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1.
Xiantong Liu Qilin Wan Hong Wang Hui Xiao Yu Zhang Tengfei Zheng Lu Feng 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2018,32(4):571-583
According to the statistical shape–slope (μ–Λ) relationship observed for the first time by several 2D-Video-Distrometers (2DVD) in southern China, a constrained gamma (C-G) model was proposed for the retrieval of rain drop size distributions (DSDs) from Guangzhou S-band polarimetric radar observations. Two typical precipitation processes were selected to verify the accuracy of the retrieval scheme. The μ–Λ relationship: Λ = 0.0241μ2 + 0.867μ + 2.453 was obtained based on the 2DVD observation results from at Huizhou Longmen station, which is a very representative location in the area. Relying on the Guangzhou polarimetric radar measurements of radar reflectivity (ZHH) and differential reflectivity (ZDR), the gamma (Γ) size distribution parameters (N0, μ, and Λ) can be retrieved by the C-G model retrieval scheme. The results show that the Guangzhou polarimetric radar retrievals of DSDs were close to the 2DVD observations at Guangzhou Maofengshan station. The rain rate, mass mean diameter, and normalized intercept parameter of radar retrievals were in good agreement with the 2DVD observations, and the relative errors were less than 10%. The overall accuracy of the retrieval scheme was high. The retrieval scheme has established the relationship between the polarimetric radar measurements and gamma size distribution parameters. It will be helpful to in-depth research and application of the dual-polarization radar data in microphysical precipitation processes analysis, as well as convection-resolved numerical model data assimilation and prediction effect evaluation. 相似文献
2.
深圳S波段与X波段双偏振雷达在定量降水估计中的应用 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
双偏振多普勒天气雷达的一个重要应用是进行定量降水估计（QPE）,它可以获得反射率（ZH）、差分反射率（ZDR）和差传播相移率（Kdp）这些与降水粒子有关的信息,常用的双偏振雷达降水估计方法有基于ZH的R（ZH）、基于ZH和ZDR的R（ZH,ZDR）、基于Kdp的R（Kdp）和基于Kdp与ZDR的R（Kdp,ZDR）这4种。文中利用深圳市S波段和X波段双偏振多普勒雷达探测资料,结合高精度地形数据和雨滴谱仪观测数据,设计了基于双偏振量的定量降水估计方法:首先利用地形数据和雷达地理信息,分析了雷达的遮挡状况,形成了这两部雷达的复合平面扫描仰角信息;随后利用雨滴谱仪观测资料,使用T矩阵方法统计得到了深圳地区的上述4种降水反演方法的参数;最后设计了混合降水反演方法,基于双偏振信号（即Kdp和ZDR）的强弱,使用不同的降水反演方法进行定量降水估计。基于12个降水个例,利用各反演方法产生的定量降水估计结果与雨量计观测资料比较。结果表明,混合降水反演方法在降水反演的准确度和稳定性上均优于任何一种单一定量降水估计反演方法。基于文中介绍的定量降水估计方法,使用深圳S波段和X波段雷达产生了定量降水估计产品,并与深圳目前业务定量降水估计产品进行对比评估。结果表明,使用本方法产生的定量降水估计产品在准确度和稳定性上要优于目前的业务产品。此外,X波段雷达的定量降水估计产品性能要略高于S波段雷达的定量降水估计产品,这说明高时、空分辨率的X波段雷达可以提高定量降水估计精度。但由于雷达扫描平面内双偏振雷达对融化层和冰区的偏振量观测与降水的关系尚未明确,因此,本方法仅适用于雷达扫描平面内液态降水区。 相似文献
3.
双线偏振多普勒雷达资料质量分析 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
以中国气象科学研究院灾害天气国家重点实验室的车载C波段双线偏振多普勒雷达（CPDRW）2011年完成升级改造后观测的一次大范围层状云降水过程资料为例,讨论了该设备改造后探测资料质量的改进情况及其对降水粒子的探测性能,同时利用模糊逻辑法结合地物的常规特性和偏振特性,建立了一种运用双线偏振雷达观测资料识别地物及地物与降水混合回波的方法,并利用该雷达的观测资料对识别结果进行了分析检验,最后统计分析了降水回波的差分反射率因子(ZDR)、零滞后互相关系数(ρHV（0）)与信噪比的关系,以及系统初始相位的稳定性及降水资料的一致性。分析结果表明,在常规参量的基础上添加偏振参量并采用模糊逻辑法构建的综合识别模式和常规识别模式都能较好地识别地物,但综合识别模式明显改善了常规识别模式0速度区过度识别的问题,且在地物与降水回波混合的情况下叠加混合回波识别模式具有更加明显的优势。雷达改造前,ZDR及ρHV（0）在信噪比小于25 dB时受噪声影响很大,测量值存在较大误差,资料变得不可信;通过这次的升级改造,其信噪比探测阈值由25 dB降低到15 dB。系统初始相位比改造前更加稳定,随仰角和时间的波动性更小。利用垂直扫描数据进行系统误差订正后的ZDR资料能较好地反映降水粒子的实际情况,ZDR随信噪比的变化较之改造前更加平稳,而对差传播相移ΦDP进行分类处理后拟合的差传播相移率KDP资料也与实际情况一致。 相似文献
4.
利用3台二维视频雨滴谱仪(2DVD)、广州S波段双偏振雷达以及C-FMCW雷达资料,分析广东地区2017年5月8日一次飑线过程不同降水部位的雨滴谱特征。根据雨强随时间变化,区分对流降水区,同时以对流降水区为分界线,将此次飑线过程划分为飑线前部、飑线中部和飑线后部。结果表明,飑线不同降水部位雨滴谱特征存在明显的差别。飑线前部,粒子谱分布变化剧烈,中小粒径的粒子居多,粒子数浓度较飑线中部偏低;飑线中部,粒子分布较分散,中等粒子比重较高,粒子数浓度最高,雨强的增加主要与雨滴数浓度有关;飑线后部,降水粒子分布较集中,且以高浓度中小粒子为主。另外,还研究了μ-Λ关系和Z-R关系。μ-Λ之间存在较好的二项式关系;不同降水部位Z-R关系差异较大,分别为Z=8.94R2.70、Z=526.98R1.22和Z=467.56R1.42。飑线不同部位雨滴谱演变特征存在一些明显差别,同时,同一部位不同空间位置也存在着一定的差异。 相似文献
5.
This study explores the potential for directly assimilating polarimetric radar data (including reflectivity Z and differential reflectivity ZDR) using an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) based on the Weather Research and Forecasting
(WRF) model to improve analysis and forecast of Tropical Storm Ewiniar (2018). Ewiniar weakened but brought about heavy rainfall over Guangdong, China after its final landfall. Two experiments are performed, one assimilating only Z
and the other assimilating both Z and ZDR. Assimilation of ZDR together with Z effectively modifies hydrometeor fields, and improves the intensity, shape and position of rainbands. Forecast of 24-hour extraordinary rainfall ≥250 mm is
significantly improved. Improvement can also be seen in the wind fields because of cross-variable covariance. The current study shows the possibility of applying polarimetric radar data to improve forecasting of tropical cyclones, which
deserves more researches in the future. 相似文献
6.
Mêdog and Nagqu are two typical regions of the Tibetan Plateau with different geographical locations and climate regimes. These differences may lead to discrepancies in the raindrop size distributions (DSDs) and precipitation microphysical processes between the two regions. This paper investigates discrepancies in the DSDs using disdrometer data obtained during the rainy season in Mêdog and Nagqu. The DSD characteristics are studied under five different rainfall rate categories and two precipitation types (stratiform and convective). For the total datasets, the number concentrations of drops with diameters D > 0.6 (D < 0.6) mm are higher (lower) in Nagqu than in Mêdog. The fitted normalized gamma distributions of the averaged DSDs for the five rainfall rate categories show that Nagqu has a larger (lower) mass-weighted mean diameter Dm (normalized intercept parameter, lgNw) than Mêdog does. The difference in Dm between Nagqu and Mêdog increases with the rainfall rate. Convective clusters in Nagqu could be identified as continental-like, while convective precipitation in Mêdog could be classified as maritime-like. The relationships between the shape factor μ and slope parameter Λ of the gamma distribution model, the radar re?ectivity Z, and the rainfall rate R are also derived. Furthermore, the possible causative mechanism for the notable DSD variation between the two regions during the rainy season is illustrated using reanalysis data and automated weather station observations. Cold rain processes are mainly responsible for the lower concentrations of larger drops observed in Nagqu, whereas warm rain prevails in Mêdog, producing abundant small drops. 相似文献
7.
Jingjing Lü Yue ZHOU Zhikang FU Chunsong LU Qin HUANG Jing SUN Yue ZHAO Shengjie NIU 《大气科学进展》2023,40(4):725-742
The characteristics of the raindrop size distribution(DSD) during regional freezing rain(FR) events that occur throughout the phase change(from liquid to solid) are poorly understood due to limited observations. We investigate the evolution of microphysical parameters and the key formation mechanisms of regional FR using the DSDs from five disdrometer sites in January 2018 in the Jianghan Plain(JHP) of Central China. FR is identified via the size and velocity distribution measured from a disdrom... 相似文献
8.
R. Bechini E. Gorgucci G. Scarchilli S. Dietrich 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2002,79(3-4):275-284
Summary The error structure of radar measurements should be accurately known in order to provide reliable estimates for a number
of quantitative meteorological applications, from rainfall rate estimation to cloud microphysics. The aim of this paper is
to give a detailed characterization of Z
H
and Z
DR
measurements obtained by the weather radar of Fossalon di Grado (Gorizia, Italy). Vertical-looking observations are used
to determine the system bias on differential reflectivity and to estimate the measurement error on both Z
H
and Z
DR
in the rain medium. It is estimated that no bias is affecting Z
DR
and the accuracy of Z
H
and Z
DR
is 0.8 and 0.1 dB, respectively. A similar evaluation is done in the rain medium at larger ranges with the antenna pointing
at low elevation angles. The long time stability of the absolute reflectivity calibration is also established by radar-rain
gage inter-comparison over almost 200 hours of precipitation data collected during nearly two years.
Received June 21, 2001 Revised November 13, 2001 相似文献
9.
雷达回波强度与雨滴谱参数的相关性研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
在雷达定量探测降水方面,目前大都采用雷达回波强度与降水强度的相关性来定量估算,但雷达回波强度与降水强度并非一一对应。本文利用从庐山和南京收集到的雷达观测资料和同步Parsivel观测到的雨滴谱数据,建立雷达回波强度与不同雨滴谱参数的函数关系,将由确定的函数关系式拟合后的雷达回波强度与雷达实测的回波强度作对比,以检验假定函数关系式的合理性,同时通过对比两地两类云降水拟合值的相对误差,给出了函数关系式中的最优y选项,为雷达定量估算降水量寻找新的途径。研究结果表明:庐山和南京两地两类云降水的雨滴谱参数对雷达回波强度的拟合普遍较好,其中对流云降水的拟合都明显好于层状云降水。两地层状云降水中各个雨滴谱参数对雷达回波强度的拟合曲线都大体相近,而对流云降水中,不同雨滴谱参数对雷达回波强度的拟合曲线差异较大。南京两类云降水拟合的相对误差要小于庐山两类云降水拟合的相对误差。除庐山对流云降水外,DV是两地两类云降水拟合公式中最优的y选项。而庐山对流云降水拟合式中,以N和DP的拟合最佳。 相似文献
10.
青藏高原对流云的偏振雷达观测研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用可移动式C波段双偏振雷达（C-POL）,以及那曲新一代天气雷达（CINRAD/CD）于2014年7月30日和8月5日在西藏那曲地区的观测资料,并通过双多普勒雷达风场反演、偏振雷达相态识别,清晰展示了这两次高原冰雹云发生发展的动力、微物理、热力结构特征。结果表明:青藏高原地区的对流云多在午后出现,水平及垂直尺度不大,但是对流云发生频繁、生消快,一般持续几十分钟。从RHI扫描的水平偏振反射率因子（ZH）、差分反射率因子（ZDR）,以及反演的相态（Class）分布上可以明显看出,粒子跟随"0线"抬高,不断增长,回波强度也越来越大,并最终超过主上升气流从另一侧降落,形成冰雹墙的整个动力与微物理过程。从连续时次的RHI上还观测到一次对流单体发生、发展过程中相态从湿雪到冰雹的变化,单体刚刚触发时,回波高度不高,强度还很弱,但是却出现成片的湿雪区域,说明上升气流非常旺盛,将本来落到0℃层以下的未完全融化的湿雪重新带到0℃层以上,通过凝华、凇附、攀附等物理过程,仅仅10多分钟,这些湿雪就能够迅速增长成为冰雹。这些湿雪重新凝结过程中,释放潜热,进一步促进了不稳定结构,加强了上升气流和下沉气流。因此,如果某个刚刚生成的弱回波区域内,在融化层以上出现大量的湿雪,往往预示着该区域上升气流强劲,会迅速发展成强回波单体。 相似文献
11.
Millimeter-wavelength radar has proved to be an effective instrument for cloud observation and research. In this study, 8-mm-wavelength cloud radar (MMCR) with Doppler and polarization capabilities was used to investigate cloud dynamics in China for the first time. Its design, system specifications, calibration, and application in measuring clouds associated with typhoon are discussed in this article. The cloud radar measurements of radar reflectivity (Z), Doppler velocity (Vr), velocity spectrum width (Sw) and the depolar-ization ratio (LDR) at vertical incidence were used to analyze the microphysical and dynamic processes of the cloud system and precipitation associated with Typhoon Nuri, which occurred in southern China in August 2008. The results show the reflectivity observed using MMCR to be consistent with the echo height and the melting-layer location data obtained by the nearby China S-band new-generation weather radar (SA), but the Ka-band MMCR provided more detailed structural information about clouds and weak precipitation data than did the SA radar. The variation of radar reflectivity and LDR in vertical structure reveals the transformation of particle phase from ice to water. The vertical velocity and velocity spectrum width of MMCR observations indicate an updraft and strong turbulence in the stratiform cloud layer. MMCR provides a valuable new technology for meteorological research in China. 相似文献
12.
The polarimetric radar network in Jiangsu Province has just been operationalized since 2020. The first intense precipitation event observed by this polarimetric radar network and disdrometer occurred during August 28-29, 2020 and caused severe flooding and serious damage in eastern Jiangsu Province. The microphysics and kinetics for this heavy precipitation convective storm is diagnosed in this study, in order to promote the application of this polarimetric radar network. Drop size distribution (DSD) of this event is estimated from measurements of a ground disdrometer, and the corresponding three-dimensional atmospheric microphysical features are obtained from the multiple polarimetric radars. According to features of updraft and lighting, the evolution of the convective storm is divided into four stages: developing, mature with lightning, mature without lightning and dissipating. The DSD of this event is featured by a large number of raindrops and a considerable number of large raindrops. The microphysical characteristics are similar to those of warm-rain process, and ice-phase microphysical processes are active in the mature stages. The composite vertical structure of the convective storm indicates that deep ZDR and KDP columns coincide with strong updrafts during both mature stages. The hierarchical microphysical structure retrieved by the Hydrometeor Identification Algorithm (HID) shows that depositional growth has occurred above the melting level, and aggregation is the most widespread ice-phase process at the -10℃ level or higher. During negative lightning activity, the presence of strongest updrafts and a large amount of ice-phase graupel by riming between the 0℃ and -35℃ layers generate strong negative electric fields within the cloud. These convective storms are typical warm clouds with very high precipitation efficiency, which cause high concentration of raindrops, especially the presence of large raindrops within a short period of time. The ice-phase microphysical processes above the melting layer also play an important role in the triggering and enhancing of precipitation. 相似文献
13.
复杂地形下C波段雷达定量降水估计算法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
C波段雷达定量降水估计（QPE）精度受到很多因素的影响,主要包括:（1）雷达标定,（2）非气象回波的干扰,（3）降水物垂直空间变化,（4）地形或地物的严重遮挡,（5）Z-R关系的代表性,（6）雷达拼图的质量,（7）雷达观测回波衰减等。文中雷达定量降水估计算法基于陕西省C波段天气雷达展开,从雷达探测数据质量控制、地形遮挡、Z-R关系和雷达拼图等方面提高C波段天气雷达定量降水估计的精度,产生降水类型产品和1 h定量降水估计产品,产品空间分辨率为0.01°×0.01°,时间分辨率为6 min。通过对7次降水过程进行评估,结果表明:基于混合仰角反射率因子处理模块和降水类型分类模块进行雷达定量降水估计,得到的结果与地面雨量站观测降水接近,1 h累计降水量的统计评分指标均方根误差稳定在3 mm以下,相对误差稳定在50%左右,相对偏差保持在?30%以内,雷达定量降水估计产品的离散度和绝对偏差都较低,表明该算法得到的雷达定量降水估计稳定可靠。 相似文献
14.
利用布设在秦皇岛市抚宁地区的OTT Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪和卢龙地区S波段天气雷达,对2017—2019年4—9月共23次降水过程进行了观测,并分析了基于雨滴谱参数(滴谱粒子数N(D)和粒子直径大小D0)计算的雷达反射率因子ZD和雷达探测的雷达反射率因子ZR的差异ZC。结果表明,N(D)主要集中在130～530个范围内,ZC标准差随着N(D)的增大而逐渐减少;D0主要集中在0.8～1.6 mm范围内,ZC标准值在D0<1.2 mm范围内随着D0的增大而逐渐减少,D0在1.2～1.6 mm范围内趋于稳定;ZD主要集中在15～40 dBZ范围内,ZC标准差在15～35 dBZ范围内随着ZD值增大而减小。 相似文献
15.
Summary Dual polarization radar data (Z
H andZ
DR) are analysed in 4 convective cells. Quite different relationships betweenZ
H andZ
DR are induced by the different hydrometer characteristics in these cells. The radar data, compiled with raingage and hailpad data obtained at the ground, show that in the mixed-phase (hail and rain) type of precipitations the differential reflectivityZ
DR is about 1.5 dB smaller than in the rain type of precipitations, without reaching zero values as in the hail type. In zones of strong precipitations the differential reflectivityZ
DR increase as the horizontal reflectivityZ
H, reaching values > 4 dB which indicate the existence of very big drops.
With 7 Figures 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Es werden in 4 GewitterzellenZ H undZ DR Messungen analysiert, die durch ein Doppelpolarisationsradar aufgenommen wurde. Es wird eine unterschiedliche Verteilung vonZ H zuZ DR je nach den Zellen anschaulich gemacht, was auf unterschiedliche mikrophysikaliche Kennzeichen der Hydrometeore hinweist. Radarmessungen und am Boden vorgenommene Regen- und Hagelmessungen zeigen, daß die Differential-ReflektivitätZ DR in den Mischphaseniederschlägen (Regen und Hagel) um circa 1.5 dB geringer ist als in den Regenniederschlägen, ohne jedoch wie in den Hagelniederschlägen 0 dB zu erreichen. In den Zonen mit starken Niederschlägen nimmtZ DR sowie die HorizontalreflektivitätZ H zu, dabei erreicht sie Werte vonZ DR > 4 dB, was auf das Vorhandensein von sehr großen Tropfen hindeutet.
With 7 Figures 相似文献
16.
2015年4月28日,在高空冷涡的天气背景下,一个伴有较长生命史中气旋的超级单体在上海南汇双线偏振多普勒雷达观测范围内经历了发展减弱阶段,并产生了冰雹、雷雨大风、短时强降水等灾害性天气。利用常规天气观测、南汇双线偏振多普勒雷达、双雷达反演风场等资料分析发现,超级单体在发展成熟阶段呈现出回波悬垂、低层入流缺口、中气旋以及三体散射等经典特征,以及表示雷暴处于发展加强阶段的差分反射率因子柱。差分反射率因子柱通常意味着雷暴中上升气流的加强,同时说明大量的水滴可以被强上升气流托举到0℃层以上,形成过冷水滴,从而有利于冰雹的形成。超级单体经过的区域0～6 km垂直风切变达到了22～26 m·s~(-1),强垂直风切变环境有利于水平涡度发展,南汇雷达观测范围内中气旋维持了100 min左右,有利于雷暴的发展维持。此外,基于模糊逻辑法对此次降雹强对流天气过程开展了相态识别,结果表明,模糊逻辑法对此次强对流天气过程中的冰雹、降水等不同性质的降水能够进行有效的识别,有助于对雷暴降水相态本质的认识。 相似文献
17.
Based on the observations of a squall line on 11 May 2020 and stratiform precipitation on 6 June 2020 from two X-band dual-polarization phased array weather radars (DP-PAWRs) and an S-band dual-polarization Doppler weather radar (CINRAD/SA-D), the data reliability of DP-PAWR and its ability to detect the fine structures of mesoscale weather systems were assessed. After location matching, the observations of DP-PAWR and CINRAD / SA-D were compared in terms of reflectivity (ZH), radial velocity (V), differential reflectivity (ZDR), and specific differential phase (KDP). The results showed that: (1) DP-PAWR has better ability to detect mesoscale weather systems than CINRAD/SA-D; the multi-elevation-angles scanning of the RHI mode enables DP-PAWR to obtain a wider detection range in the vertical direction. (2) DP-PAWR’s ZH and V structures are acceptable, while its sensitivity is worse than that of CINRAD/SA-D. The ZH suffers from attenuation and the ZH area distribution is distorted around strong rainfall regions. (3) DP-PAWR’s ZDR is close to a normal distribution but slightly smaller than that of CINRAD/SA-D. The KDP products of DP-PAWR have much higher sensitivity, showing a better indication of precipitation. (4) DP-PAWR is capable of revealing a detailed and complete structure of the evolution of the whole storm and the characteristics of particle phase variations during the process of triggering and enhancement of a small cell in the front of a squall line, as well as the merging of the cell with the squall line, which cannot be observed by CINRAD/SA-D. With its fast volume scan feature and dual-polarization detection capability, DP-PAWR shows great potential in further understanding the development and evolution mechanisms of meso-γ-scale and microscale weather systems. 相似文献
18.
To analyze the effects of gas cannons on clouds and precipitation, multisource observational data, including those from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis, Hangzhou and Huzhou new-generation weather radars, laser disdrometer, ground-based automatic weather station, wind profiler radar, and Lin''an C-band dual polarization radar, were adopted in this study. Based on the variational dual-Doppler wind retrieval method and the polarimetric variables obtained by the dual-polarization radar, we analyzed the microphysical processes and the variations in the macro - and microphysical quantities in clouds from the perspective of the synoptic background before precipitation enhancement, the polarization echo characteristics before, during and after enhancement, and the evolution of the fine three-dimensional kinematic structure and the microphysical structure. The results show that the precipitation enhancement operation promoted the development of radar echoes and prolonged their duration, and both the horizontal and vertical wind speeds increased. The dual-polarization radar echo showed that the diameter of the precipitation particles increased, and the concentration of raindrops increased after precipitation enhancement. The raindrops were lifted to a height corresponding to 0 to -20 ℃ due to vertical updrafts. Based on the disdrometer data during precipitation enhancement, the concentration of small raindrops (lgNw) showed a significant increase, and the mass-weighted diameter Dm value decreased, indicating that the precipitation enhancement operation played a certain“lubricating”effect. After the precipitation enhancement, the concentration of raindrops did not change much compared with that during the enhancement process, while the Dm increased, corresponding to an increase in rain intensity. The results suggest the positive effect of gas cannons on precipitation enhancement. 相似文献
19.
与常规雷达相比,双线偏振天气雷达在降水系统的准确探测、资料质量的提高等方面具有明显的优势,但X波段双线偏振雷达资料受衰减和地物的影响较大,需要进行必要的衰减和地物订正。本文以2010年7月中国气象局在广东阳江开展的遥感数据比对试验得到数据为例,用ZH和ZDR结合的方法对ZH进行衰减订正,用ZH和ZDR的方差识别地物回波,并利用反射率因子垂直廓线订正受地物影响的底层回波。将订正后的ZH与S波段雷达探测的ZH相比较,将订正后的ZH与KDP的散点图和拟合的KDP与ZH曲线关系对比验证。结果表明经过订正的ZH与S波段雷达探测的ZH一致性较好,与拟合曲线也更为吻合,说明方法能有效提高雷达资料的质量。 相似文献
20.
The errors in radar quantitative precipitation estimations consist not only of systematic biases caused by random noises but also spatially nonuniform biases in radar rainfall at individual rain-gauge stations.In this study,a real-time adjustment to the radar reflectivity-rainfall rates(Z-R) relationship scheme and the gauge-corrected,radar-based,estimation scheme with inverse distance weighting interpolation was developed.Based on the characteristics of the two schemes,the two-step correction technique of radar quantitative precipitation estimation is proposed.To minimize the errors between radar quantitative precipitation estimations and rain gauge observations,a real-time adjustment to the Z-R relationship scheme is used to remove systematic bias on the time-domain.The gauge-corrected,radar-based,estimation scheme is then used to eliminate non-uniform errors in space.Based on radar data and rain gauge observations near the Huaihe River,the two-step correction technique was evaluated using two heavy-precipitation events.The results show that the proposed scheme improved not only in the underestimation of rainfall but also reduced the root-mean-square error and the mean relative error of radar-rain gauge pairs. 相似文献