
11.
云天地表总辐射和净辐射瞬时值的计算方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为减少计算机时,满足实时预报要求,全球数值预报模式中的辐射计算频率通常设定为三小时。这样处理会大大减少计算量,但也同时导致较大辐射日变化偏差,并影响模式对地面能量平衡,对流及降水的模拟。为改进这一缺陷,我们开发了一种辐射快速计算方案,可用于计算瞬时地面太阳总辐射和净辐射,使到达地面的太阳辐射计算可与模式积分同步进行,从而改善地面太阳辐射日变化模拟。本文介绍云天的计算方法。该方案所用的输入变量均为预报模式或卫星观测所能提供的量。结果表明：该方案既可用于数值预报模式也可利用观测资料独立计算地面太阳辐射。经与美国能源部大气辐射观测资料检验,该方案的精度很高,地面总辐射瞬时值的平均计算误差小于7%。 相似文献
12.
2011年地面入射太阳辐射变化及其与敏感因子回归分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
太阳辐射是地球上一切生命的源泉,亦是地球天气、气候系统发生发展和演变的能量来源。利用FY2E卫星遥感产品地面入射太阳辐射资料和地面常规观测资料,对2011年鹤壁市地面入射太阳辐射变化特征分析结果表明：鹤壁市2011年地面入射太阳辐射日曝辐量和月累积量的变化有明显的季节性,其年累积量为5721．38MJ·m^-2,日曝辐量3—4月增加迅速,其中3月份环比增长59％。地面入射太阳辐射总体变化趋势可以用一元多项式进行回归拟合,拟合曲线与实测资料的相关系数达0．8。地面最高温度与地面入射太阳辐射存在明显正相关,地面入射太阳辐射增大,地面最高温度就会升高。地面蒸发量对地面入射太阳辐射高度敏感,地面入射太阳辐射增大,地面蒸发量就会增大。通过对地面入射太阳辐射与地面敏感气象要素的多元回归分析发现,地面入射太阳辐射的二元线性回归预测水平高于一元线性回归预测水平。通过地面气象要素的多元线性回归预测,可估算地面入射太阳辐射值,这为相关研究及业务服务等提供了一种获取地面入射太阳辐射的方法。 相似文献
13.
The radiation budget in a regional climate model 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
The long- and short-wave components of the radiation budget are among the most important quantities in climate modelling. In this study, we evaluated the radiation budget at the earth??s surface and at the top of atmosphere over Europe as simulated by the regional climate model CLM. This was done by comparisons with radiation budgets as computed by the GEWEX/SRB satellite-based product and as realised in the ECMWF re-analysis ERA40. Our comparisons show that CLM has a tendency to underestimate solar radiation at the surface and the energy loss by thermal emission. We found a clear statistical dependence of radiation budget imprecision on cloud cover and surface albedo uncertainties in the solar spectrum. In contrast to cloud fraction errors, surface temperature errors have a minor impact on radiation budget uncertainties in the long-wave spectrum. We also evaluated the impact of the number of atmospheric layers used in CLM simulations. CLM simulations with 32 layers perform better than do those with 20 layers in terms of the surface radiation budget components but not in terms of the outgoing long-wave radiation and of radiation divergence. Application of the evaluation approach to similar simulations with two additional regional climate models confirmed the results and showed the usefulness of the approach. 相似文献
14.
J. Mubiru E. J. K. B. Banda F. D’Ujanga T. Senyonga 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2007,87(1-4):179-184
Summary Solar radiation incident on the Earth’s surface is a determining factor of climate on Earth, hence having a proper solar radiation
database is crucial in understanding climate processes in the Earth’s atmosphere. Solar radiation data may be used in the
development of insolation maps, analysis of crop growth and in the simulation of solar systems. Unfortunately, measured solar
radiation data may not be available in locations where it is most needed. An alternative to obtaining observed data is to
estimate it using an appropriate solar radiation model. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of thirteen
global solar radiation empirical formulations, in Kampala, Uganda, located in an African Equatorial region. The best performing
formulations were determined using the ranking method. The mean bias error, root mean square error and t-statistic value were calculated and utilized in the ranking process. Results have shown that the formulation:
is ranked the highest and therefore is the recommended empirical equation for the estimation of the monthly mean global solar
irradiation in Kampala, Uganda and in other African Equatorial locations with similar climate and terrain. 相似文献
15.
利用1951-2000年全国194站地面观测资料和高空观测资料,对近50年我国西部地区的气候变化特征进行分析。结果表明:从20世纪70年代开始,我国西部地区年平均气温呈上升趋势,其中河套区和新疆区气温上升最为明显,其次为青藏高原区和河西区,西南区气温增幅最不明显,地表温度变化与气温的变化基本同步,但地温变化要比气温变化更加剧烈一些。西南区的地温从70年代中期开始回升,但始终未达到50年代初期的水平,因此从线性变化上表现为下降趋势。西部地区除了河套区外,其他4个区的年平均降水量均增加,增加最明显的是新疆区和青藏高原区。我国整个西部地区年平均总云量和低云量均呈线性减少趋势,减少最明显的是西南区和河套区。在辐射变化上,我国西部总辐射呈减少趋势,青藏高原区减少最多;西南区的散射辐射呈增加趋势,其他4个区减少,其中新疆区和青藏高原区散射辐射减幅明显。散射辐射的大小与天空中云量和气溶胶含量的多少成正比,西南区散射辐射呈增加趋势,而总云量和低云量呈下降趋势,可以推测是气溶胶含量增加导致了散射辐射的增加。 相似文献
16.
Ren Li Lin Zhao Tonghua Wu Yongjian Ding Yufei Xin Defu Zou Yao Xiao Yongliang Jiao Yanhui Qin Linchan Sun 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,113(3-4):573-583
Global solar radiation is of great significance to the balance of ground surface radiation, the energy exchange between the Earth’s surface and atmosphere, and the development of weather and climate systems in various regions. In this study, the monthly global radiation recorded at 23 stations over the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau (QTP) was utilized to estimate global solar radiation (Q) from sunshine duration and to obtain improved fits to the variation coefficients of the monthly Angström–Prescott model (APM). The modeling results were evaluated by calculating the statistical errors, including mean bias error, mean absolute error, root mean square error, and mean relative error. We demonstrate that the monthly Q values can be predicted accurately by APM over the QTP. We also assess the variations of Q values at 116 meteorological stations by APM over the QTP during 1961–2000. The analysis shows that the annual mean sunshine duration amounted to more than 3,000 h over the whole plateau, implying promising prospects for economic applications of solar energy. During the past 40 years, the mean global solar radiation has been relatively high in the western QTP, extending northward to the Inner Mongolian Plateau. Although its decadal variations in the QTP and surrounding regions were inconsistent, the anomaly values of global solar radiation were generally positive during the 1960s and 1970s, indicating that the QTP’s global solar radiation has increased during those periods. The anomaly values were negative during the 1980s and 1990s, showing that the plateau’s global solar radiation has decreased during those periods. Global solar radiation over the QTP is negatively proportional to latitude but positively proportional to altitude and relative sunshine duration. Three factors, the sunshine duration, latitude, and altitude, exert great influence on global surface radiation, of which sunshine duration is most significant. A high-variation-coefficient zone of global solar radiation occurred in the western part of the QTP but, on average, the variation coefficient of the plateau’s global solar radiation was only 0.031, suggesting that the variation in global radiation was relatively stable over the whole QTP. 相似文献
17.
Akihiko Ito 《Climatic change》2017,142(1-2):53-66
Geoengineering such as solar radiation management (SRM) can be an emergent option to avoid devastating climatic warming, but its ramifications are barely understood. The perturbation of the Earth’s energy balance, atmospheric dynamics, and hydrological cycling may exert unexpected influences on natural and human systems. In this study, I evaluate the impacts of SRM deployment on terrestrial ecosystem functions using a process-based ecosystem model (the Vegetation Integrative Simulator for Trace gases, VISIT) driven by the climate projections by multiple climate models. In the SRM-oriented climate projections, massive injection of sulphate aerosols into the stratosphere lead to increased scattering of solar radiation and delayed anthropogenic climate warming. The VISIT simulations show that canopy light absorption and gross primary production are enhanced in subtropics in spite of the slight decrease of total incident solar radiation. The retarded temperature rise during the deployment period leads to lower respiration, and consequently, an additional net terrestrial ecosystem carbon uptake by about 20%. After the SRM termination, however, along with the temperature rise, this carbon is released rapidly to the atmosphere. As a result of altered precipitation and radiation budget, simulated runoff discharge is suppressed mainly in the tropics. These SRM-induced influences on terrestrial ecosystems occurr heterogeneously over the land surface and differed among the ecosystem functions. These responses of terrestrial functions should be taken into account when discussing the costs and benefits of geoengineering. 相似文献
18.
Abstract Cloudless‐sky solar fluxes calculated by the radiative transfer algorithm used in the Canadian Climate Centre's general circulation climate model are compared with measurements of upwelling radiation at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and downwelling radiation at the surface. The 12‐layer model partitions the solar spectrum into two broad wavebands (0.25–0.68 and 0.68–4.00 μm). The comparison utilized TOA fluxes estimated from Nimbus‐ 7 measurements and measured downwelling fluxes at the surface for Kalgoorlie, West Australia, and downwelling fluxes at the surface for Woodbridge, Ontario. Model estimates and measurements agreed to within experimental error for most solar zenith angles. Estimates improved, especially at Woodbridge, when aerosol effects were included. The mean bias error was less than 4% for surface irradiance and less than 6% for upwelling TOA irradiance, which produces a TOA albedo error of about 0.01. 相似文献
19.
本文根据1983—1984年全国14个不同气候特点的日射站每日逐时照度与日射同步观测资料计算了总辐射光当量值,提出用纬度、海拔高度、地面平均绝对湿度和日照时数建立计算总辐射光当量的多元回归方程。用14个测站全年和各月平均总辐射光当量值检验所建立多元回归方程计算的相应总辐射光当量值表明,计算值的相对误差均小于10％。 我们用14个测站资料建立的计算总辐射光当量回归方程计算了全国464个测站的总辐射光当量值。总照度可由总辐射光当量与总辐射的乘积获得。根据各测站的总辐射光当量和总辐射值,便可计算出这些测站的光气候值,绘制我国光气候图。 相似文献
20.
A simplified two-dimensional energy balance climate model including the solar and infrared radiation transports, the turbulent exchanges of heat in vertical and horizontal directions and the ice caps-albedo feedback is developed The solutions show that if the atmosphere is considered as a grey body and the grey coefficient depends upon the distributions of absorption medium and cloudiness, both horizontal and vertical distributions of temperature are identical to the observation.On the other hand, comparing the models that the atmosphere is considered as a grey body with ones that the infrared radiation is parameterized as a linear function of temperature, as was considered by Budyko, Sellers(1969), then the results show that even though both of them can obtain the earth's surface temperature in agreement with the observation, the sensitiv ity of the climate to the changes of solar constant is very different. In the former case,the requirement for the ice edge to move southward from the normal 72°N to 50°N(i.e. where the glacial climate would take place) is that the solar constant should decrease by 13% to 16%. However, in the latter case, the climate is highly sensitive to the changes of solar radiation. In this case, the requirement of solar radiation occurring in the glacial climate should decrease by 2% to 6%. According to the investigations mentioned above we must be careful when the parameterizations of the radiation and other processes are conducted in a climate model, otherwise the reliability of the results is suspicious. 相似文献